Effects of CO₂ addition on flame extinction in interacting H₂-air and CO-air premixed flames

Jung, S.W.,Park, J.,Kwon, O.B.,Kim, Y.J.,Keel, S.I.,Yun, J.H.,Lim, I.G. Butterworths [etc.] ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2014 Fuel Vol.136 No.-

The effects of CO<SUB>2</SUB> addition on the downstream interactions of H<SUB>2</SUB>-air and CO-air premixed flames were investigated. Flame stability diagrams mapping the extinction limits for various fuel concentrations as functions of the strain rate were developed for the downstream interactions between H<SUB>2</SUB>-air and CO-air premixed flames with 0-20% CO<SUB>2</SUB> addition. Of particular concern was the impact of the chemical reactions of the additional CO<SUB>2</SUB> on the flame extinction characteristics. The results showed that CO<SUB>2</SUB> addition suppressed the flammable regions appreciably and decreased the critical strain rate, opening up the lean extinction boundary. For highly stretched interacting flames, two flammable island regions on the maps were combined into one when 10% or 20% CO<SUB>2</SUB> was added to either the H<SUB>2</SUB>-air or CO-air premixed mixtures. The chemical reactions of the additional CO<SUB>2</SUB> were significant, especially for high strain rate flames, while the effect of the radiative heat loss of the additional CO<SUB>2</SUB> was minor, even for low strain rate flames. Such chemical reactions were determined by competition between the reaction steps for the consumption and production of HCO and the reverse reaction of CO+OH=CO<SUB>2</SUB>+H with the reaction step of H+O<SUB>2</SUB>→O+OH, an indicator of the overall reaction rate for the H atoms. This resulted in a weakened interacting flame. Such chemical reactions of the additional CO<SUB>2</SUB> were examined in detail to describe the flame characteristics.

Expression Patterns of HIF-1α Under Hypoxia in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells of Venous Malformations

Chung, Ho Yun,Lee, Seok Jong,Lee, Jong Min,Huh, Seung,Kim, Hyung Kee,Kwon, O Hyun,Lim, Hyun Ju,Oh, Eun Jung,Kim, Tae Jung,O, Teresa M.,Waner, Milton Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. 2015 Annals of plastic surgery Vol.75 No.3

PURPOSE: The molecular pathophysiology of venous malformations (VMs), which are a type of vascular malformation, is poorly understood. Until now, it is known that VM lesions are related to the process of angiogenesis. Because angiogenesis is induced under hypoxic conditions, hypoxia is thought to be important in VM lesion formation. Therefore, we examined the implications of hypoxia on the biological behavior of VM vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In doing so, we investigated the expression patterns of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which plays a key role in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, to provide a further understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in VM. METHODS: Vascular smooth muscle cells from 5 normal veins and 5 VM lesions were cultured under moderate hypoxic conditions (3% O2, 5% CO2). The effects of hypoxia on HIF-1α expression were measured by immunocytochemical staining, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Overall, the expression of HIF-1α in cells was high after exposure to hypoxia for 6 or 12 hours, but decreased after 24 hours of hypoxia. HIF-1α expression in VM VSMCs was 2 times higher than that in normal VSMCs. Immunocytochemically, HIF-1α was mainly located in the nucleus and the intensity in VM VSMCs was stronger after 6 and 12 hours of hypoxia when compared to the expression pattern of HIF-1α in VSMCs from normal tissue. This suggested that VM tissue is more susceptible to the effects of hypoxia than normal tissue. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the high expression of HIF-1α in VM VSMCs under hypoxic conditions could be an important factor for stimulating downstream angiogenesis in VM. Furthermore, the results of this investigation could provide the basis for future studies of VM pathophysiology, and ultimately lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches.

