소규모 하수처리를 위한 파일럿 규모 이중슬러지 KNR^® (Kwon's nutrient removal) 시스템의 영얌염류 제거성능 평가

안진영,권중천,김윤학,정유훈,김두언,유선호,김병우,An, Jin-Young,Kwon, Joong-Chun,Kim, Yun-Hak,Jeng, Yoo-Hoon,Kim, Doo-Eon,Ryu, Sun-Ho,Kim, Byung-Woo 한국청정기술학회 2006 청정기술 Vol.12 No.2

본 연구에서 소규모 하수고도처리를 위한 이중슬러지(Dual sludge) $KNR^{(R)}$ (Kwon's nutrient removal) 시스템이 개발되었다. $KNR^{(R)}$ 시스템은 부유성장식 탈질미생물과 부착성장식 질산화미생물을 분리시킨 이중슬러지 공정으로 최초침전조, 혐기조, 무산소조, 농축조의 복합기능을 수행하는 UMBR (Upflow multi-layer bioreactor)과 펠렛형 담체가 충진된 호기성 담체조로 구성되어 있다. 소규모 하수처리시 본 개발공정의 안정성과 처리성능을 평가하기 위해 처리용량 $50m^3/d$ 규모의 파일럿 플랜트를 고도처리 공정으로 개선공사 중인 처리용량 $50m^3/d$ 규모의 실제 소규모 마을하수처리장에 적용하였다. UMBR과 담체조의 체류시간은 각각 4.7 h와 7.2h이었으며, 반응조 수온은 $18.1{\sim}28.1^{\circ}C$이었다. 유입 하수량과 유입수의 BOD/N의 변동폭이 컸음에도 불구하고 파일럿 플랜트는 안정된 처리성능을 보였다. 전체 실험기간 중 처리수의 $COD_{cr}$, $COD_{Mn}$, $BOD_5$, TN, TP의 평균 농도는 11.0 mg/L, 8.8 mg/L, 4.2 mg/L, 3.5 mg/L, 9.8 mg/L, 0.87/0.17 mg/L (poly aluminium chloride(PAC) 투입/미투입)이었으며, 제거율을 각각 95.3%, 87.6%, 96.3%, 96.5%, 68.2%, 55.4/90.3% 이었다. 잉여슬러지 발생량은 $A_2O$와 Bardenpho 등과 같은 단일슬러지를 이용하는 고도처리공정과 비교시 약 1.9~3.8배 낮은 $0.026kg-DS/m^3$ and 0.220 kg-DS/kg-BOD로 나타났다. A simple dual sludge process, called as $KNR^{(R)}$ (Kwon's Nutrient Removal) system, was developed for small sewage treatment. It is a hybrid system that consists of an UMBR (Upflow multi-layer bioreactor) as anaerobic and anoxic reactor with suspended denitrifier and a post aerobic biofilm reactor, filled with pellet-like media, with attached nitrifier. To evaluate the stability and performance of this system for small sewage treatment, the pilot-scale $KNR^{(R)}$ plant with a treatment capacity of $50m^3/d$ was practically applied to the actual sewage treatment plant, which was under retrofit construction during pilot plant operation, with a capacity of $50m^3/d$ in a small rural community. The HRTs of a UMBR and a post aerobic biofilm reactor were about 4.7 h and 7.2 h, respectively. The temperature in the reactor varied from $18.1^{\circ}C$ to $28.1^{\circ}C$. The pilot plant showed stable performance even though the pilot plant had been the severe fluctuation of influent flow rate and BOD/N ratio. During a whole period of this study, average concentrations of $COD_{cr}$, $COD_{Mn}$, $BOD_5$, TN, and TP in the final effluent obtained from this system were 11.0 mg/L, 8.8 mg/L, 4.2 mg/L, 3.5 mg/L, 9.8 mg/L, and 0.87/0.17 mg/L (with/without poly aluminium chloride(PAC)), which corresponded to a removal efficiency of 95.3%, 87.6%, 96.3%, 96.5%, 68.2%, and 55.4/90.3%, respectively. Excess sludge production rates were $0.026kg-DS/m^3$-sewage and 0.220 kg-DS/kg-BOD lower 1.9 to 3.8 times than those in activated sludge based system such as $A_2O$ and Bardenpho.

