What Is and Is Not Social Capital? : 사회적 자본의 이론적 개념과 오류

Sung-Choon Kang(강성춘),Jong-hoon Bae(배종훈) 한국인사ㆍ조직학회 2007 인사조직연구 Vol.15 No.3

인사조직분야에서 사회적 자본에 대한 점차적인 관심에도 불구하고 그 개념에 대해서는 여전히 약간의 혼란이 존재하고 있다. 본 연구는 사회적 자본에서 나타나고 있는 몇 가지 중요한 이슈들을 정리하면서 사회적 지본의 이론적 개념을 명확히 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 먼저 사회적 자본이 문화 혹은 제도와 어떻게 차별화되는지를 고찰한다. 다음, 본 연구는 사회적 자본의 여섯 가지 핵심 특성을 도출한다. 구체적으로 1) 사회적 자본은 공공재가 아니며, 2) 사회적 자본은 둘 이상의 행위자간의 관계에 의해 정의되며, 3) 사회적 자본의 행위주체가 그들 자신의 목표를 달성하기 위해 활용하는 사회적 관계이며, 4) 사회적 자본은 다양한 목적을 위해 사용될 수 있고, 다양한 행위지들에게 이전될 수 있으며, 5) 사회적 자본에 대한 구조적 설명과 관계적 설명은 서로 독립적이며, 마지막으로 6) 사회적 자본은 성격상 다층모형을 통해 정의되며, 개인 행위자의 이해관계에 의해서 매개되는 특성을 가지고 있다. Despite increasing interests in social capital in the management field, there are still theoretical confusions about the concept of social capital. This review aims at clarifying the nature of social capital by addressing several important theoretical issues in the social capital research. In doing so, we distinguish social capital from culture or institution at the society level and from transaction-specific investments or interpersonal trust at the dyad level. We argue: 1) social capital is not the public good; 2) social capital should be defined on relations involving more than two persons; 3) social capital is a set of relations exploited by actors to realize their goals; 4) social capital is transferable across multiple goals and actors; 5) relational embeddedness or tie-strength based account of social capital cannot be a substitute for the structure-based account of social capital; and 6) social capital is multi-level in nature and should be always mediated by the realization of individual actors" interests.