施肥水準이 강남콩의 生育, 莢收量 및 根瘤形成에 미치는 影響

權五達,李政明 경희대학교 부설 식량자원개발연구소 1984 硏究論文集 Vol.5 No.-

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of varying levels of fertilizer on the growth, pod yield, and root nodule development in pot-grown snapbean cultivars. Early flowering rate was low in 'Pinto' and 'White Half Runner' and also reduced by increased level of fertilizers in most cultivars. However, fertilizer levels did not appear to have any particular pattern of pod yield distribution among 3 harvest dates. Total pod yield and pod number per plant were high in 'White Half Runner' and 'Pinto' and in 2g/pot/week (N:P_(2)O_(5):K_(2)O=17:21:17) fertilized plants even though cultivars showed different response to fertilizer levels. Shoot growth was high in 2g-fertilized plants and in 'Stringless Green Pod' cultivar, which showed the lowest pod yield and the lowest green pod productivity (pod to shoot ratio). The formation of root nodules was significantly reduced by fertilizer application and also influenced by cultivars.

이유자돈, 육성돈 및 비육돈에 있어 게르마늄흑운모의 급여 효과

권오석,김인호,홍종욱,이상환,정연권,민병준,이원백,손경승 한국동물자원과학회 2003 한국축산학회지 Vol.45 No.3

시험 1은 게르마늄흑운몰르 자돈 사료에 첨가하였을 때 자돈의 사료에 첨가하였을 때 자돈의 성장 및 영양소 소화율에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 실시하였다. 공시동물은 평균 체중 15.09±0.18kg의 3원 교잡종자돈 60두를 공시하여 28일간 실시하였다. 시험설계는 기초사료에 게르마늄흑운모 무첨가구(CON; basal diet), 기초자료에 게르마늄흑운모 0.1%(GB0.1), 0.3%(GB0.3), 0.6%(GB0.6), 1.0%(GB1.0) 첨가구로 5개 처리로 하였다. 전체 사양시험 기간동안, 일당증체량과 사료효율에 있어서는 처리구간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 시험 2는 육성돈 사료내 게르마늄흑운모의 항생제 대체효과를 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 공시동물은 평균 체중이 32.47±0.90kg인 3원 교잡종 육성돈 54두를 공시하여 35일간 실시하였다. 시험설계는 기초사료에 항생제 무첨가구(NC; basal diet), 항생제 첨가구(PC; basal diet + 200ppm CTC), 게르마늄흑운모를 0.3% 첨가구 (GB0.3; basal diet + 0.3% germanium biotite)의 3개 처리로 하였다. 사양시험 기간동안, 일당증체량에 있어서 NC 처리구와 비교하였을 때 GB0.3 처리구의 성장율이 각각 17%(358 vs 451, g/d), 14% (385 vs 438, g/d) 높았다(p<0.05). 일당사료섭취량에 있어서 NC 처리구와 비교하여 PC 처리구와 GB0.3 처리구가 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 사료효율에 있어서도 NC 처리구와 비교하여 GB0.3 처리구가 유의적으로 비교하여 GB0.3 처리구가 유의적으로 높았다(0.323 vs 0.332) (p<0.05). 외관상 건물과 질소 소화율에 있어서 NC 처리구와 비교하여 PC 처리구와 GB0.3 처리구가 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 시험 3은 비육돈 사료내 게르마늄흑운모의 첨가가 성장, 영양소 소화율, 혈장 성상, 등지방두께 그리고 분내 암모니아 가스 농도에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 공시동물은 평균 체중이 78.56±1.32kg인 비육돈 72두를 공시하였다. 시험설계는 기초사료에 게르마늄흑운모 무첨가구(CON; basal diet), 기초사료에 게르마늄흑운모 1.0% (BG1.0), 3.0%(GB3.0) 첨가구로 3개 처리로 하였다. 사양시험 기간동안, 일당증체량에서는 GB1.0 처리구가 대조구와 GB3.0 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높았으며 (P<0.05), 일당사료섭취량에 있어서는 대조구가 GB3.0보다 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 사료효율에 있어서는 GB 첨가구가 대조구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 조사되었다(P<0.05). 혈장내 Total-cholesterol 함량 변화는 대조구와 비교하여 게르나늄흑운모 첨가구가 유의적으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 또한 LDL+ VLDL-cholesterol 함량 변화도 대조구와 비교하여 게르마늄흑운모 첨가구가 유의적으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 혈장내 HDL-cholesterol 함량에 있어서는 대조구와 비교하여 게르마늄흑운모 첨가구가 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 등지방 두께에 있어서는 대조구와 비교하여 GB1.0 처리구가 5.4% (27.19 vs 25.71mm)의 감소를 보였고, GB3.0 처리구가 대조구와 비교하여 16.1% (27.19 vs 22.81mm)로 유의적인 감소하였다 P<0.05). 게르마늄흑운모의 분내 암모니아 가스 농도에 미치는 영향에 있어서는, 대조구와 비교하여 GB1.0 처리구가 64.1% (17.00 vs 6.10mg/kg), GB3.0 처리구가 61.8% (17.00 vs 6.50mg/kg) 유의적으로 감소하였다. (P<0.05). 결론적으로, 양돈사료내 게르마늄흑운모를 첨가하였을 경우, 자돈에 있어서는 성장에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로, 사료되며, 육성도에 있어서는 항생제 대체효과를 갖는 것으로 나타난다. 