이상설 : 한국 근대수학교육의 아버지

설한국,이상구,Seol, Han-Guk,Lee, Sang-Gu 한국수학사학회 2009 Journal for history of mathematics Vol.22 No.3

본 논문은 한국수학사에서 연구와 정리가 취약한 시기인 근대수학의 도입기를 조사하면서, 그 근대수학의 도입기에서 만나게 되는 인물인 이상설(李相卨)에 대한 조명을 시도한다. 시대적 상황이 모든 분야의 침체기를 가져온 구한말 이상설은 근대수학에서 당대를 대표하는 높은 학식을 쌓고 뛰어난 재능을 보여주었다. 그간 이상설에 대해 '근대수학교육의 아버지'라는 평가가 없지 않았음에도 불구하고 낯설게 느껴진다면, 그것은 그가 독립운동가로만 강하게 각인된 탓일 것이다. 하지만 그는 19세기말 조선 근대수학의 첫 번째 교과서 편저자이자 수학교사이기도 했음을 새겨둘 필요가 있다. 대유학자이면서도 선구적으로 외국어와 서양과학 특히 근대 서양수학을 이해한 면모는 한국이 배출한 천재 중 하나라는 평가가 결코 과장이 아님을 보여준다. 이에 본 논문에서는 한국 근대수학교육에 커다란 기여를 한 인물인 이상설의 교육과 학문 및 실천업적을 조명한다. 보재 이상설이 1886년경에 쓴 책 <수리>와 최초로 수학과 과학을 관립교육기관의 교육과정에 편성한 과정, 최초의 근대수학교과서로 여겨지는 <산술신서>의 발간, 민족교육기관인 '서전서숙'의 설립 및 운영을 포함한 보재의 업적을 한국수학사 관점에서 조명한다. 또한 <산술신서>의 목차와 구체적인 내용 및 1901년에 출간된 <신정산술>의 내용을 소개하고, 지금까지 부정확하게 알려진 <수리>와 <산술신서>에 관한 몇 가지 역사적 사실을 발굴하여 재조명한다. Most who have heard of Sang-Seol Lee know him for his contribution to the Korean independence movement nearly a hundred years ago. This paper, however, will discuss Lee's other great contribution to his country; that of being "The father of modern mathematical education in Korea". Lee passed the rigorous government officer examination with the highest honor and became a teacher for the royal prince. Later he became the president of Sunkyunkwan, a national institute of higher learning since 1398, and eventually a well-known university bearing the same name. Lee was also a highly regarded Confucian scholar and well versed in foreign languages. He wanted Korea to become a modern country and felt that the areas of science and engineering were studies that needed improving in order to achieve modernization. While researching Western textbooks on the subjects he realized that Western mathematics would be especially important for Korea. With that, it became his mission to integrate Western mathematics into the Korean educational system. This paper will explain the importance of Sang-Seol Lee's contributions to mathematic education in Korea and how it helped Korea become the modern nation it is today.

고정층 액상흡착탑내의 합성흡착제/콜리딘계의 열역학적 흡착특성

이성식,김형준,이봉국,최정균 동아대학교 환경문제연구소 1998 硏究報告 Vol.21 No.2

Adsorption Equilibria and Kinetics of collidine in a aqueous solution onto the synthetic resin adsorbent were carried out in a fixed bed absorber at 278, 288, 298 anti 308K for various concentration ranges respectively. The effective intraparticle diffusivity, D_(e), based on the concentration difference in the liquid phase, was determined by comparing experimental and theoretical uptake curves. The ratio of the effective diffusivity to moleculer diffusivity, D_(e)´/DAB were independent of the amount adsorbed and temperature for synthetic resin/collidine system. The result supported the concept that migrated of inter-microparticle gaps predominates over effective intraparticle mass transfer within synthetic porous adsorbent. Amount adsorbed q_(e) was correlated Q_(st) = 15.35 + [(-4.14) - q_(e)] and E_(a) = 6.28 + [(-1.671 q_(e)] with heat of adsorption(Q_(st)) and activation energy(E_(a)).