구성적 실재론의 관점에 입각한 《心經》의 유교 도덕심성 구성원리 고찰

유권종 중앙대학교 중앙철학연구소 2006 철학탐구 Vol.20 No.-

본 연구는 ≪心經≫의 편찬자인 진덕수의 문집과 저술들을 근거로 ≪心經≫에 표출된 마음 이해의 이론적 배경과 그 진실의 내용을 살피는 동시에, 프리드리히 발너의 구성적 실재론의 관점을 적용하여 주자학적 심학의 진실이 ≪心經≫을 통해서 중국과 조선의 역사적 맥락을 형성하고 독자적인 문화적 혹은 학문적 진리로서 구성되고 실재하였던 것임을 설명하였다. 진덕수의 심학의 구조와 그 내용을 짚어본 것은 본 연구에서 이룬 작은 성과이며, 구성적 실재론의 관점을 적용함으로써 주자학적 심학이 서구의 심리철학이나 심리학이 추구하는 진실과 다르면서도 그 자체로서 절대적인 진실로서 통용되었던 이유를 설명할 수 있게 됨 역시 본 연구의 중요한 사항이다. 본 연구에 따르면, 진덕수는 위로는 임금, 그리고 학교와 지인들에게 자신의 마음 인식 혹은 마음 경험에 의하여 확인된 진리를 전파하고자 노력하였다. 그로써 그는 당시 위학으로 지목받고 그 학문적 활동이 위축되었던 주자학을 심학의 맥락에서 재건하였고, 그로 인하여 주자학적 심학의 맥락이 확립되고 후대에 전승될 수 있는 기반이 생겼다. 따라서 ≪心經≫은 그러한 심학의 맥락 형성과 전승의 과정에서 매우 중요한 역할을 한 경전으로 평가된다. 그 중요한 역할이란 수양의 방법론의 표준화 혹은 마음 경험의 표준화를 위한 교과서의 역할이다. 이것은 동일한 마음의 이해 방식과 마음 수양의 방법이 시공간을 넘어서서 공유될 수 있는 기준이 되었기 때문이다. 그리고 이를 통해서 중국과 한국에서 주자학적 심학의 진실이 하나의 확고한 진리로서 인정되고 실재시될 수 있었던 것으로 판단된다. This is a result of a study on Mind Scriptures(≪心經≫), edited by Zhen De Xiu(眞德秀, 1178~1235), and a collection of his works from Sikuquanshu(四庫全書). This study focused on his understanding of human mind and its theoretical background, and depending on Friedrich(Fritz) Wallner's viewpoint of constructive realism explained the reason why Zhen's study of mind had constructed an important context of culture in Sung and Ming China and Chosun Korea from the 13th century to the 17th or 18th century. In this study his understanding of mind is called Simhak(in chineses Xinxue). Constructive realism is a very useful theoretical tool for explaining that even though about human mind truth of Simhak is very different from that of mind philosophy or psychology of Western Europe and America, but it has been winning public recognition on the context of Chinese and Korean culture and history. Zhen's efforts to enlighten King, his friends, and students with the truth of Simhak recovered the authority of Zhuzixue(朱子學) prohibited as a false learning by King and influential vassals from the year of 1196, and so can be estimated that it had recovered and reconstructed the context of Zhuzixue on the history of China. Especially his Mind Scriptures is recognized to perform the main role to recover the context. Main ideas of the Scriptures come from traditional methodologies of moral self cultivation from Confucianism in Pre Chin era and Neo-Confucianism completed by Zhuxi(朱熹, 1130~1200) whom Zhen emulated as a real Confucian model. The Scriptures show a standard of moral self cultivation of Neo Confucianism and include many conceptions useful and established for observation of mind by mind itself and cultivation the mind. The truth of the Scriptures has been accepted as an absolute truth of mind and its cultivation in the historical context of China and Chosun Korea. The idea of strangification of Constructive realism guarantees a way to recognize this truth as another truth of East Asian Confucianism that has been accepted as a truth reality of human mind.