또한, 비육돈의 성장능력을 향상키시는 것으로 판단되며, 혈중 Total 및 LDL+VLDL-chole-sterol 함량을 감소시키며, HDL-cholesterol 함량을 증가시키는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 등지방 두께가 감소되며, 분내 암모니아 가스 농도가 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. In Exp. 1, this study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary germanium biotite on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs. A total of sixty crossbred pigs (initial body weight 15.09±0.18㎏) were used in this experiment. This study was carried out for 28 days. The five treatments were control (CON; basal diet), GB0.1 (basal diet + germanium biotite 0.1%), GB0.3 (basal diet+ germanium biotite 0.3%), GB0.6 (basal diet + germanium biotite 0.6%) and GB1.0 (basal diet + germanium biotite 1.0%). For overall period, ADG and Gain/feed were not significantly different among the treatments. In Exp. 2, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of germanium biotite as a substitute for antibiotics in growing pigs. A total of fifty five crossbred pigs (initial body weight 32.47±0.9㎏) were used in this experiment. The three treatments were negative control (NC: basal diet without antibiotic), positive control (PC: basal diet + 200ppm CTC) and GB0.3 (basal diet + germanium biotite 0.3%). Pigs fed PC (17%, 385 vs 451 g/d) and GB0.3 (14%, 385 vs 438 g/d) diets grew faster(P<0.05) than pigs fed NC diet. Pigs fed PC and GB0.3 diets resulted higher(P<0.05) ADFI than pigs fed CON diet. However, pigs fed GB0.3 diet had improved gain/feed compared to pigs fed NC diet(P<0.05). Apparent digestibility of DM and N by pigs fed PC and GB0.3 diets were greater(P<0.05) than those by pigs fed NC diet. In Exp. 3, a study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary germanium biotite on growth performance, plasma characteristics, backfat thickness and fecal ammonia gas concentration in finishing pigs. A total of seventy-two finishing pigs (initial body weight 78.56±1.32㎏) were used in this experiment. The treatments included 1) Control (CON; basal diet) 2) GB1.0 (basal diet + germanium biotite 1.0%), 3) GB3.0 (basal diet + germanium biotite 3.0%). Pigs fed GB1.0 diet grew faster than pigs fed CON diet and GB0.3 diet (P<0.05). Also, pigs fed CON diet showed higher(p<0.05) ADFI than pigs fed GB3.0diet. Pigs fed GB diets had improved gain/feed compared to pigs fed CON diet(P<0.05). Total and VLDL concentrations in plasma of pigs fed GB diets treatments were significantly decreased compared to those in pig fed CON diet(P<0.05). However, HDL-cholesterol concentration in plasma of the pig was significantly increased compared to those in pigs fed CON diet (P<0.05). Pigs fed CON diet exerted higher(P<0.05) backfat thickness than pigs fed GB1.0 (5.4%, 27.19 vs 25.71㎜) and GB3.0 (16.1%, 27.19 vs 22.81㎜) diets. Feces from CON treatment were higher in fecal ammonia gas concentration than faces from pigs fed GB1.0 (64.1%, 17.00 vs 6.10㎎/㎏) and GB3.0 (61.8%, 17.00 vs 6.50㎎/㎏) treatments(P<0.05). In conclusion, the results suggest that the dietary addition of germanium biotite into diets for nursery pigs did not affect growth performance. The results also suggest the possibility of germanium biotite to replace antibiotic in diets for growing pigs. In finishing pigs, dietary supplementation of germanium biotite was an effective means for improving growth performance and for decreasing Total-and LDL+VLDL-plasma cholesterols, backfat and fecal ammonia gas concentration.