예금보험제도의 도덕적 위험에 관한 연구

양성국 건국대학교 1991 대학원 학술논문집 Vol.34 No.-

Moral Hazard is the possiblity that insurance coverage leads insured parties deliberatly to prusue risks that, in an uninsured state, they would not undertake. The purpose of this study is to consider the introducation of Deposit Insurance System as an institutional apparatus to ensure financial stability for Korean Commercial Banks which may face rising risks, following the nation's financial liberalization in effect since the early's 80s. This study based on theoretical argument and practice in other countries, while seeking ways of solving the Moral Hazard problems in deposit insurance system currentry(Korea Non-Bank Deposit Insurance Corporation(KNDIC)) in partial operation by the nation's secondary financial institutions other than commercial bank. The analysis was conducted using data from Investment & Finance Companies during the 1977-1990, and to analyze the hypothesis regression analysis was adopted. The analysis result doesn't suggests that Korea Non-Bank Deposit Insurance Corporation has resulted in Investment & Finance Companies being more exposed to risks. That is, this result offers the Korea Non-Bank Deposit Insurance Corporation have no effect on the Moral Hazard of Investment & Finacne Companies. More efforts will be conducted on the Moral Hazard of deposit insurance system, which maximization of depositors and minimization of Moral Hazard problems.

초음파법을 이용한 Cr-Mo강 고온배관재료의 크리프손상 평가

이상국 한국비파괴검사학회 2000 한국비파괴검사학회지 Vol.20 No.1

화력발전소 보일러 고온배관인 주증기관, 헤드 및 증기드럼 등의 설비들은 장시간동안 고온고압의 가혹한 조건으로 운전됨에 따라 크리프손상에 의해 열화되고 있다. 이들 설비의 크리프손상측정에 적용되는 종래의 비파괴기법인 레프리카법, 전기저항법 및 경도법 등은 복잡한 측정절차 및 접근성, 검사결과의 신뢰도 및 측정정도 등 여러가지면에서 단점이 많다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 화력발전소 주요 고온배관에서 발생되는 경년열화인 크리프손상에 대한 초음파 측정연구를 수행한 결과로서, 고온배관재료인 Cr-Mo강의 프리프 인공열화재를 대상으로 이들에 대한 크리프손상 상태별 초음파 음속(sound velocity) 및 감쇠(attenuation)의 초음파 신호특성을 평가하였다. Boiler high-temperature pipelines such as main steam pipe, header and steam drum in fossil power plants are degraded by creep damage due to severe operating conditions such as high temperature and high pressure for an extended period time, Conventional measurement techniques(replica method, electric resistance method, and hardness test method) for measuring creep damage have such disadvantages as complex preparation and measurement procedures, too many control parameters, And also these techniques have low practicality and applied only to component surfaces with good accessibility. In this paper, artificial creep degradation test and ultrasonic measurement for their creep degraded specimens(Cr-Mo alloy steels) were carried out for the purpose of evaluation for creep damage. Absolute measuring method of quantitative ultrasonic measurement for material degradation was established, and long term creep degradation tests using life prediction formula were carried out. As a result of ultrasonic tests for crept specimens, we conformed that both the sound velocity decreased and attenuation coefficient linearly increased in proportion to the increase of creep life fraction(φc).

Effect of p-Phenylenediamine Application to Rat Skin on the Liver Oxygen Free Radical Systems

윤종국,--,-- THE KOREAN SOCIETY FOR BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY SCIEN 2003 Journal of biomedical laboratory sciences Vol.9 No.2