사회적 자본으로서 복음의 공공성 연구 : 21세기형 프로테스탄티즘 연구

김미영 한국실천신학회 2022 신학과 실천 Vol.- No.79

This paper attempts to prove that social capital as social virtues can be interpreted as the value of the kingdom of God, that is, the publicity of the Gospel, which is formed in the process of socialization and culturalization of the Gospel with transformative power at the social level beyond the personal level through work ethics and labor ethics. Therefore, it can be said still insufficient knowledge of human understanding to rely only on the realm of humanities and social science to establish humanity for the restoration of humanness and to identify social capital for social development and integration. Until now, in the study of social capital, the spiritual realm and the role of Christianity, which occupies the most important part in this realm, have been neglected. Therefore, Christian theology can contribute to promoting interest in and research on social capital by meeting the need to bridge the gap between general studies and theology through interdisciplinary research along with the fields of social science. In the meantime, research on social capital has mostly focused on the concept and measurement of social capital and the impact of social capital on society and economy. However, although the concept of social capital itself is multifaceted and related studies are relatively diverse, relatively little is known about the factors that form social capital. Beginning with Robert D. Putnam's research on social networks and Francis Fukuyama's research on trust, research on the factors that form social capital has only been conducted relatively recently. This study also tried to investigate how the spiritual culture of Protestantism has formed the social capital of trust and cooperation through the publicity of the Gospel in these insufficient areas. Moral trust, especially emphasized as social capital, can only be explained as a universal perspective on humanity regarding the image of God. It can be said that this is different from the strategic trust and individual trust often discussed in social capital. According to Francis Fukuyama, the social capital of trust is created when a community shares an systemic moral value structure that pursues a life of normal fairness and common sense. Since this is shared with the Protestant ethics emphasized by Max Weber, it can be asserted that this social capital of trust is based on the ethos of Protestantism as a Christian spiritual culture, that is, the norms of the kingdom of God. In order to understand the social capital formed by Christian humanness, we must understand the biblical truths that constitute humanity. Therefore, in order for the modern society to properly understand the 21st century Protestantism, it is necessary to recognize that the knowledge of God is urgent for modern people. This paper emphasizes the argument that the mission for this is given to the church and the theological community. 본 논문은 사회적 덕성으로서 사회적 자본을 복음이 직업윤리와 노동윤리를 통해 개인적 차원을 넘어서 사회적 차원에서 변혁적 능력으로 사회화되고 문화화되는 과정에서 형성되는 하나님 나라의 가치, 즉 복음의 공공성이라고 해석할 수 있음을 변증하고자 한다. 그러기에 인간성의 회복을 위한 인간다움의 정립과 사회 발전과 통합을 위한 사회적 자본의 규명은 인문사회과학의 영역에만 의존하기에는 인간 이해에 대한 본질적인 지식이 여전히 부족하다고 말할 수 있다. 그동안 사회적 자본에 관한 연구에서 정신적 영역과 이러한 영역에서 가장 중요한 부분을 차지하는 기독교의 역할은 소홀히 다루어져 왔다. 따라서 기독교 신학은 인문사회과학 분야와 더불어 다학제간 연구를 통해 일반 학문과 신학 간의 간극을 메울 필요성을 충족하여 사회적 자본에 대한 관심과 연구를 촉진하는 데 기여할 수 있다. 그동안 사회적 자본에 관한 연구는 대부분 사회적 자본의 개념과 측정뿐만 아니라 사회적 자본이 사회와 경제에 미치는 영향에 집중되었다. 하지만 사회적 자본이라는 개념 자체가 다면적이고 관련 연구도 비교적 다양하게 많지만 사회적 자본의 형성 요인에 대해서는 상대적으로 알려진 바가 별로 없다. 로버트 퍼트넘의 사회적 네트워크에 대한 연구와 프랜시스 후쿠야마의 신뢰에 대한 연구를 시작으로 비교적 최근에 들어서야 사회적 자본의 형성 요인에 관한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구도 이러한 미진한 영역에서 프로테스탄티즘의 정신문화가 신뢰와 협력의 규범과 네트워크라는 사회적 자본을 복음의 공공성을 통해 어떻게 형성하여 왔는지를 규명하고자 하였다. 특히 사회적 자본으로서 강조되는 도덕적 신뢰는 하나님의 형상에 관한 인간다움에 대한 보편적인 관점으로서만 설명되어질 수 있다. 이는 종종 사회적 자본에서 거론되는 전략적 신뢰와 개별적 신뢰와는 차원이 다르다고 말할 수 있다. 후쿠야마에 의하면 신뢰의 사회적 자본은 공동체가 정상적인 공정과 상식의 삶을 추구하는 유기적인 도덕적 가치체계를 공유할 때 조성된다고 강조한다. 이는 막스 베버가 강조하는 프로테스탄트 윤리와 공유하기에 기독교 정신문화로서 프로테스탄티즘의 에토스, 즉 하나님 나라의 규범에 근거한다고 주장할 수 있다. 기독교의 인간성이 형성하는 사회적 자본을 이해하기 위해서는 인간다움을 구성하는 성경적 진리를 이해해야 한다. 따라서 현대사회가 21세기형 프로테스탄티즘을 올바로 이해하기 위해서는 하나님을 아는 지식이 현대인들에게 절실함을 인식시켜야 한다. 이를 위한 사명이 교회와 신학 공동체에 주어져 있다는 주장을 본 논문은 강조하고자 한다.

