일본사회에 있어서 공·사영역의 역사적 전개와 여성 : History and Implications for Women

함동주 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 1998 여성학논집 Vol.14-15 No.-

<Abstract> This study is to survey haw the division of the public and the private has unfolded in the historical context of Japanese society and how it has influenced the lives of Japanese women in connection with the patriarchy. By doing that, I hope to contribute to the understanding of the way the division of public and private spheres rein-force the patriarchal oppression of women. In Japan, the division of the public and the private was first introduced from China in connection with the importation of the Legal System (Ritsuryo-sei) between mid-seventh and early eighth century. At that time, Japanese people adopted the Chinese concept of the public sphere as related to the government and the private sphere as outside of the government. However, Japan's concept of the public and the private spheres differed from that of China in many ways. In particular, Japan's legal system declined dramatically over the years and a new era arrived in the late twelfth century, which historians call the Medieval Period. In medieval Japan, the military class functioned as both public and private power. As a result, the public in medieval Japan was multiplized and localized. However, with the establishment of the unified rule of the Tokugawa Bakufu, the public sphere was once again monopolized by the sole authority of the Tokugawa Shogunate. In sum, although the division of public and private in premodern Japan changed over the periods, it continued to revolve around the relationship between the governing and the governed. The division of the public and the private in premodern Japan has had serious impacts on the lives of Japanese women. In particular, while adopting the legal system, Japanese society also imported other Chinese elements like the patriarchal social order and concepts. In fact, ancient China's legal and political systems were inextricably in terconnected with the patriarchy. As a result, Japanese society began to adopt the practices of Chinese patriarchy. The establishment of Japanese patriarchy has serious impact on women. First of all, their economic rights were restricted eventually depriving them of all the rights. Also, their political role was severely curtailed, being prohibited from government posts. Patriarchal control of Japanese women reached the highest point during the Tokugawa period when the social hierarchy and Confucian ethics were firmly in place. Since the late nineteenth century, however, Japanese society has experienced far­reaching changes through Westernization. Western concepts influenced the division of the public and the private, too. In particular, modern Japan was first introduced to the notion of the inviolable rights of the individual and the superiority of the private sphere over the public sphere. Because of the obvious differences between the traditional and the Western concepts, modern Japan strugg1ed to find a balance between the two. In particular, modern Japan rejected the individualistic and liberal concepts of Western societies. In sum, modern Japan's concept of the public and the private retains strong influences of the traditional concept. However, modern Japan did not reject the way Western patriarcy reinforced itself in the process of industrialization and stregthened its control over women. In Japan, changes in legal codes resulted in the reinforcement of men's control over women. In particular, the head of the family was endowed with extensive rights over the family members including his wife, mother, and daughters. Also, women's activities were mostly confined to the domestic chores, while men monopolized governmental and non-government jobs. It is true that modernization widened social chances for some women. In a few cases in which women were allowed outside of the house, however, their functions were mostly manual and temporary. Also, education for women did not usually result in long-term career jobs, while education for men meant promising careers. In other words, women in modern Japan did not differ much from those in premodern periods in the sense that they were subjected to the control of the patriarchy and the division of the public and private worked as an indispensable device in securing such control.

실내 마감재의 유독가스 방출에 관한 독성평가

함상근,김홍,강영구,김동현,이영섭 한국산업안전학회 2002 한국안전학회지 Vol.17 No.1

The toxic gases released from a fire can be classified as asphyxiants such as carbon monoxide, and irritants such as hydrochloric acid, etc. It is recognized that the combustion characteristic of interior upholstery is one of the important factors to determine the severity of indoor fires. In this study, several of the mostly used interior upholsteries including wallpaper, veneer board, curtain and floor cover, were selected to be evaluated by using the method of NES 713. The toxicity indices of the experimental samples, which indicate their toxic potentials in a fire were lowered in the order of Wallpaper (Flame Retardant) 8.5 > Floor Cover(Hard) 4.8 > Polyurethane 4.3 > Floor Cover(Soft) 3.5 > PVC 2.8 > Veneer Board 2.3 > Floor Cover(flame retardant) 2.1 > Wallpaper(Promulgation) 1.4 > Curtain 0.9. It is concluded that, among all the tested upholsteries, wallpaper (flame retardant) would release the largest quantity of toxic gases in a fire.