天命圖 비교 연구 : 秋巒, 河西, 退溪

劉權鍾 한국사상사학회 2002 韓國思想史學 Vol.19 No.-

Chonmyungdo is a diagram made in the 16th century by confucian scholars in Chosoˇn Dynasty, The diagrams represent the principles of the consolidation between Heaven and the human beings using various symbolic signs. The confucian scholars who devised these diagrams are Jung JI-Wun. Kim In-hu, Yi Hwang and Gi Dae-seung. This paper aims at explaining the differences of various symbolic signs and the different meanings that are represented by each diagram used by the above - mentioned three confucian scholars except Gi Dae - seung. This paper also discusses other diagrams such as Chonmyungdohae, Chonmyungdosul and Chonmyungdosulhuso which explain the principles of Chonmyungdo. The original form of Chonmyungdo is that of Jung Ji - Wun. That of other confucian scholars is a modified version of it. Though the confucians had adopted the same ideas of Neo - Confucianism, the understanding of every confucian and the presentations by the various signal forms of the diagrams are not the same. If it is true, we should analyze and verify the differences among their speculative systems according to the different forms of the diagrams. The forms of the diagrams used by the three confucian scholars consist of three parts in general: a circle of Heaven, a square of Earth, and a form of Human Being. The three confucians do not specify any significant difference for the square of Earth. However they make different forms of the circle of Heaven and a form of Human Being. This means that their understanding and explanations of the order of Heaven and Human Beings are conformed from each different view point. In conclusion these three diagrams suggest a theoretical divergence of the Chosoˇn Neo - Confucianism especially for the explanations of human mind. Regarding the famous Four - Seven Debates between Yi Hwang and Gi Dae - seung, we may trace its original ideas from the theoretical difference among Jung's, Kim's, and Yi's.

간암세포에서 저산소증에 의해 유도되는 VEGF의 발현기작에 대한 연구

권유욱,배수경,김정애,김규원,박병채 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 1997 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 연구업적집 Vol.7 No.-

Puropse: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a typical hypervasculized tumor is very sensitive to hypoxia and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has previously been identified to be up-regulated in response to hypoxia in several cell types. However, the molecular mechanisms by which hypoxia is sensed by the cells remain enigmatic. To investigate whether calcium and AP-1 are involved in hypoxia-sensing mechanism, we performed following experiments. Materials and Methods: Hep3B cells were grown in hypoxic condition. To assess cell viability, MTT assay was performed. To investigate the effect of calcium and AP-1, northern blot analysis was performed after treatment with BAPTA/AM. Results: The expression of VEGF was significantly up-regulated by hypoxia in Hep3B, hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. The increased expression of VEGF induced by hypoxia was blocked by the addition of BAPTA/AM, a cytosolic calcium chelator to the media. In addition, we found that the expression of c-jun protooncogene was also up-regulated by hypoxia. Hypoxic increase of c-jun expression was also normalized by the treatment with BAPTA/AM. Conclusion: These results suggest that the increased expression of VEGF by hypoxia is mediated through the calcium and c-jun signalling pathway in the Hep3B human hepatoma cell lines.