To evaluate the influence of hepatic oxygen free radical systems on liver injury by topical p-phenylenediamine (PPD) application on rat skin. PPD (25mg/16.5㎠) was topically applied to the abdominal region 5 times every other day and sacrificed. By PPD treatment, increasing rate of liver weight/body weight(%), serum activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and decreasing rate of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activity were higher in the rats fed tungstate supplemented diet than those fed a standard diet. These findings indicate that group fed tungstate supplemented diet have more severe liver injury compared with group fed standard diet on topical PPD application. However, the activities of oxygen free radical generating enzymes such as xanthine oxidase (XO) and cytochrome P450 dependent aniline hydroxylase and those of oxygen free radical scavenging enzymes were not found to be different between these two animal groups. In the present study, a novel monitoring method to detect the generating of oxygen free radicals in liver extract was devised. Throughout this method, the oxidized PPD produced by oxygen free radicals was determined colorimetrically. The increasing rate of PPD oxidation by liver homogenate was higher in tungstate fed animals than in standard diet fed ones. Among the fractionations of liver extract, the mitochondria1 and postmitochondrial fractions in the liver extract of tungstate fed animals led to a higher availability of PPD oxidation by PPD treatment compared with standard diet fed ones. In conclusion, these results suggest that an enhanced liver injury in tungstate fed animals treated with PPD may be due to oxygen free radicals produced in other systems except oxygen free radicals generating from cytosolic XO system. Especially, oxidative availability by PPD can be used for oxygen free radical detection in some tissue.

幼年性 결장용종

金性煥,李鍾國 한국의학사 1984 診斷과治療 Vol.4 No.4

Wide open lateral cephalogram을 이용한 하악골 성장에 관한 연구

문성욱,박영국,정규림 대한치과교정학회 2001 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.31 No.1

교정치료를 함에 있어 하악골의 모양, 성장율, 성장방향에 대한 예측은 치료계획의 수립 및 치료기간과 예후를 결정하는데 있어 중요한 역할을 한다. 이를 규명하기 위해 다양한 방법들이 시도 되어왔고 측모두부방사선규격사진을 이용함으로써 좀 더 정확성을 기할 수 있게 되었다. 그러나 해부학적인 구조의 특성상 하악과두 부위에서 중첩이 발생하여 정확한 형태 및 위치의 측정에 의문이 남는다. 이 연구의 목적은 하악과두 부위에서 중첩을 피하여 좀 더 정확한 하악골의 형태 및 성장양상을 알아보고자 함에 있다. 이 연구는 1급 부정교합군 14명, 2급 부정교합군 9명, 3급 부정교합군 17명, 총 40명의 환자를 대상으로 평균 4년 3개월의 기간을 두고 최대개구상태의 측모두부방사선규격사진(Wide open lateral cephalogram)을 촬영하여 11개의 계측항목을 설정, 계측하였고 Autocad R14 program을 이용하여 평균적인 외형을 작도하고 측면적을 계측하여 비교, 분석하였다. 그 결과 다음의 결론을 얻었다. 1.하악체의 길이(gonion-menton)는 3급, 1급, 2급 순으로 증가추세를 보였고 3급 부정교합군이 2급 부정교합군에 비해 2배 이상 증가하였으나 통계학적으로는 3급 부정교합군과 1급 부정교합군, 2급 부정교합군과 1급 부정교합군 사이에는 유의성이 있었고 3급 부정교합군과 2급 부정교합군 사이에는 유의한 상관성이 없는 것으로 나타났다(P〈0.05). 2.Go-Me, A-Cd, B-Cp, E-F, G-H, 측면적의 항목에서 연 평균 성장량, 성장속도 들에서 3급 부정교합군에서 많은 증가를 보이고 특히 2급 부정교합군에 비해서는 명확한 차이를 보이고 있다. 3.평균 4년 3개월 동안의 하악골 측면적의 연 평균 성장량은 1급 부정교합군이 1.0cm2, 2급 부정교합군이 0.8cm2, 3급 부정교합군이 1.4cm2이고 성장율은 11.9%, 11.8%, 20.3%로 1급 부정교합군과 2급 부정교합군에서는 별 차이가 보이지 않았고 3급 부정교합군에서는 다른 두 군에 비해 2배에 가까운 성장율을 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 부정교합의 유형에 따른 하악골의 성장량의 차는 선천적인 악골의 크기에 의해서 라기 보다는 성장 중 발생하는 하악골의 성장속도와 성장량의 차이에 의한 것으로 사료된다. In proceeding with orthodontic treatment, the prediction for the shape, growth rate and growth direction of mandible plays a major role to set up the treatment plan and determine its period and prognosis. Various approaches being made so far have shown that the linear and angular measurement using lateral cephalograms are relatively accurate to estimate them. This study was purposed to find the shape of mandible more clearly by preventing the overlap of the Condyle head area which appears in lateral cephalogram, and to estimate its growth rate by comparing the growth quantity and ratio via lateral area measurement. This experimental was performed against 40 patients total, of which Class I of 14, Class II of 9 and Class III of 17 consist. Wide open lateral cephalograms of 40 patients were taken over average period of 4 Year 3 Months, then the linear and angular measurements were caned out with 11 itemized lists. Autocad R14 application program was utilized to draw their appearance, measure and compare their lateral area. As a result of study, conclusions were made as follows; 1.Mandibular body length (gonion-mentors) tended to increase in order of CIII, CI and CII, and Mandibular body length of CIII group had a tendency to grow twice faster than that of CII group. 2.In lateral items such as Go-Me, A-Cd, B-Cp, E-F and G-H, CIII showed a significant increase on the year-average quantity and rate of the growth, and especially apparent difference was observed in CIII group rather than CII group. 3.For the 4 Year 3 Months period, the year-average growth quantity of lateral area of the mandible was 1.0 cm2 for Class I, 0.8 cm2 for Class II and 1.4 cm2 for Class III, which corresponds to 11.9%, 11.8% and 20.3% of growth ratio respectively. Thus, growth ratio almost 2 times more than other groups was observed in group CIII while growth ratio between group CI and CII has little difference. 4.Considering the results as above, it can be proposed that the difference in size of the mandible between groups is caused by the difference in the growth rate and growth quantity of the mandible, which generated in the middle of growth, rather than the difference in size of congenital Jaw-bone.