뇌성마비아를 위한 운동 프로그램에 관한 연구

함정은,이동건,하형주 東亞大學校附設스포츠科學硏究所 1998 스포츠科學硏究論文集 Vol.16 No.-

The purpose of this study is to comprehend the cerebral palsied children's walking ability and to make it possible for them to start walking earlier by presenting a special exercise program that can develop walking ability. To attain this goal, I chose 7 cerebral palsied children and had them work out according to the special exercise program 5 times a week, for 90 minutes each, for 13 months. The results were as follows : 1. 5 our of 7, [JU], [SU], [KI], [HY] and [PY] could walk almost normally ; this proves the efficiency of this program. 2. The reason [KA] and [BA] couldn't improve their walking ability as much as the others is individual difference, I might sat. 3. Individual differences in each exercise program were great but resistance, tension and an involuntary motion diminished on a large scale. 4. The presented special exercise program has caused cerebral palsied childen's reflective power and basic motor control power to increase remarkably.

화자 적응을 위한 알고리즘 개선

함동훈,박정재,권영헌,이건상 한양대학교 이학기술연구소 2004 이학기술연구지 Vol.7 No.

본 논문에서는 MAP(Maximum a Posterior re-estimation)와 MLLR(Maximal Likelihood Linear Regression) 그리고 이것의 결합 형태에 대하여 인식률을 비교하였다. MLLR은 확장 형태인 RCT(Regression Class Tree)를 적용하였다. Database는 한국어 4 연속 숫자음을 사용하였으며, 훈련 데이터는 남성 음성 4410개와 여성 음성 3610개 그리고 테스트 데이터는 각각 980, 910개를 사용하였다. 그 결과 결합된 형태의 적응 기술의 인식률이 더 좋은 결과를 보였다. 또한 적절한 tree depth와 mixture와 class node의 중가로 보다 좋은 인식률을 가져왔다. This paper studies the performances of MAP(Maximum a Posterior re-estimation), MLLR(Maximal Likelihood Lineal Regression) and the combined method of each basic schemes. RCT(Regression Class Tree) is extended to MLLR. Database of korean 4 continuous digit numbers is used. Trained data are 4410 of man's voice and 3610 woman's one. We use test data of 980 of man's voice and 910 of woman's one. As a result, we obtain better recognition rate for system that combines each basic schemes than one that has a basic scheme. Also we get better recognition rate as class node, mixture number and the suitable tree depth increase.

온디콘법상 온라인디지털콘텐츠 거래인증제도의 활성화 방안에 관한 일고찰

허동원,함정훈 한국외국어대학교 외국학종합연구센터 법학연구소 2004 외법논집 Vol.16 No.-

In recent years, the number of digital content transaction has increased dramatically, in main, owing to the innovation of IT technology. At the same time, it creates new problems which have never been found in traditional transactions. Especially, due to the easy-copy characteristics of digital content, the illegal usage of digital content proliferates. Also the conflicts between seller and buyer in digital content transactions on cyberspace market take place frequently because contracts were made without face-to-face discussion. The increase of illegal usage and conflict in digital content market would diminish motivation of creators for their work, furthermore break down digital content market on cyberspace. Digital content transaction authentication system would play an important role in creating sound digital content market. Especially, it would make big contribution to reducing the number of conflict between seller and buyer. In this context, the main objective of this study is to suggest of this study are as follows. The first, define cleanly transaction authentication. The second, the notification basis must be set up through the modification of law in order to improve the efficiency of transaction authentication. The third, the law will take effect go into operation on and after revision of law. The fourth, it is necessary to provide various incentives to user and content provider such as free usage coupon and tax exemption for the certain period of time. The fifth, this study suggests that identification system, marking system and quality certification system should be properly related to digital content transaction authentication. The sixth, the procedure of transaction authentication must be standardized for international mutual compatibility.

