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( Edward Gane ),( Amoreena C Corsa ),( Yang Liu ),( Ben C Mitchell2 ),( John F Flaherty ),( Michael D Miller ),( Kathryn M Kitrinos ),( Scott Fung ) 대한간학회 2013 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2013 No.1
Background/Aim: To evaluate amino acid changes within HBV pol/RT after 96 weeks of treatment with TDF or FTC/ TDF and determine their potential association with TDF resistance. Methods: In Study GS-US-174-0121, 280 patients receiving lamivudine (LAM) with detectable LAM-resistance mutations in HBV pol/RT (LAM-R: rtM204V/I±rtL180M) were randomized 1:1 to receive blinded treatment with TDF or FTC/TDF for 96 weeks. Virologic breakthrough (VB) was defined as confirmed HBV DNA >1 log10 increase from nadir or HBV DNA ≥400 copies/mL (69 IU/mL) after <400 copies/mL. Resistance genotyping by HBV pol/RT sequencing was attempted for all patients at baseline and if viremic (HBV DNA ≥400 copies/ mL) at Week 96/study discontinuation. Results: Overall, 18 patients (9 TDF, 9 FTC/TDF) were viremic viremic at Week 96/last visit. The mean baseline HBV DNA was significantly higher for viremic patients (8.04 log10 copies/mL) compared to patients who did not qualify for genotyping (6.39 log10 copies/mL). In the TDF arm, 3 patients had conserved site changes/reversions (1 with VB), 1 had unique polymorphic site changes, 2 had no change, and 3 were unable to be genotyped. In the FTC/TDF arm, 2 patients had conserved site changes/reversions, 1 had unique polymorphic site changes, 4 had no change, and 2 were unable to be genotyped. No phenotypic resistance to TDF was observed. Four of eight (50%) patients had LAM-R reversions (rtV/I204M±rtM180L) on TDF while 1/8 (12.5%) patients on FTC/TDF had LAM-R reversions. Thirteen patients (4.6%) with prior entecavir (ETV) exposure and 25 patients (8.9%) with baseline ETV-R were enrolled; neither had an impact on viral kinetics. Conclusions: No TDF resistance has been detected through 96 weeks of treatment with either TDF or FTC/TDF in LAM-R patients. The presence of ETV-R or ETV exposure did not impact viral kinetics through 96 weeks. Resistance surveillance in this population will continue through Year 5.
The Domestic Origins of the Second Korean War: New Evidence from Communist Bloc Archives
( Mitchell Lerner ) 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2018 Seoul journal of Korean studies Vol.31 No.1
In the late 1960s, the Korean Peninsula suddenly exploded with a violence not seen since the end of the Korean War, driven by a sudden wave of North Korea aggression that culminated in January 1968 with the attempted assassination of Park Chung Hee and the capture of the USS Pueblo. For decades, scholars have struggled to understand this crisis, as they lacked access to materials that could open a window into DPRK policy. Only now, with the recent release of new materials collected from the archives of the Communist bloc nations, can we begin to understand the critical events of the Second Korean War and the larger environment that surrounded it. This paper integrates the most recent materials from former Communist bloc states to revisit our understanding of this dangerous situation, and to suggest that it was driven above all else by domestic political and economic circumstances inside North Korea.
Identifying with the L2 Self : Study Abroad Experiences of Japanese English Language Learners
Mitchell Fryer,Peter Roger 아시아영어교육학회 2017 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.14 No.3
A possible self is a combination of the self knowledge, thoughts and beliefs that we have regarding our future potential (Markus & Nurius, 1986). This study investigated the possible selves of eight Japanese niversity study abroad (SA) students. Dörnyei (2005) posited the L2 motivational self-system, comprised of the L2 ideal self as a construct for better understanding and predicting L2 motivation. Several studies and theoretical accounts indicate that discrepancies between current and ideal states can help predict motivation, as the possible self acts as a future self-guide (Dörnyei & Chan, 2013; Higgins, 1987; Ushioda & Dörnyei, 2012). The study identified several key contextual elements that contributed to changes in the participants’ L2 motivational self systems. These included ‘thrown in the deep end’ type interactions, good timing of interactions, conscious moves by the conversation partner to assist the participants, relaxed and positive atmosphere, opportunities to initiate and sustain interactions and one on one interactions that were in line with the participants’ own cultural identity. The findings suggest the contextual elements shaped the participants’ L2 ideal and feared self images and contributed to the identification of discrepancies between current and desired states which influenced study behaviours, goals and motivation over time.