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權仁赫 제주대학교 1984 논문집 Vol.22 No.2
For the convenience of small business, the issue of the usage of the copper coin as the legal tender was discussed for the first time in the Cho-sun dynasty. This policy of copper coin-circulation proposed in the era of King Tae-jong was received during the time of King Sejong. Eventually Cheowha (a sort of paper money) was used with the copper coin, which was the only money in common use then. On the contrary, because of all the regulations for the copper coin-circulation, privately-based business and the business order were plunged into confusion and the price of the copper coin dropped sharply. The government of the Cho-sun dynasty made efforts several times to overcome these economic difficulties. At last, it was decided that Cheowha and the copper coin were to be used at he same time in the 27th year of King Se-Jong’s reign, and then payment in money as well as other goods was allowed for the national revenue. Because the copper coins were hoarded, and it was necessary to approve the use of Powha (as a sort of cloth money) for trade, the national concern for the copper coin-circulation policy began to disappear gradually.
權人赫 제주대학교 1984 논문집 Vol.17 No.1
In the first half of King Sejong's period, the corn prices were rising and Chuwha (paper-money) lacking real value turned to be useless due to the successive lean crops and famine. To the efficiency of poor relief and circulating Chuwha, the Authority ordered to exchange kingdom owned grain for civil Chuwha, however this temporary measure could not be settled. For the public welfare and the rich state of public finance, the Authority designated coin as the sole currency. Owing to the shortage of raw materials and applicable market-places, the Royal Authority attempted the usage of both chuwha and coin. But in the collecting course of tax., the Authority forced in kind like cloth instead of chuh-wha and as the peasants also denied in kind, Chuh-wha slowly disappeared from the currency circulation.
Development of an Operational Hybrid Data Assimilation System at KIAPS
권인혁,송효종,하지현,전형욱,강전호,이시혜,임수정,조영순,한현준,정한별,권희내,신설은,김태훈 한국기상학회 2018 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.54 No.-
This study introduces the operational data assimilation (DA) system at the Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems (KIAPS) to the numerical weather prediction community. Its development history and performance are addressed with experimental illustrations and the authors’ previously published studies. Milestones in skill improvements include the initial operational implementation of three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVar), the ingestion of additional satellite observations, and changing the DA scheme to a hybrid four-dimensional ensemblevariational DA using forecasts from an ensemble based on the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF). In the hybrid system, determining the relative contribution of the ensemble-based covariance to the resultant analysis is crucial, particularly for moisture variables including a variety of horizontal scale spectra. Modifications to the humidity control variable, partial rather than full recentering of the ensemble for humidity further improves moisture analysis, and the inclusion of more radiance observations with higher-level peaking channels have significant impacts on stratosphere temperature and wind performance. Recent update of the operational hybrid DA system relative to the previous 3DVar system is described for detailed improvements with interpretation.
16세기 화폐유통 실상과 그 성격 : 악포의 유통과 금단책 운영
권인혁 제주대학교 1993 논문집 Vol.37 No.1
It is the most important matter to grasp the true nature of Akpo, the most popular currency in those days, in order to understand the real aspects of currency in the 16th Century. The Akpo, which means all kinds of Powhas except 5 Seungpo, consisted of both 3 Seungpo, 4 Seungpo and 2 Seungpo, Danpo. The former two Powhas, having utility and commodity vlaue, were the most popular exchange device, while the latter two Powhas were only used as a device of circulation without having such a utility and commedity value. In view of the established conception of currency being accounted much of the utility and commodity value in thoes days, the latter two Powhas were surely hetrogenous things. And the fact that such Powhas were used as a popular currency at that time can be a true evidence that the social circumstances were mature enough to accept that kind of currency.