소규모사업장 용접근로자들의 소음·용접흄·망간 노출에 관한 연구

김동구,문덕환,이채관,박명희,함성애,손병철,김대환,이창희,김휘동,이채언 인제대학교 백병원 2002 仁濟醫學 Vol.23 No.5

Objective : This study was conducted for the purpose of investigating the level exposure of welders to noise, welding fume and Manganese(Mn) related to this process. Methods and Material : All subjects in this study were welders engaged in CO2 arc and coated arc welding process especially in small-scale enterprises classified by type of manufacture of ship building, repairing and of other fabricated metal products, which is located in Gimhae and Milyang of Kyeongsang province in south Korea. Air sampling of welding fume was measured, shipped and analyzed on the basis of national institute for occupational safety and health(NIOSH) method in U.S. and work environment measurement method established in south Korea. To measure Noise in the work environment, Noise dosimeter was used on the basis of work environment measurement method established in south Korea. Result : This study was performed during a period from January, 2000 to December, 2001 and Results were as follows: 1. Noise level measured in this work environment was higher than national criteria for permissible exposure limit on health examinations related to hearing loss. 2. The concentration of welding fume and Mn in manufacture of ship building and repairing was higher than those in manufacture of other fabricated metal products. 3. In conditions of existing in ventilation system installed and operated, the concentration of welding fume and Mn was slightly lower than those of not existing. 4. In conditions of existing in sufficient air supply from out door into the work place relied on natural exhaust system, the concentration of welding fume and Mn was slightly lower than those of in not sufficient. 5. In all subjects, a rate of wearing ear plug and respiratory mask for dust and fume was lower than that of not wearing. Conclusion : According to above results, this study suggests that more positive work environment managements such as the use of portable local ventilation system, the supply of highly qualified personal protective equipment, and consecutive education and training related to health protection should be need to acquire suitable health protection program for welders engaged in small-scale enterprises in Korea.

방사선 관련업무 종사자의 개인피복에 관한 연구

김함겸,안규동,이병국 순천향대학교 산업의학연구소 1997 순천향산업의학 Vol.3 No.1

For the purpose of measurement of level of radiation exposure by employees working in fields related to radiation the analysis had been made on the level of radiation exposure for a total of 1875 employees working in radiation related field at 10 university hospitals in Seoul, 6 university hospitals in rural areas, 16 private hospitals (health centers), 5 research agencies, 10 military hospitals, 10 research institutes of industry and 5 firms for non-destructive test works from January 1995 to December 1995 for one year. The result of analysis of radiation exposure for a total of 518 employees working in the field of radiation at university hospitals in Seoul area for the purpose of measurement of radiation exposure based on characteristics of the employees working the the field related to radiation showed the following status: 1. The level of radiation exposure of the employees working in the field related to radiation on the basis of agencies was 6.55-1.89 mSv which is below the level of 20 mSv/y being recommended as average annual reference level for 5 years from International Commitee of Radiation Protection(ICRP). 2. In terms of sequence of exposure level the non-destructive testing firms were highest followed by university hospital, military hospital, general hospital, private hospital(health center), research institute of industry and other research institutes with lesser exposure than preceding ones in this sequence. 3. In terms of difference in exposure by people with different jobs among medical specialist, resident, radiotechnologist,nurse and other visitors to radiation section residents showed highest level of exposure followed by radiotechnologist, nurse and medical specialist with lesser exposure than preceding one in the same sequence. 4. In terms of age levels such as 50s, 40s, 30s and 20s it was revealed that people in their 20s were most exposed to radiation followed by people in 30s, 40s and 50s with lesser exposure than preceding one the same sequence. 5. Result of measuring radiation exposure level by different department such as department of radiology, therapeutic radiology, nuclear medicine and department of clinics and pathology showed that department of radiology had highest level of radiation exposure with 2.83-1.22 mSv followed departments with lesser exposure such as department of nuclear medicine, clinics and pathology etc. and therapeutic radiology. 6. The result of measuring employees at different functions such as general radiography room, computed tomography(CT Room), angiography room and fluoroscopy room, indirect radiography, portable radiography and operation room showed that level of radiation exposure was 9.05-1.25 mSv. Employees for indirect radiography, portable radiography and operation rooms showed highest level of radiation exposure and it is followed by general radiography room, angiography, and fluoroscopy and computed tomography room with lesser degree of radiation exposure than preceding one in the same sequence.