보험영업 팀의 사회적 자본과 팀 유효성 -거래적 리더십의 조절효과-

이정민,박동수,김수희 한국기업경영학회 2011 기업경영연구 Vol.18 No.1

It has been a conventional wisdom that the more a team utilizes the social capital in a team, the better the performance of the team with some positive moderating effect of transactional leadership of the team leader. By presenting a frame work of the cognitive, social, and behavioral complexities of leadership, Hooijberg, Hunt, and Dodge (1997) indicated that good leaders need to have a good understanding of their own emotions as well as those of others, and are able to regulate their own emotions when interacting with others. Literature review gives us some definition of social capital within the team, and implies the moderating role of transactional leadership in the relationship between the social capital and the team leadership effectiveness. This study examines empirically the relationship of social capital configuration and organizational effectiveness among sales teams in insurance companies in Korea. Also, it attempts to identify any moderating effect of transactional leadership in the relationship. Research data were collected through questionnaire survey and used for empirical analysis. Along with reliability and validity test, correlation and multiple regression analysis were done for the data to verify the hypotheses proposed in the study. Conclusions of this study are as follows. First, trust in team leader and other’s emotional appraisal(OEA) were shown as affecting positive (+) influence to the organizational commitment. However, task interdependence, self-emotional appraisal(SEA), and use of emotions(UOE) appeared as not affecting to the organizational commitment from the result of verifying a hypothesis that social capital would affect positive (+) influence to the organizational commitment. Second, team member’s superior confidence in team leader and self-emotional appraisal, use of emotions, and regulation of emotions(ROE) were shown as affecting positive (+) influence to the job satisfaction from verifying a hypothesis that social capital would affect positive (+) influence on the job satisfaction. Third, for the moderating role of transactional leadership, conditional compensation appeared as not working as one of moderators in the relations of independent variables and dependent variables. Instead, conditional compensation was shown as affecting directly both the organizational commitment and job satisfaction as an independent variable. Exceptional management was indicated as having some moderating role in the relations between independent variables and dependent variables. That is, exceptional management was moderating in the relations between trust in team leader and organizational commitment, in the relations between self-emotional appraisal and organizational commitment, in the relations between use of emotions and organizational commitment, and in the relations between self-emotional appraisal and job satisfaction. One of the theoretical contribution of the study could be an empirical application of the three component construct of the social capital. Though there were many theories on the construct of social capital, this study used three component version of social capital: structural aspects, relational aspects, and cognitive aspects. as proposed by Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998). So far in other preceding researches “trust in superior” has been used mostly for its cognitive components. In this study, we attempt to apply emotional intelligence as a proxy for the cognitive component of human network relations in social capital. This implies that cognitive level of information can be converted into knowledge by personal cognitive ability in the social situations. Thus, by understanding the social situations and meaningful relationships among the members, an emotionally intelligent group can create some degree of value to the group with different cognitive characteristics within the organization by enhancing the group process for achieving the group goals. Consequently, this study used emot... 본 연구는 사회적 자본과 거래적 리더십에 대한 중요성을 보험영업팀에 대한 실증 조사를 통하여 파악하고자 하였다. 사회적 자본의 구성요소인 과업상호의존성과 상사신뢰 및 감성지능이 팀 유효성의 대리변수인 직무만족과 팀몰입에 미치는 영향을 파악하고 아울러 조절 변수로서 팀장의 거래적 리더십에 따라서 사회적 자본이 팀원의 팀 유효성에 미치는 영향에 어떠한 차이가 있는가를 검증하였다. 연구결과를 보면 상사신뢰가 높을수록 팀몰입과 직무만족이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 감성조절이 높을수록 팀몰입과 직무만족이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 감성이해와 감성 활용이 높을수록 직무만족이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 상사신뢰와 감성이해, 감성조절이 높을 때 예외적 관리를 하면 팀몰입이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 감성이해가 높을 때 예외적 관리가 직무만족을 높이는 것으로 나타났다.

