이청준 소설에 나타난 글쓰기의 의미 고찰 - 『남도사람』 연작을 중심으로

이희정 ( Lee Heejung ) 세계문학비교학회 ( 구 한국세계문학비교학회 ) 2017 世界文學比較硏究 Vol.59 No.-

이청준 작품 『남도사람』의 주인공 사내는 이청준의 다른 소설의 주인공처럼 역시 상징적 아버지의 법의 억압에 의해 외디푸스 콤플렉스를 정상적으로 극복하지 못한 채 상상계(the Imaginary phase)에 고착되고 있다. 이 고착은 헤매임이라는 병적 징후로 나타나 누이를 향한 욕망의 미끄러진 대상인 소리를 찾아 떠돌게 된다. 나그네의 이러한 과정은 이청준의 글쓰기 욕망이 상징계적 억압 속에서의 병적 징후의 발산임을 대변하는 것이다. 이후 나그네는 자신이 찾아다니는 누이, 즉 소리의 종적을 통해 용서와 화해하는 마음을 얻을 수 있었고 그로서 사내는 상상계적 고착에서 벗어나 상징계로 진입할 수 있었다. 그러나 상징계(the symbolic phase)로의 진입 후에도 자신이 욕망하는 대상인 조화롭고 화해로운 세계는 여전히 현실 속에서 결핍으로 존재함을 깨닫고 그 차액으로서의 욕망을 다시 찾아다니고 있음을 볼 수 있다. 이는 이청준이 글쓰기를 통해 끊임없이 미끄러지는 욕망을 충족하고 자 하는 것을 의미한다. 이러한 모습은 작품 「새와 나무」, 「다시 태어나는 말」에서 주인공이 억압에서 벗어나 `말의 진실`의 세계로 다가가고자 하는 환유적 욕망의 충족으로 드러난다. 이 훼손된 세계속에서 고착되어 나타나는 이청준의 부친살해 욕망이 현실 고발로서의 글쓰기로 행해지고 있었으며, 그것은 또다시 욕망의 미끄러짐을 통해 환유적 글쓰기로 이어지고 있다. 이처럼 이청준 작품에 나타나는 주인공의 욕망의 과정은 작가 이청준에게는 글쓰기 과정의 의미와 그 맥을 같이 한다. Just like the other protagonists of Lee Cheong Joon`s novel, the male protagonist in Lee`s novel `Namdosaram` is becoming fixated in an imaginary phase as he was not able to overcome the Oedipus complex from the symbolic suppression of a father-figure power. This fixation appears as a morbid symptom of wandering and the protagonist roams in search for `Pansori`, the object of a glissement of desire for his elder sister. Such wandering is an indication that Lee`s desire for writing is a release of his morbid symptom from a symbolic suppression. Later the wanderer finds forgiveness and reconciliation in his mind through the search for his sister that is to say the traces of `Pansor`i, thus breaking away from the imaginary fixation to enter into the symbolic phase. However, even after entering into the symbolic phase, he realizes that even his object of desire which is a harmonious and reconciliatory world, only exists in deficiency, and roams again to find the remaining difference of his desire. This represents the tireless glissement of desire for satisfaction through the Lee`s writing. Such happening is also revealed through the protagonists in The Bird and the Tree and The Rebirth of the Word where the protagonists break away from suppression to satisfy the metonymic desire to get closer to a world where `the word is true.` The desire of Lee to kill his father, revealed through the fixation of a damaged world, is being acted out through his writing of filing a complaint against reality. This through the glissement of desire is followed by a metonymic writing. The process of the protagonist`s desire revealed in Lee`s novel is in the same context with the meaning of the process of writing to the author, Lee.