간암세포에서 저산소증에 의해 유도되는 VEGF의 발현기작에 대한 연구

권유욱,배수경,김정애,김규원,박병채 부산대학교 유전공학연구소 1997 분자생물학 연구보 Vol.13 No.-

Purpose: Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),a typical hypervasculized tumor is very sensitive to hypoxia and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) has previously been identified to be up-regulated in response to hypoxia in several cell types. However, the molecular mechanisma by which hypoxia is sensed by the cells remain enigmatic. To investigate whether calcium and AP-1 are involved in hypoxia-sensing mechanism, we performed following eaperiments. Materials and Methods: Hep3B cells were grown in hypoxia condition. To assess cell viability, MTT assay was performed. To investigate the effect of calcium and AP-1,northern blot analysis was performed after treatment with BAPTA/AM. Results: The expression of VEGF was significantly up-regulated by hypoxia in Hep3B, hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. The increased expression of VEGF induced by hypoxia was blocked by the addition of BAPTA/AM, a cytosolic calcium chelator to the media. In addition, we found that the expression of c-jun protooncogene was also-regulated by hypoxia. Hypoxia increase of c-jun expression was also normalized by the treatment with BAPTA/AM. Conclusion: These results suggest that the increased expression of VEGF by hypoxia is mediated through the calcium and c-jun signalling pathway in the Hep3B human hepatoma cell lines.

Web 기반의 이미지 마킹시스템 환경 구축

권명광,원유헌,장성민,송경남 弘益大學校 2001 미술디자인 논문집 Vol.- No.6

In the course of Internet proliferation, many World Wide Web-related technologies are examined for possible growth and evolution. The use of World Wide Web-based technologies has further fuelled the demand for World Wide Web-based applications. In this paper, We describe the design and implementation of image marking system that help user manipulate their own image. The user can edit, print and merge their own image with other offered image using World Wide Web. Also the user don't need to buy a required software at a high price but only use World Wide Web that offer the service.

退溪學派의 『禮記』해석에 대한 고찰

유권종 慶北大學校 退溪硏究所 2005 退溪學과 韓國文化 Vol.- No.36

본 연구는 퇴계로부터 재전 제자까지의 학맥에서 이루어진 『禮記』에 관한 해석의 사실을 밝히고, 그 해석의 내용 및 특징을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 삼는다. 퇴계의 학맥에서 『예기』에 대한 학문적 접근의 방식은 고증적 방식과 해석적 방식으로 크게 나눌 수 있을 것이다. 고증적 방식은 이미 퇴계에게서 단편적으로 시작되었지만, 『예기』를 대상으로 삼아 본격적인 고증의 방식을 취한 것은 학봉과 서애의 『상례고증』으로부터 찾아볼 수 있다. 그리고 미수의 『경례유찬』, 「십이월령고정」도 그러한 전통을 잇는 저술로 인정될 수 있다. 또 해석적 방식은 지산의 「곡례수장도」와 우복의 『사문록』을 들 수 있는데, 특히 『사문록』은 재전제자까지의 퇴계학맥으로 볼 때에 『예기』 해석의 치밀함과 아울러 고증에 입각한 변석이 매우 돋보이는 저술이다. 퇴계의 학맥에서 이루어진 『예기』 해석의 특징은 우선 퇴계로부터 재전 제자에 이르는 과정에서 그 저술의 전문화가 이루어지는 점, 즉 퇴계에게서는 단편적인 경문의 인용을 통해서 예설을 확정하던 방식이었던 것이 서애와 학봉 그리고 미수에 이르는 과정에서 상례와 제례를 전문적으로 고증하는 방식으로 나아가면서 전문화가 이루어진 점을 하나의 특징으로 꼽을 수 있다 아울러 우복의 『사문록』과 같이 고증은 물론 치밀한 이기론적 철학적 분석에 입각한 『예기』 해석이 성취되었다는 점도 꼽을 수 있다. 또 미수의 『경례유찬』과 같이 왕과 제후 대부 사 등의 신분에 따라 차등을 엄격히 강조하는 예를 『예기』 등의 경전으로부터 구성하고 있다는 점도 중요한 특징이다. 그리고 「곡례수장도」처럼 예학과 성학을 결합시킨 저작이 이루어진 점도 중요한 특징이다. 이렇게 보면 퇴계의 학맥에서 이루어진 『예기』 연구는 궁극적으로는 성학의 목적을 성취하기 위한 방법으로서 그 중요성을 지녔던 것이라고 판단된다. This study has a purpose to explain the context of interpretations and commentaries of Yeki, one of old Chinese classics, on the Toegye School from 16th century to 17th centry, and to discuss the features and historical value of their works. In the Toegye School, confucians works to approach to Yeki show two different ways. The one is a bibiographical study, the other is a hermeneutic study. The bibiographical study was started by Toegye and has been regularized by Hakbong(Kim Sung-il) and Soae(Yu Sung-ryong) in their each works. Their each works had the same name, that was Sang-rye-go-jeung which meant a bibiographical study of funeral ceremony. Misu(Hu Mok) had also made bibiographical studies, which were Gyung-rye-yu-chan and Si-bi-wol-lyung-go-jung. The hermeneutic studies were made by Jisan(Jo Ho-ik) and Ubok(Jung Gyung-se). Jisan's work is Gok-rye-su-jang-do and Ubok's work is Sa-mun-lok. Specially the latter is a very important one because its hermeneutic study as well as the bibiographical method are very correct and fine. The features of Yeki stdies in the Toegye School can be explained as follow: the first is from Toegye to Misu their bibiographical studies had developed and speciallized more and more. The second is that the school had achieved a work which was the finest one of hermeneutical studies in the 17th century of Chosun Dynasty with its philosophical debates as like Ubok's Sa-mun-lok. The third is to emphasized the rites different in grades of social status in Misu's Gyung-rye-yu-chan. The last is to combine and harmonize rite studies and sage learning in Jisan's Gok-rye-su-jang-do.