樂浪郡의 設置背景 : For a better understanding of the nature of Lo-rang chu¨n

權五重 세종대학교 1984 세종대학 논문집 Vol.11 No.-

The final aim of this study is to understand the unique nature of Lo-rang chu¨n. Lo-rang chu¨n was a county established by the Han Dynasty in a barbarian land of Cho-so^n. The chu¨n generally meant a unit of local administration, which was under the direct rule of the Emperor. It is doubtful, however, if Lo-rang chu¨n can be regarded as a chu¨n in its strict sense of the word. For it was situated far away from the political centers of China and, furthermore, inhabited by a foreign people. In respect of its administrative distance and Sino-centrism of the Chinese, Lo-rang chu¨n can be estimated to be different in its nature from other chu¨ns. This study deals with the background of the establishment of Lo-rang chu¨n for better understanding of its nature. The background was as follows: first, Cho-so^n was in antagonistic relation to China owing to the fact that its government was composed mainly of Chinese exiles; second, Cho-so^n failed to keep a subordinate relationship to Chrina; a nd third, Cho-so^n was under the influence of the Huns that were hostile to the Chinese. Considering such characteristics, the establishment of Lo-rang chu¨n is intepreted as the Chineses effort to improve and strenghen the relationship with a barbarian people rather than a territorial expansion. The nature of Lo-rang chu¨n seems to reflect the purpose of its establishment-control of the relationship with a foreign people.

중국사에서의 낙랑군

권오중 한국고대사학회 2004 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.34 No.-

The case of Lo-rang commandery(108B.C.~313A.D.) is important in Chinese history for many reasons. First, it illustrates how the ancient Chinese controlled the non - Chinese people and illuminates an aspect of the Chinese world order. Second, it help us to understand the trait of the other commanderies that Wu - ti(武帝) of the Han(漢) dynasty established along the eastern, southern, and southwestern borders of China proper. Third, it shows how the chun - hsien system(郡縣制), an administrative structure to rule the Chinese people, was transformed when it was applied to control non-Chinese people. Fourth, it will help to explain why and how China maintained Lo - rang commandery for over four centuries despite many unfavorable circumstances. Lo - rang commandery was a dual system combining centralized chun-hsien system of China and the decentralized political order of the non-Chinese people. Although the commanderies in Chin~ proper were administered by appointees of the emperor, but in the case of Lo-rang, the emperor's appointees had a smaller role in administration. Instead officials local Chinese people, who having settled down since before the establishment of Lo-rang commandery, performed their role. Unlike the commanderies in China proper, Lo-rang assumed the function subjecting the non-Chinese people, not only the population of Lo - rang but also of its adjacent area, to Chinese control. Whereas the typical commandery was an administrative organ to support the centralized government of the emperor, the Subjugated Commandery(內屬郡) like La-rang was an organ for extending the Chinese world order.