희첨류 한약재의 포제가 혈압에 미치는 영향

최동일,함인혜,박규하,최호영 대한본초학회 2005 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.20 No.1

Objective : This study was carried out to compare the components regarding medicinal parts of Siegesbeckiae Herba and its habitats using TLC patterns. Then hypotentive effects, which depend on the preparation process was measured on Siegesbeckiae Herba. Methods : The Siegesbeckiae Herba were prepared with 70% MeOH extract and was fractionized. Also Siegesbeckiae Herba was steamed several times with Makkolli and its residue was attained. Hypotensive effect was obtained by measuring mean B.P. from femoral artery in rats. Results : The components were significantly different depending on their medicinal parts and habitats in TLC patterns. The more Siegesbeckiae Herba was steamed, the more some compounds decreased. As for mean B.P., it dropped significantly when Siegesbeckiae Herba was steamed 9 times. It dropped remarkably after 30 min. then mainteined afterwards. Also 60% and 100% methanol fraction of Siegesbeckiae Herba showed significant hypotensive effect. Conclusions : We concluded that Siegesbeckiae Herba have different compounds according to their medicinal parts and habitats. Also the steaming process with Makkolli increases hypotensive activity.

뇌성마비인을 위한 활인심방(活人心方) 운동프로그램 개발에 관한 연구

이동건,함정은 한국특수체육학회 2003 한국특수체육학회지 Vol.11 No.2

This study was applied to the people with cerebral palsy with the aim of to verify the effectiveness of the Hwal In Shim Bang exercising program. It was conducted on 16 male and female in a special high school students(17~25 age), for 50min, 3times/week, for 12 weeks. The results of this study are as follows; 1. In the basic fitness, there was significant difference in the Vo2max(t=6.11, p< .001), sitting trunk flexion(t=5.15, p< .001), sit up(t=6.86, p< .001) and closed eyes foot balance(t=3.22, p< .05) of the experiment group. And the body composition was only significant difference in the %fat(t=-5.14, p< .01) of the experiment group. 2. In the self-esteem, there was significant difference in the general self-esteem(t=7.20, p< .001), study accomplishment(t=4.97, p<.01), social acceptance(t=2.76, p<.05), physical expression(t=3.33, p< .05), characteristics of actions(t=4.26, p< .01), motor fitness (t=3.55, p< .01) and the whole of self-esteem(t=11.50, p< .001) fields in the experiment group. 3. In the ECG, there was only significant difference in the HR(t=-3.62, p< .01), P-R(t=2.72, p< .05) and Q-T interval(t=3.89, p< .01) in the experiment group. Whereas, there was no significant difference in the motor fitness test, self-esteem test, and ECG test in the control group.

事故와 月經週期간의 相互關係

石在鎬,咸雄,朴東哲 大韓神經精神醫學會 1981 신경정신의학 Vol.20 No.1

Although there have been many studies in the accident proneness, little attention appears to have been given to the part possibly played by menstruation. In some previous studies of menstrual disorders, it was observed that the reaction time was slow and the judgement impaired during the premenstrual period. As both judgement and reaction time are important factors in the avoidance of accidents, it was felt that a study of women involved in accidents might reveal a correlation between accident and menstruation. The author surveyed menstrual cycle of 90 patients with accidents who visited Han Gang Sacred Heart Hospital from 1st June 1979... to 31st Aug. 1980. In order to determine the phase in which they met the accidents and to explore the correlation between accident and menstruation, the menstruation cycle of 28 days was divided into seven, 4-day periods by Dalton's method. The results were as follows: The accidents of 90 patients were found to have ocurred most frequently during menstrual period(18.9%), followed by the period of the 5th day through the 8th day (16.7%), mid-cycle period (16.7%), and premenstrual period (16.7%). A total of 35.6% of the patients had accidents during menstrual and premenstrual period. The author, therefore, suggested that there was a relationship between the phases of the menstrual cycle and accidents.