Bromobenzene의 투여 횟수에 따른 간독성의 차이

이상희,전태원,윤종국 대한의생명과학회 2000 Journal of biomedical laboratory sciences Vol.6 No.1

실험동물에 있어서 간조직의 손상 정도에 미치는 xenobiotics의 투여기간에 의한 영향을 검토할 목적으로 hepatotoxin의 일종인 bromobenzene의 투여 횟수에 의한 간손상 정도와 이의 기전을 구명 한 결과는 다음과 같다. 횐쥐에 1일 간격으로 bromobenzene (400 mg/kg)을 복강으로 1회, 3회 및 6회 투여 한 실험군을 대상으로 하여 실시한 실험에서 혈청 alanine aminotransferase (ALT)의 확성 및 체중 당 간 무게는 bromobenzene을 1회 투여 한 1일째에는 대조군과 별다른 변동을 볼 수 없었으나 3회 투여 한 3일째에는 유의하게 증가되었으며, 이후 6일째 6회 투여한 실험군에서는 체중 당 간 무게 및 혈청 ALT활성이 3일째 보다 현저히 감소되어 오히려 대조군과 유사하였다. 이와 같이 투여 횟수의 증가에 따른 간손상의 정도가 투여 횟수와 비례하지 않은 것이 어떠한 기전에 의해서 나타나는지를 구명하기 위해 bromobenzene 대사에 관여 하는 간조직 중 aniline hydroxylase 및 glutathione S-transferase 활성과 glutathione (GSH) 함량을 측정한 결과, 이들 대사효소 및 GSH이용률이 bromobenzene 6회 투여 군에서 1회 및 3회 투여군보다 높게 나타났다. 이상 실험 결과를 종합해 볼 때 어떤 독성물질이 생체에 계속 폭로 시 어느 시점에서 중독현상이 경감되는 것은 이 독성물질의 대사율을 증가시켜 해독하려는 생리적응현상이 일어 날 수 있다는 가설을 제시 할 수 있다. A Study on the Effect of Injection Frequency on the Liver Damage in Rats To investigate the effect of injection frequency of bromobenzene on the liver damage, bromobenzene (400 mg/kg, i.p.) was given daily to rats for six days. All experimental animals were sacrificed at 24 hours after the last injection. Morphological changes of the liver were observed under a light microscopic examination. Functional changes of the liver were evaluated by the measurement of alanine aminotransferase activity. To clarify the cause of discrepancy in liver damage, hepatic glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione S-transferase (GSI) and aniline hydroxylase (AH) activities were determined. In the experiments of daily bromobenzene treatments, the sacrificed animals at six day (6 time-injected animals) showed slighter liver damage than those sacrificed at 3 day (3 time-injected ones), based on the liver morphological or functional findings; the decreasing ratio of GSH content and increasing ratio of liver GST and AH activities in the 6 time-injected group were higher than those in the 3 time-injected one.