施肥水準이 강남콩의 生育, 莢收量 및 根瘤形成에 미치는 影響

權五達,李政明 慶熙大學校 1984 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of varying levels of fertilizer on the growth, pod yield, and root nodule development in pet-grown snapbean cultivars. Early flowering rate was low in 'Pinto' and 'White Half Runner' and also reduced by increased level of fertilizers in most cultivars. However, fertilizer levels did not appear to have any particular pattern on pod yield distribution among 3 harvest dates. Total pod yield and pod number per plant were high in 'White Half Runner' and 'Pinto' and in 2g/pot/week (N:P_2O_5:K_2O=17:21:17) fertilized plants even though cultivars showed different response to fertilizer levels. Shoot growth was high in 2g-fertilized plants and in 'Stringless Green pod' cultivar, which showed the lowest pod yield and the lowest green pod productivity (pod to shoot ratio). The formation of root nodules was significantly reduced by fertilizer application and also influenced by cultivars.

신경병증성 통증 모델쥐 뒤뿌리신경절의 Nitric Oxide Synthase 아형 및 NADPH-diaphorase 발현에 관한 연구

정성균,김수일,양은진,류택근,권오유,박경란,이영호,김원식 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.2

Injury to peripheral nerve somtimes lead to neuropathic pain. Nitric oxide(NO) is increased in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of neuropathic pain models, and L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, reduces neuropathic pain. However, it is not known that underlying mechanism of NO involvement in development and maintanence of neuropathic pain. It was found that there were three NOS isoforms-nNOS, eNOS, and iNOS. It is also necessary to investigate NOS isoforms in neuropathic pain. The aim of this study is to investigate NOS isoforms and NADPH-diaphorase expressions and underlying mechanism of NO involvement in neuropathic pain. The 5^th lambar (L5) DRG were obtaind after tight ligation of L5 an L6 spinal nerves for 7 days. Toluidine blue stain, immunohistochemistry for nNOS, eNOS, and iNOS, and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry were performed. All specimens were observed under light microscope. nNOS expression was increased significantly in the cytoplasm of the DRG of ligated side at 7 day post-ligation (7D PL). eNOS expression was also increased in the blood vessel, a few neurons or satellite cells, and cell membrane of Schwann cells in the DRG of ligated side at 7D PL. iNOS expression was increased in a few blood vessels and cytoplasm of small neurons in the DRG of ligated side at 7D PL. NADPH-diaphorase expression was increased significantly in the neurons of the DRG of ligate side at 7D PL, but NADPH-diaphorase expressions were weak or absent in the blood vessel and Schwann cell in the contralateral DRG and the DRG of ligated side at 7D PL. It is suggested that NOS isoforms may be closely related to development and mantanence of neuropathic pain in order of nNOS>eNOS>iNOS.

葡萄(Campbell Early)의 結實에 미치는 GA 및 覆袋의 影響

權相洙,具禹書,朴正璂,權五昌,李容門 東亞大學校 1983 東亞論叢 Vol.20 No.3

葡萄 Campbell Early 의 無核果 生成 및 成熟促進을 위하여 GA₃ 濃度別 그리고 몇 가지 覆袋處理를 한 實驗結果는 다음과 같다. 1. 果房重과 果粒數는 滿開 8日前 處理가 適期로서 果房重은 無處理에 비해 76.4%, 果粒數는 80.6%였다. 2. 1果房當 無核粒率(92%)과 100粒中 種子數(12個)는 滿開 18日前, Gibberellin 處理+cellophane紙 覆袋區가 가장 良好하였다. 3. 果粒數와 種子數(r=0.826) 또한 種子數와 果重間에는 정의 相關關係(r=0.841)를 나타내었다. 4. 糖度는 無處理區보다 cellophane紙 覆袋區가 9.34% 로서 높았다. 含水量과 灰分은 無處理와 新聞紙 覆袋區가 높았고 cellophane 紙 覆袋區가 낮았다. 5. vitamin C 含量은 Gibberellin 處理時期가 빠르고 無核率이 높을수록 낮은 傾向이엇다. 處理間에 있어서는 無處理와 parchment紙 袋覆區 많았고 cellopnane紙 袋覆區가 含量이 적었다. 6. Gibberellin 處理時期를 앞당기고 cellophan紙 袋覆를 하면 無核率이 높은 反面 果粒數 果重이 減少되고, Gibberellin 處理時期를 늦추고 新聞紙 覆袋를 하면 果粒數 果重은 增加하지만 無核率이 낮아졌다. The results obtained by the Gibberellin and bagging treatment on the Campbellearly grape are as follows: 1. The suitable period of treatment for cluster weight and number of berry are to be before 8 days of full bloom. The cluster weight was 76.4% and number of berries were 80.6% compared with control. 2. The ratio seedless berries of 92% per cluster, and number of 12 seedss in 100 beries were showed the best on before 18 full bloom at the bagging plots of Gibberellin treatment+cellophane paper. 3. Number of berry and number of seed (r=0.826) also were showed mutual relation of plus between the number of seed and fruit weight. 4. Soluble solid was showed higher of 9.3% at the cellophane paper bagging plot and 9.34% at the parchment paper bagging plot than the control. Juice content and ash were showed high at the conthol and newspaper bagging plot, and low at the cellophane paper bagging plot. 5. The content of vitamin C was showed low tendency at the higher of the seedless ratio with the quick Gibberellin treatment period. At the betweentreatment, the control and parchment paper bagging plot were showed much, and showed less content at cellophane paper bagging plot. 6. In advance the period of Gibberellin treatment and had cellophane paper bagging then the ratio of seedless would be high, but on the contrary, the number of berry and fruit weight decreased, and had delay the period of Gibberellin treatment and had the newspaper bagging, the number of berry and fruit weight would be increased but the ratio of seedless was low.