AU-rich element-binding protein negatively regulates CCAAT enhancer-binding protein mRNA stability during long-term synaptic plasticity in <i>Aplysia</i>

Lee, Yong-Seok,Choi, Sun-Lim,Jun, Heejung,Yim, Se-Jeong,Lee, Jin-A,Kim, Hyoung F.,Lee, Seung-Hee,Shim, Jaehoon,Lee, Kyungmin,Jang, Deok-Jin,Kaang, Bong-Kiun Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2012 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.109 No.38

<P>The consolidation of long-term memory for sensitization and synaptic facilitation in <I>Aplysia</I> requires synthesis of new mRNA including the immediate early gene <I>Aplysia</I> CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (<I>ApC/EBP</I>). After the rapid induction of <I>ApC/EBP</I> expression in response to repeated treatments of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), <I>ApC/EBP</I> mRNA is temporarily expressed in sensory neurons of sensory-to-motor synapses. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the rapid degradation of <I>ApC/EBP</I> transcript is not known. Here, we cloned an AU-rich element (ARE)-binding protein, ApAUF1, which functions as a destabilizing factor for <I>ApC/EBP</I> mRNA. ApAUF1 was found to bind to the 3′ UTR of <I>ApC/EBP</I> mRNA that contains AREs and subsequently reduces the expression of <I>ApC/EBP</I> 3′ UTR-containing reporter genes. Moreover, overexpression of ApAUF1 inhibited the induction of <I>ApC/EBP</I> mRNA in sensory neurons and also impaired long-term facilitation of sensory-to-motor synapses by repetitive 5-HT treatments. These results provide evidence for a critical role of the posttranscriptional modification of <I>ApC/EBP</I> mRNA during the consolidation of synaptic plasticity.</P>

Design of a mobile video streaming system using adaptive spatial resolution control

Heejung Lee,Yonghee Lee,Jonghun Lee,Dongeun Lee,Heonshik Shin IEEE 2009 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS - Vol.55 No.3

<P>An efficient mobile video streaming system needs to cope with unstable network bandwidth and limited battery life. We propose a novel streaming system which jointly considers picture quality, bit-rate and energy consumption. Reducing the spatial resolution of a video stream adaptively proves to be more efficient in terms of picture quality and energy consumption than conventional rate control using only adjustment of quantization parameter. We apply the same scheme to scalable coding for large-scale mobile video streaming. This extends the adaptation of an SVC stream to lower bit-rates, while maintaining temporal stability. Our approach has been shown to improve picture quality by approximately 0.5 dB in low bit-rate conditions, and also reduces energy consumption by more than 50% compared to conventional video streaming.</P>

High expression level of SOX2 is significantly associated with shorter survival in patients with thymic epithelial tumors

Lee, Guk Jin,Lee, Heejung,Woo, In Sook,Kim, Taejung,An, Ho Jung,Choi, Hyun Joo,Lee, Youn Soo,Lee, Kyo Young,Lee, Jieun,Kang, Jin-Hyoung Elsevier 2019 Lung cancer Vol.132 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Objectives</B></P> <P>Thymic epithelial tumors (TET) are heterogenous tumors which are composed of thymoma (TM) and thymic carcinoma (TC). We attempted to determine differences in gene expression between TM and TC, and to determine the effect of such genes on the prognosis of patients with TET.</P> <P><B>Materials and methods</B></P> <P>Gene expression profiles of SOX2, OCT-4, IGF-1, IGF-1R and IR mRNA transcripts in tumor tissues of TM and TC were determined using real-time PCR (RT-PCR). We constructed tissue microarray with 140 paraffin-embedded tumor tissues and performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) for IGF-1R-related signaling molecules, including SOX2, IGF-1, IGF-1R and pAKT.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>SOX2 mRNA expression was notably higher (216-fold) in TCs than in TMs. However, there was no significant difference in expression of IGF-1, IGF-1R, OCT-4 or IR between the two tumor types. In IHC results, SOX2 (HR: 7.57, P = 0.001) and IGF-1 (HR: 9.43, P = 0.001) expression levels in TC were significantly higher than those in TM. There was a significant correlation in expression of SOX2 with IGF-1 (P = 0.021) and pAKT (P = 0.026). In univariate analysis, clinical TNM stage, WHO classification, serum LDH, expression of SOX2, IGF-1R, IGF-1 and pAKT, were significantly correlated with overall survival (OS). Multivariate analysis using a forward-selection procedure revealed that clinical N stage (HR: 4.08, P < 0.001), M stage (HR: 3.37, P = 0.001) and SOX2 expression (HR: 4.53, P = 0.010) were significantly associated with OS.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>SOX2 is expressed significantly higher in TC than in TM. SOX2 expression is also closely related to IGF-1 and pAKT expression. The higher expression of SOX2 is significantly associated with shorter survival in patients with TET.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Thymic epithelial tumors (TET) are divided into two broad categories, thymoma (TM) and thymic carcinoma (TC). </LI> <LI> Molecular biology of TETs are poorly understood. </LI> <LI> We suggest that SOX2 might be potential biomarker to predict biologic aggressiveness and poor prognosis in TETs. </LI> </UL> </P>