尤怡의 醫學思想에 關한 硏究

鄭城采,金基郁,朴炫局 동국대학교 한의학연구소 1997 東國韓醫學硏究所論文集 Vol.6 No.1

동양의학에서 『傷寒論』의 발전은 대체로 三段階의 과정을 거쳤으나 "三綱鼎立"설이 대세를 이루고 있었다. 이러한 관점에 대항하여 辨證論治規律을 연구한 學派가 나타나게 되었는데 尤怡가 그 중 한사람이다. 尤怡의 生涯, 著書, 學術思想 및 후세에 미친 영향 등을 조사하고 특히 『傷寒論』을 按法類??하여 六經에 따른 正治法ㆍ權變法ㆍ斡旋法ㆍ救逆法ㆍ類病法ㆍ明辨法ㆍ雜治法 등의 治法에 대하여 연구하여 보고하는 바이다. The present writer studied the medical thought of 'You-Yi'(尤治)', the medical expert of the early 'Qing(辯)' Dynasty, which can be summarized as following. 1. 'You-Yi' writed many essays nnd treaties about 'Shang-Han-Lun(傷寒論)' and 'Jin-Gui-Yao-Lue(金?要略)', both of which are the writings of 'Zhang-Zhong-Jing(張仲景)', the medical saint of 'Han(漢)' Dynasty, and those writings include 'Shang-Han-Guan-Zhu-Ji(傷寒貫球集)', 'Jin-Gui-Yoo-Lue-Xin-Dian(金?要略心典)', 'Yi-Xue-Dou-Shu-Ji(醫學讀書記)', 'Jin-Gui-Yi(金?翼)', and ‘Jing-Xiang-Lor-Yi-An(靜番樓醫案)'. 2. A theory of 'Tai-Yang(太陽)' syndrome, including 'San-Gang-Ding-Li(三網鼎立)', was proposed by 'Fang-Han-Lun(方有執)' and 'Yu-Chang(喩昌)' and it came to be one of the leading theory of the'Shang-Han-Lun'. 'You-Yi' rejected their opinions in which they insisted that the'Feng(風)' hurts the 'Wei(衛)' and the 'Han(寒)' hurts 소e 'Ying(營)', and he advocated his particular idea that the 'Xie Qi(邪氣)' can directly hit skin, flesh, 'Ying-Wei(營衛)', the Five Organs and the Six Viscera(五臟六腑), regardless of 'Zhong-Feng(中風)' or 'Shang-Han(傷寒)', and he insisted that there is need to be anxious about whether the 'Ying-Wei' is strong or weak. 3. In 'Shang-Han-Guan-Zhu-Ji', 'You-Yi' invented the eight classifications in treating the'SHang-Han' and he did not follow the old theories hitherto. He divided the book into six parts via the clinical experiences, and the Classification and Logics in Treatment(辯證論治), and he put several titles on'Jin-Gui-Yao-Lue'. And he newly edited the original text of'Shang-Han-Lun' and arrnnged 'Zhong-Jing(仲景)'s Six Meridian(六經) categories. Each syndrome in'Tai-Yang', 'Yang-Ming(陽明)', 'Shao-Yang(少陽)', 'Tai-Yin(太陰)', ‘(Shao-Yin(小陰)’and 'Jue-Yin(?陰) has its own categories in treatment. 4. In explaining the Six Meridians(六經) and Organs and Viscera(臟腑), ‘You-Yi' legislated the syndrome in 'Three Yang(三陽)’ into Meridians(經) and Organs(臟). He also concluded that 'Shang-Han-Lun' not only discusscd 'Wai-Gan(外感)' but also included the Internal Hurt(內傷) and Miscel1aneous Diseases(雜病). 5. In his academic research,'You-Yi' followed 'Zhong-jing' in classifications and prescriptions and succeeded the theory of "Ma-Chu(馬?)' and 'Li-Zhong-Zi(李中粹)', but was not tied to any stereotyped former practices. He put emphasis on the Spleen(脾) and the Kidney(腎) as he harmonized the Middle Energizer(中焦焦) with the taste of 'Gan(甘)' and 'Wen(溫)' and enjoyed strengthening 'Yang' by benefitting the 'Qi(氣)' 6. He discusscd in detail the causes, mechanism and symptoms on 'Tan-Yin(疫飮)' and proposed the seven categorizes in treatment. 7. He sorted the causes of 'Zhong-Feng' into two kinds of the 'Feng' via 'Wai-Gan' and Internal Hurt, and recognized these two 'Feng's correlate as mutual sources of diseases. He insisted that the origin of the 'Fing' exists in the 'Liver(肝)’. He also established the eight categories in treating the'Feng'. 8, 'You-Yi' belongs to the Classification and Logical Treatment School. And he, considering he respected and followed "Zhong-Jing' and 'Li-Zhong-Zi', belongs to the successor to the 'Wen-Bu(溫補)' School. 9. His writings, especially the 'Shang-Han-Guan-Zhu-Ji' and the 'Jin-Gui-Yao-Xin-Dian', are excellent commentary works on the originals, so they served as significant guide books for many junior scholars. For penetrating the 'Shang-Han-Lun" with his unique way of classification of treatment, he has been highly appreciated by later generations including scholars like 'Tang-Li-San(唐立三)' in the 'Qing' Dynasty, and so many more ones thenceforth. In conclusion, on the base of this study, it is hopefully proposed that the still more profound research on the medical thought of 'You-Yi', as one of the most distinguished scholars, an expert clinician and an earnest writer as we11.