사회적 연결망 유형이 옴니채널 수용에 미치는 영향

김지혜 한국인터넷전자상거래학회 2018 인터넷전자상거래연구 Vol.18 No.6

Social capital emerged as one of the most salient concepts in social sciences. This study examines the social capital and Omni-channel acceptance in SNS. we divided adimension of social capital into bonding social capital and bridging social capital. In addition to assessing bonding social capital and bridging social capital, we explore a trust and acceptance of Omni channel. In order to investigate the hypothesis, a survey conducted. we collected 496 questionnaires from Facebook, Kakao story, Instagram users. Smart PLS 2.0 was used to test the research model and hypotheses. Bonding social capital and bridging social capital affected trust. Also trust affected Omni channel intention. But Marketing promotion has not a moderating effect between Omni-channel acceptance and trust. The results were as follows. First, The research model contributes to extant literature by Omni-channel acceptance between social capital in SNS. Second, social capital significantly influenced trust and Omni-channel acceptance. Implications and limitations are discussed, and future research are suggested.

해충 분류를 위한 양방향 특징 퓨전 기반의 Pyramid Vision Transformer

홍은하(Eun-Ha Hong),이재현(Jae-Hyeon Lee),손창환(Chang-Hwan Son),이휘종(Hwijong Yi) 한국정보기술학회 2022 Proceedings of KIIT Conference Vol.2022 No.6

해충은 인간을 공격하여 물리적인 피해를 주고 작물을 갉아먹어 작물의 생육 환경에 피해를 준다. 지구온난화로 인한 기온 상승으로 인해 해충이 번식하기 좋은 환경이 되어 발생 면적이 늘어나고 있다. 해충으로 인한 피해를 줄이기 위해서는 해충의 종류에 따른 신속한 방제가 중요하다. 해충은 크기가 작고 종류가 다양해 전문가의 판단이 필요하다. 이는 많은 시간과 비용이 소요된다. 따라서 전이학습 기반의 딥러닝 모델을 사용한 해충 분류 자동화 기술이 필요하다. 전이학습 기반의 모델인 Pyramid Vision Transformer(PVT)를 개선하여 해충분류를 위한 새로운 아키텍처를 제안해 해충 분류 성능을 높이고자 한다. Pest attack humans, causing physical damage and devouring crops, causing damage to the growing environment of crops. Due to the increase in temperature due to global warming, the area of occurrence is increasing as it is a favorable environment for pests to breed. In order to reduce the damage caused by pests, prompt control according to the type of pest is important. Pests are small in size and diverse, so expert judgment is required. This takes a lot of time and money. Therefore, a pest classification automation technology using a deep learning model based on transfer learning is required. By improving the Pyramid Vision Transformer (PVT), a transfer learning-based model, a new architecture for pest classification is proposed to improve pest classification performance.

CoP 활동이 사회적 자본과 조직성과에 미치는 영향: 유한킴벌리, 포스코, 건강보험심사원 사례를 중심으로

김동헌 ( Dong Heon Kim ),김영재 ( Young Jae Kim ),이영찬 ( Young Chan Lee ) 한국지식경영학회 2010 지식경영연구 Vol.11 No.3

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of human resource development policies and practices on social capital and organizational performance. To serve the purpose, we focused on the effects of communities of practice (CoP) to social capital and suggested best practices of CoP from the aspect of social capital. Specifically, we considered new kinds of social capital such as social innovation capital and social integration capital as well as traditional social capital classified into structural, relational, and cognitive capital, Where, social innovation and social integration capital represent corporate`s social capacity to innovate and corporate social responsibility (CSR). And then we conducted a multiple case study on Yuhan-Kimberly, POSCO, and HIRA. From the result, we identified that CoP activities have a positive effect on social capital and organizational performance.