PKA-activated ApAF–ApC/EBP heterodimer is a key downstream effector of ApCREB and is necessary and sufficient for the consolidation of long-term facilitation

Lee, Jin-A,Lee, Sue-Hyun,Lee, Changhoon,Chang, Deok-Jin,Lee, Yong,Kim, Hyoung,Cheang, Ye-Hwang,Ko, Hyoung-Gon,Lee, Yong-Seok,Jun, Heejung,Bartsch, Dusan,Kandel, Eric R.,Kaang, Bong-Kiun The Rockefeller University Press 2006 The Journal of cell biology Vol.174 No.6

<P>Long-term memory requires transcriptional regulation by a combination of positive and negative transcription factors. <I>Aplysia</I> activating factor (ApAF) is known to be a positive transcription factor that forms heterodimers with ApC/EBP and ApCREB2. How these heterodimers are regulated and how they participate in the consolidation of long-term facilitation (LTF) has not, however, been characterized. We found that the functional activation of ApAF required phosphorylation of ApAF by PKA on Ser-266. In addition, ApAF lowered the threshold of LTF by forming a heterodimer with ApCREB2. Moreover, once activated by PKA, the ApAF–ApC/EBP heterodimer transactivates enhancer response element–containing genes and can induce LTF in the absence of CRE- and CREB-mediated gene expression. Collectively, these results suggest that PKA-activated ApAF–ApC/EBP heterodimer is a core downstream effector of ApCREB in the consolidation of LTF.</P>

공간 해상도 제어를 통한 적응적 비디오 인코딩 방법

이희정(Heejung Lee),이용희(Yonghee Lee),이정훈(Jonghun Lee),신현식(Heonshik Shin) 한국통신학회 2008 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.11

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Schizophrenia in Korea: A Multicenter Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

JungSun Lee,JunSoo Kwon,Daeho Kim,SungWan Kim,JaeJin Kim,JongHoon Kim,HeeJung Nam,Seunghyong Ryu,IlHo Park,SukKyoon An,HongSeok Oh,Seunghee Won,Kanguk Lee,KyuYoung Lee,SeungHwan Lee,YuSang Lee,JungSeo 대한신경정신의학회 2017 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.14 No.1

Objective-We designed a nationwide study with limited exclusion criteria to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korea and its relationship with antipsychotic medications. Methods-This multicenter, cross-sectional, and observational study included patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Sixteen hospitals enrolled 845 patients aged 18 to 65 years prescribed any antipsychotic medication between August 2011 and August 2013. MetS was diagnosed using the criteria of the modified Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program with the Korean abdominal obesity definition (waist circumference ≥85 cm in women, ≥90 cm in men). Results-The prevalence of MetS in all patients was 36.5% and was significantly higher in men than women (men, 40.8%; women, 32.2%) and was significantly correlated with age [odds ratio (OR) 1.02] and duration of illness (OR 1.03). The prevalence of MetS across antipsychotic drugs in the major monotherapy group was as follows: 18.8% for quetiapine, 22.0% for aripiprazole, 33.3% for both amisulpride and paliperidone, 34.0% for olanzapine, 35% for risperidone, 39.4% for haloperidol, and 44.7% for clozapine. Conclusion-The prevalence of MetS is very high in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Screening and monitoring of MetS is also strongly recommended.