Polyethylene Terephthalate Film의 열자극전류 특성

유권재,이종규,김영전 충남대학교 자연과학연구소 1988 忠南科學硏究誌 Vol.15 No.1

Investigation on the characteristics of the TSC in Polyethylene terephthalate film were carried out at temperature region from 273K to 500K. As a result of the investigation, four peaks were identified such as peak A(359K), peak B1, B2(391K, 410K), peak C(473K). Those may be concluded to be respectively due to the depolarization of dipoles, the thermal release of the traped electron and the effect of space charge. Furthermore trap energy depths such as 1.23 eV and 1.30 eV for B1, B2 were obtained on the specimen by mean of initial rise method.

창의성 증진을 위한 가정과 교수-학습에 관한 연구

권유진,신상옥 한국 가정과 교육 학회 1998 한국가정과교육학회지 Vol.10 No.2

The purpose of the study is to search for on teaching and learning to improve creativity in home economics education. It has been improtant for students to formulate and solve problems aout home and family through creative thinking, home economics educatiors have to provide these teaching and learning methods. This research's methods were to search the importance of creativity in home economics education and the relavance between home economics and creativity, then to find the problems of some recent creativity education and formulate the assumption for creativity education in home economics education. Finally, it was presented the examples of teaching and learning to improve creativity. In above the process, we have to recognize as belows; 1. the teaching and learning methods in home economics education need the creativity for formulating problems and finding the elements which effect on practical problems. 2. It is properly selected to some teaching and learning methods in home economics education, and many methods to improve creativity may be included the assumptions for self-realization and moral responsibility.

인지과학적 시뮬레이션을 통한 朝鮮 性理學의 禮교육 心性모델 개발(1)

유권종,박충식,장숙필 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2002 民族文化硏究 Vol.37 No.-