학술세션Ⅰ : 지식경영과 소셜미디어 ; 사회적 자본이 소셜 네트워킹 서비스의 지속사용의도에 미치는 영향: 조직시민행동의 매개적 역할

정남호,송효근,구철모 한국지식경영학회 2014 지식경영 학술심포지움 Vol.2014 No.-

This study examined the effect of social capital and organization citizenship behavior for continuous intention to use on social networking service (SNS). The authors divided a dimension of social capital into bridging and bonding social capital, and a dimension of organization citizenship behavior (OCB) into OCB-Individual (OCBI) and OCB-Organization (OCBO). In addition to, this study suggested social capital would influence on OCB, and a part of OCB would result in continuous intention to use on SNS. The authors surveyed Facebook users and conducted structural equation model analysis based on the result from the survey by using PLS program. Then, the results revealed that both bridging social capital and bonding social capital influence on OCB, however, bridging social capital have a stronger impact on OCB than bonding social capital. Also, the result verified that OCBO had an association with continuous intention to use SNS, while OCBI had a no association with continuous intention to use SNS. This result expanded the scope of social capital and OCB in literature academically in SNS. Furthermore, practical implication for social networking service practitioners were followed.

사회적 자본과 학교적응과의 관계 - 가족, 학교, 지역사회 내 사회적 자본을 중심으로 -

김경식,최성보,이현철 한국교원대학교 교육연구원 2009 敎員敎育 Vol.25 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine the relation structure between social capital and school adaptation. To conduct the purpose of this study, this study uses a sample from the Korea Youth Panel Survey 4th data(n=2,844), and examines how and to what degree 4 latent variables and 30 observed variables influence school adaptation. The structural equation modeling analysis is used, and the results are as following: First, the social capital at family is effecting to school adaptation. Also it has influence on the social capital at school and community. These result suggest that the social capital at family is gist factor. Second, the social capital at school is effecting to school adaptation. When consider observed variables of social capital at school, these result provide that the relationship between teachers and students has the most significant influence on school adaptation. Finally, school adaptation is affected by social capital at community which is consisted of the level of community control to students. Consequently, this study implies that school adaptation is affected by social capital. Base on these results, we should have a program to improve a low class students' social capital at family and to change the social capital at school and community for students who are feeling to difficult about school adaptation. 본 연구에서는 청소년패널조사(Korea Youth Panel Survey)를 활용하여 학교적응도에 영향을 주는 가정, 학교, 지역사회 내 사회적 자본을 중심으로 해당 요인들 간의 종합적인 인과관계를 분석하였다. 연구결과에 따르면 학교적응에 대하여 가족 내 사회적 자본, 학교 내 사회적 자본 그리고 지역사회 내 사회적 자본 모두가 직간접적으로 영향력을 행사하고 있음을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 이를 통해 학교적응에 대한 사회적 자본의 영향력을 실증적으로 확인할 수 있다. 이러한 결과는 학교적응에 실패하고 있는 취약계층 아동들에 대한 사회 자본을 활용한 다양한 접근의 가능성을 시사한다고 할 수 있다.