음향방출법에 의한 탄소 섬유 복합재료의 인장 및 파괴

이상국,김옥균,남기우,오세규 韓國非破壞檢査學會 1995 한국비파괴검사학회지 Vol.15 No.1

본 연구는 [0°.90°]₂s와 [0°₂/90°₂]s의 2종류 탄소섬유복합재료에 대한 인장 및 파괴인성 시험시의 파괴거동과 음향방출 특성을 해석하고 성형시의 성형압력과 인장강도 및 파괴인성 간의 상관성을 알아내기 위하여 수행되었다. AE신호는 음향방출장비를 이용하여 성형과정, 인장 및 파괴인성 시험중에 각각 검출하였다. 인장강도는 성형가압 단계수가 적을수록, 그리고 [0°/90°]₂s 시험편 쪽이 [0°₂/90°₂]s 시험편보다 높은 강도를 나타내었다. 파괴인성은 동일한 온도영역에서 거의 같은 값을 나타내나 시험온도가 높아질수록 점차 낮아짐을 알 수 있었다. 한편 인장 및 파괴인성 시험시의 파괴거동과 AE신호간의 상관성을 조사하기 위하여 AE데이터의 AE변수들에 대한 후 신호처리(post processing)와 광학현미경 및 주사형 전자현미경 관찰이 각각 수행되었다. The study was carried out to analyze the fracture behavior and the acoustic emission(AE) characteristics and to find the relationship among tensile strength, fracture toughness and cure pressure in cure process of the carbon fiber reinforced composites of two types, [0°/90°]₂s and [0°₂/90°₂]s. AE signals were detected during the curing process, tensile tests and fracture toughness tests by acoustic emission(AE) measurements, respectively. Tensile strengths showed that the less cure pressurizing steps and the side of [0°/90°]₂s specimens had the higher strengths than those of the others. Fracture toughness by change of test temperature showed nearly same values in the same temperature region, but the higher test temperature had the lower fracture toughness values. In order to examine the relationship between fracture behavior of CFRP in tensile and fracture toughness tests and AE signals, the post processing for AE parameters of AE data and the observations of microscope and SEMA have been carried out respectively.