미국 의학드라마에 나타난 간호이미지와 역할수행 연구

권영애,길민지,김정현,박옥경,서민정,유현정,이민경,정지혜,조양현,천기윤,이자형,정덕유,김성남 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2009 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.43

We tried to inquire the people's views on nursing or nurses, correct the image of nurse and take it as a basis to be applied on nursing education examining the image of nursing on Television drama playing a important role of mass media. 523 nurses of the characters in drama is applied to the analysis object of this study by selecting 3 American medical dramas, Grey's Anatomy, House M.D, E.R from 2005 to 2007. Contents analysis method was used in Data Analysis, which was used in Lim Mi-lim ?Research on contents analysis on image of nursing on television drama?, 7 Items was used after Coders previously modify and compensate it based on research documents of Kalish & Kalisch(1986), Yoon Young(1983), Lee Hye-Ok(1982), Lee Young-Bok, etc in analysis items. Before making the coding, we did pre-test. 6 Coders made of 3teams, 2 Coders are in each team, made the Codings the article on each person by Item seeing the recorded Film. An each team makes coding about 50episodes, total 147episodes for 2weeks. We used double coding and when the results are different between two coders, we decided just one result through mutual agreement. The average of reliability degree was 97.4% which measured the reliability degree by the method of Holsti. The statistic method of Frequency, Percentage was used using EXCEL Program in data processing. The result of research is as follows. 1. The general feature of nurses on the drama is that they are women(92.7%) which is 20 or 30-aged(70.5%). 2. Relative importance of 65.2% nurses in drama is depicted as surrounding characters and most of them was expressed as the character plating surrounding role. 3. The affair attitude of nurses shown on drama is revealed as active(24.5%), autonomous(32%), kind(16.8%), mechanical(23.2%) and adept(28.4%). However, unknown category is the highest in all affairs. 4. The professional activity of nurses was classified with professional/simple affair, The professional activity of nurses was 80% and simple activity of nurses was 22.9%. The professional activity of nurses was classified with personal/assistant affair. The personal activity of nurses was 61.9% and assistant activity of nurses was 15.1%. 5. The place nurses of the drama appears are hospital(97.7%). 6. The appearance feature of nurses is shown on common physique (55.0%), common stature(79.3%), common appearance(76.1%), common dignity(97.5%) and decent (51.1%). 7. The feature of character of nurses depicted on Television drama is neutral in all 11 affairs. We want the following epigraph based on above conclusion. 1. The continuos research intended for mass people is required about how their image of nurse is changed after watching medical drama. 2. The research to construct monitoring mass media system and make plans for developing is required for nurse image being in a triangular position as a professional job.