사회자본과 건강한 노후 - 다층모형(Multilevel Modeling)을 활용한 사회자본의 영향 분석 -

어유경 ( Yugyeong Eo ),김인태 ( Intae Kim ),홍석호 ( Seokho Hong ),김순은 ( Soon Eun Kim ) 한국정책학회 2017 韓國政策學會報 Vol.26 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 노인의 건강한 노후에 대한 사회자본의 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 다층모형 접근법(Multilevel Modeling)을 적용하여 사회자본을 개인 및 지역 수준으로 나누어 분석하였으며, 결속적 사회자본과 가교적 사회자본의 개념을 적용하여 노인 개인의 건강에 미치는 영향을 이론적으로 설명하고자 하였다. 개인 수준의 사회자본은 노인 개인의 신뢰, 네트워크, 참여에 대한 인식 수준을 통해 측정하였으며, 이를 위해 32개 기초지방정부 내 65세 이상 노인 1,060명을 대상으로 실시된 설문을 활용하였다. 지역 수준의 사회자본은 지역별 신뢰 평균, 다양한 결사체의 수, 지방선거 투표율 등을 통해 측정하였다. 연구 결과, 개인 수준의 사회자본이 높을수록 노인의 주관적 건강 수준은 높았다. 지역 수준의 사회자본의 경우, 일반화된 신뢰 수준이 높을수록, 종교단체, 자원봉사단체, 정치단체, 산업 및 전문가 단체의 수가 많을수록, 정보공개청구율이 높을수록 노인의 주관적 건강 수준이 높았다. 반면 지역주민 신뢰 수준이 높을수록, 시민운동단체 및 노동조합의 수가 많을수록 노인의 주관적 건강 수준이 낮았다. 요컨대 노인과의 긍정적인 관계에 기반을 둔 사회자본은 노인의 건강을 증진시켰으나, 노인과 관계가 없는 사회자본은 노인의 건강에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못하거나 오히려 악영향을 미쳤다. 위와 같은 분석결과를 토대로 사회자본을 통해 노인의 건강을 증진시키기 위한 정책적 방안들을 제안하였다. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of social capital on the healthy aging of the elderly. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze social capital at individual and regional levels. Also, we applied the concepts of `bonding social capital` and `bridging social capital` to explain the theoretical impact of local social capital on the health of elderly individuals. Individual social capital was measured by the elderly person`s perception of trust, networks, and participation. For this purpose, a survey conducted on 1,060 persons over 65 years old in 32 provincial governments was used. Local-level social capital was measured by the average level of trust among local residents, number of various associations, local election turnout and so on. The results showed that higher levels of individual social capital were linked to a higher subjective health status for the elderly. However, results were mixed regarding the impact of local social capital. Higher generalized levels of trust, greater numbers of religious, volunteer, political, industry and professional organizations, and higher information disclosure application rates were linked to a higher subjective health status for the elderly. On the other hand, higher levels of trust among local residents and greater numbers of civil movement organizations and labor unions were linked to a lower subjective health level for the elderly. These results imply that social capital can promote healthy aging if it is based on a positive relationship with the elderly, but that it may have insignificant or adverse effects if it is not related to the elderly. Based on this analysis, policy measures were proposed to improve the health of the elderly through social capital.

Social Capital and Depressive Symptoms of Multicultural Adolescents in Korea : A Latent Profile Analysis

Eunjoo Kim,Min Kyung Song 한국간호과학회 2021 한국간호과학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

Aim(s): Social capital has been reported to be associated with depression in adolescents. In general, adolescents with migration backgrounds are known to lack social capital. By employing a latent profile analysis (LPA) for the specification of social capital among multicultural adolescents, depression interventions can be explored through the framework of social capital. The purpose of this study was to identify distinct latent profile of social capital in multicultural adolescents, and to explore the depressive symptoms of multicultural adolescents in those profiles. Method(s): A total of 1,244 samples were used as data from the Multicultural Youth Panel Survey (MAPS) which was conducted for 3rd grade middle school students in 2016. A latent profile analysis was used to identify profiles by different social capital classes, and a one-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the differences in depression between profiles. Result(s): A latent profile analysis indicated four profiles: 1) high overall social capital (19.5%), 2) high interpersonal–intraschool social capital (6.7%), 3) high extraschool social capital (6.1%), and 4) low overall social capital (67.7%). As a result of analyzing the differences in depression among multicultural adolescents by social capital sub-profile, there were differences in the level of depressive symptoms (F=42.65, p<.001). The high overall social capital group had the lowest level of depressive symptoms (13.91±4.43), and the depressive symptoms scores of the high interpersonal-intraschool social capital and high extraschool social capital groups were 16.49±5.27 and 16.74±4.95, respectively. The low overall social capital group had the highest level of depressive symptoms (18.07±5.25). Conclusion(s): These findings provide insight to explain the interplay between social capital and depressive symptoms among multicultural adolescents. Nursing interventions considering social capital are needed to reduce depression in multicultural adolescents.