이 연구는 유교, 특히 조선 성리학의 도덕교육에 의한 인격변화의 과정과 그 결과를 컴퓨터로 모의 실험하기 위하여, 조선 성리학자들이 이해했던 心의 구조와 그 작동의 모형을 작성해보고자 하는 데 그 궁극적인 목적이 있다. 아울러 그것을 통해서 조선 성리학의 큰 줄기를 형성한 퇴계의 심학과 율곡의 심학을 연구대상으로 포용하고, 그 둘 사이에 나타나는 차이점과 공통점을 살피고, 그 결과를 근거로 일종의 성리학 통합심성모델을 작성해보고자 할 때 필요한 이론적 정지작업을 하는 것이 본 연구의 실제 내용이다. 그 작업을 위하여 먼저 통합심성모델 작성의 이론적 관점과 기반으로서 일종의 구성주의의 관점을 채택한 이유를 밝히고, 그것에 의하여 성리학의 심성론의 해석과 그에 따른 심성모델의 구성 방식을 제시하였다. 아울러 서구의 심리철학에서 이해되는 mind, 인지과학에서 연구되고 있는 인간의 마음, 인공지능에서 이해되는 마음을 분석하고 그것과 구성주의에 의하여 재해석된 성리학자들의 마음과의 비교를 행하였다. 중요한 것은 성리학의 역사로 볼 때 똑같이 주자학 계열의 성리학자이면서도 인간의 심성의 관념에 관해서 대립적인 견해를 지녔던 퇴계와 율곡의 관점을 하나로 묶어서 통합심성모델을 작성하는 작업이다. 이에 대해서 본 연구는 퇴계와 율곡이 근본적으로 禮실천에 의하여 인간의 심성의 순수함과 정직함을 기르고 회복하려는 점에서 동일한 입장이라는 점에 착안하여, 사단과 칠정, 인심과 도심 등에 관한 理氣論적 해석에 차이가 있다고 하더라도 그것을 통합해 볼 수 있는 이론적 체제를 확보하고자 하였다. 현대에 논의되는 서구철학적 관점의 윤리학과는 다소 다른 방향과 관점에서 진행되는 이 논의는 인지과학과 비트겐슈타인류의 언어철학 등의 관점과 상호 통하는 면이 있으며, 현대 서구철학의 윤리학이 해결하지 못하는 인간의 도덕적 앎과 행위와의 괴리를 넘어설 수 있는 이론적 가능성을 보여준다고 전망된다. 그 점을 인지과학자인 프란시스코 바레라, 언어철학자인 허버트 핑가레트 등의 이론을 근거로 추론하였다. 결론적으로 퇴계와 율곡의 성리학 심성모델은 현대 윤리교육에 대해서 인간의 심신관계 및 실천지향의 윤리교육의 기초를 제시할 수 있으며, 나아가서 그에 관한 실용성도 풍부하게 지니는 것으로 생각된다. This study has a purpose to make a structure of mind and its working principles, which had been thought and understood by confucians of Chosun Dynasty, for computer simulating processes of peronalyity changes through Chosun Dynasty's moral education. This study includes Simhak(心學) of famous Chosun confucians, Toegye and Yulgok, and compares commons and differences of two scholar's theory. The key of this study prepares a necessary theoretical foundation for making a Neo-confucian integrated mind model from such results. We explained why we adopt radical constructivism as a theoretical framework for the integrated mind model, and proposed an interpretation of Neo-confucian mind theory and a method of constructing mind model. Futhermore, we look around a mind of western psychological philosophy, a mind of cognitive science, and a mind of artificial intelligence, and we have compared the confucian mind which is re-interpreted as radical constructivism with such minds. An important work is to make an integrated mind model of Toegye and Yulgok because two scholars are same Neo-confucian, but assisted own theories about human mind. Although the interpretations of Sadan(四端) and Chiljung(七情), Insim(人心) and Dosim(道心) are different each other, encouraging and recovering purity and honesty human mind with the practice of rituals is very much alike. Therefore we want to prepare theoretical foundation for integrating both. This argument is different from ethics of modern western philosophy, but have something to do with cognitive science and Wittgenstein-like philosophy of language. We expect that this idea show a theoretical possibility beyond the dissociation between ethical thinking and behavior, which modern western ethics can't solve. Such a conclusion is inferred from the concepts of Francisco Valera, the cognitive scientist, and Herbert Figarette, the linguistic philosoper. Now to conclude, the confucian mind model of Toegye and Yulgok can provide the explainable mind-body relationship and the foundation of practical moral education for modern education. We believe that the model has much possibility for practical use.