Analysis of Genetic and Pathogenic Diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum Causing Potato Bacterial Wilt in Korea

Cho, Heejung,Song, Eun-Sung,Lee, Young Kee,Lee, Seungdon,Lee, Seon-Woo,Jo, Ara,Lee, Byoung-Moo,Kim, Jeong-Gu,Hwang, Ingyu The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2018 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.34 No.1

The Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) can be divided into four phylotypes, and includes phenotypically diverse bacterial strains that cause bacterial wilt on various host plants. This study used 93 RSSC isolates responsible for potato bacterial wilt in Korea, and investigated their phylogenetic relatedness based on the analysis of phylotype, biovar, and host range. Of the 93 isolates, twenty-two were identified as biovar 2, eight as biovar 3, and sixty-three as biovar 4. Applied to the phylotype scheme, biovar 3 and 4 isolates belonged to phylotype I, and biovar 2 isolates belonged to phylotype IV. This classification was consistent with phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA and egl gene sequences, in which biovar 3 and 4 isolates clustered to phylotype I, and biovar 2 isolates clustered to phylotype IV. Korean biovar 2 isolates were distinct from biovar 3 and 4 isolates pathologically as well as genetically - all biovar 2 isolates were nonpathogenic to peppers. Additionally, in host-determining assays, we found uncommon strains among biovar 2 of phylotype IV, which were the tomato-nonpathogenic strains. Since tomatoes are known to be highly susceptible to RSSC, to the best of our knowledge this is the first report of tomato-nonpathogenic potato strains. These results imply the potential prevalence of greater RSSC diversity in terms of host range than would be predicted based on phylogenetic analysis.

농식품 환경 분야(PF) : HPLC-UVD를 이용한 대두 중 이마자피르의 분석법 개발

김희정 ( Heejung Kim ),장진 ( Jin Jang ),이은향 ( Eun Hyang Lee ),고아영 ( Ah Young Ko ),이지영 ( Ji Young Lee ),이상목 ( Sang Mok Lee ),조윤제 ( Yun Je Cho ),장문익 ( Moon Ik Chang ),정지윤 ( Ji Yun Jung ),이은주 ( Eun Ju Lee ) 한국환경농학회 2014 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2014 No.-

Imazapyr [2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin2-yl)nicotinic acid] is a non-selective herbicide which controls plant growth by inhibiting the production of branched-chain amino acids. Recently, it was registered in USA for the uses of soybean and its seed with MRLs 4.5 mg/kg and 4.0 mg/kg, respectively. To determine the maximum residue limit (MRL) for the food commodities in Korea, a new analytical method of imazapyr on soybean was developed and validated. Soybean samples were extracted with 60% methanol and partitioned with dichloromethane, adjusting pH to 2.5 by hydrochloric acid. Finally, they were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to UV detector(HPLC-UVD). The linearity was good with a determination coefficient ( r2>0.99). Recovery studies were carried out at three concentration levels (LOQ, 10LOQ, and 50LOQ) performing five replicates at each level. Recoveries were ranged between 70.4% and 80.1%, with relative standard deviations less than 5.4%. A consistent recovery was determined according to the CODEX guidelines(CAC/GL40). The developed method was useful for monitoring imazapyr residues in soybean. It can also be used for the analysis of imazapyr in other fruit and vegetable matrices.

농식품 환경 분야(PF) : PF-09 ; GC-ECD를 이용한 감귤과 고추 중 플루피라디퓨론의 분석법 개발

김희정 ( Heejung Kim ),이은향 ( Eun Hyang Lee ),고아영 ( Ah Young Ko ),장진 ( Jin Jang ),이지영 ( Ji Young Lee ),이상목 ( Sang Mok Lee ),조윤제 ( Yun Je Cho ),장문익 ( Moon Ik Chang ),정지윤 ( Ji Yun Jung ),이은주 ( Eun Ju Lee ) 한국환경농학회 2014 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2014 No.-

Flupyradifurone is a new class of butenolide insecticide. As an alternative to imidacloprid, flupyradifurone will be widely used to remove sucking insect pests. This study was conducted to develop a new method for the residues of flupyradifurone in mandarin and pepper. They were suggested as the food commodities to determine the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in Korea. The analyte was analyzed and quantified by gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Samples were extracted by acetonitrile and purified through silica solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. The linearity was good with a determination coefficient ( r2>0.99). Limit of detection(LOD) and limit of quantification(LOQ) were 0.001 and 0.005mg/kg, respectively. Recovery tests were conducted at three concentration levels (LOQ, 10×LOQ, 50×LOQ, n=5). The recovery rates of flupyradifurone were from 71.2 to 114.6% with relative standard deviations(RSDs) less than 9%. All values were consistent with the ranges required in the CODEX guidelines(CAC/GL40). The proposed method was effective and suitable to determine the residues of flupyradifurone in mandarin and pepper.