ความเปรียบเกีย วกับสุนัขในพระไตรปิ ฎก

สุมาลี ลิมประเสริฐ (SumaleeLimprasert) 한국태국학회 2013 한국태국학회논총 Vol.20 No.1

This article aims to study dog metaphors in Tripitaka by analyzing 53metaphorical use of dog found in Tripitaka. Dog metaphors can be divided into 3 categories: explicit metaphors, implicit metaphors, and mixed metaphors. Explicit metaphors always consist of comparison terms and appears in 2 manners. The first way uses direct comparison structures between tenors and vehicles, while the second uses parallel structures with comparison terms at the conclusions. Without comparison terms, implicit metaphors can be understood by literary interpretation and appears in 4 manners. The first way uses parallel structures, while the rest use analyzing technique, example-giving technique, and precedent-story technique. Mixed metaphors combine explicit metaphors and implicit metaphors together. Metaphorical language aims to simplify complicated religious concepts, so it is helpful for most message receivers of Tripitaka who are not well aware of Dharma. Implicit metaphors are more descriptive than explicit metaphors and less complex than mixed metaphors, so they are used most often, especially with the precedent-story technique. By the precedent-story technique, dogs play different roles like different people, which lead to different results at the end. That is how abstract Dharma become concrete and easy to understand. And then people learn to follow good deeds and avoid evil deeds.

인지언어학적 관점에서의 은유와 은유 번역 분석

유선영(Seon-Young You) 한국중원언어학회 2015 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.37

The purpose of this study was to examine the conceptual metaphor and to analyze translating metaphors as a cultural implication. For this study, I selected and analyzed 14 presidents’ and ministers’ speech texts that apparently had more metaphors than other texts. After the analysis, I made an attempt to suggest that a conceptual approach may contribute to the understanding of metaphors and translating metaphors. The Conceptual Metaphor Theories as a cognitive mechanism presented by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) form the basic theoretical background for this study. Based on a cognitive linguistic perspective on metaphors and Toury’s thoery in translation studies, metaphoric expressions in the ST (Source Text) are analyzed and compared with the TT (Target Text). The findings of this study show that the same cognitive structure in two different cultures, SL (Source Language) and TL (Target Language), guarantees almost all of the original metaphor expressions in the speeches of presidents and ministers. I concluded this study with suggestion that further research should contribute to the conceptualization of metaphor and clarify the relationship of translating metaphors between or among languages.

중한 정치 뉴스 텍스트에서의 은유 번역 연구

CAI QIUYAN,염철 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2023 통번역학연구 Vol.27 No.3

The purpose of this study is to examine strategies in Chinese to Korean metaphor translation, centered on conceptual metaphors in political literature. This seeks to determine whether the translation helps readers to reach optimal relevance. 362 metaphors were collected from political news articles published by Xinhuanet.com and People's Daily Online between January and May 2023 with the use of the MIP metaphor recognition algorithm. Based on these collected metaphors, this study conducts a quantitative analysis of the different types of metaphors and metaphor translation techniques, as well as a relevance theory-based evaluation on the efficiency of these techniques. The findings of the study are outlined as follows: Six translation techniques, including "retaining metaphor", "explaining metaphor," "retaining metaphor + explanation," "substituting metaphor," "omitting metaphor," and "adding metaphor," are employed when translating metaphors in political news in China and South Korea. This study examines the efficiency of metaphor translation techniques based on relevance theory and concludes that "maintenance" is the best metaphor translation technique to attain the optimal level of relevance when the original readers and the target readers have similar backgrounds and cultural experiences. The perfect equivalence between the original readers and the target readers is challenging to attain from the context effect standpoint, making it impossible for "metaphorical interpretation" to achieve optimal relevance. Translation tactic for domestication texts include the two translation techniques of "replacement" and "addition." This procedure, while efficient, also allows the target readers to quickly understand meaning and visual representation in metaphor. "Omission" drops the original metaphor, which may overlook or alter the meaning, image and information contained in metaphor, hence, we should pay more attention to it.

중한 문학번역에서의 온유 표현 연구 - 모옌의 『모두 변화한다』를 중심으로

장혜선 ( Jang Hyesun ) 연세대학교 인문학연구원 2018 人文科學 Vol.113 No.-

본고에서는 ‘해결책으로서의 은유 번역 전략’을 분석하기 위하여 중한 문학 번역 작품을 대상으로 은유가 아닌 표현을 은유로 번역한 경우, 그리고 은유 표현이 없는 곳에 은유를 첨가한 경우를 추출하였다. 그것을 다시 은유의 기능에 따라 네 부류로 분류하여 보았다. 즉 재개념화, 선명성, 강조, 압축 등의 방식으로 번역 전략이 수행되었음을 정리하였다. 비은유가 은유로 전환된 경우는 중에서 가장 빈번히 사용된 기능은 재개념화이다. 이후 강조, 선명성, 압축의 순으로 그 빈도 순위가 매겨졌다. 이것은 의인화를 활용한 은유 표현이 다수 발견되었기 때문이다. 강조와 선명성, 압축의 경우에는 관용 표현을 적극적으로 활용한 은유가 사용되었다. 은유가 없던 곳에 은유를 첨가한 것 중에서는 강조의 기능으로 사용된 경우가 가장 많았다. 그러나 문자적으로 정도의 강조와 과장의 의미로 표현되어 있더라도 관습적인 은유의 틀을 크게 벗어나지 않았다는 것이 확인되었다. 번역자가 원문에서 아무것도 없던 곳에 은유를 첨가하였다면 이것은 필수적인 것이 아닌 선택적인 전략이고, 적극적인 개입의 일종이다. 그러나 개입의 정도가 큰 것으로 보이는 이러한 전략이 정보량의 증가를 크게 가져오지 않는 것은 관습화된 표현이 주는 안정감과 자연스러움 때문인 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과를 통해 은유는 부차적인 것이 아니라 언어의 본질적인 것임을 알 수 있었다. 해결책으로서의 은유 번역 전략은 번역자가 불가피한 경우에 고려하는 전략이 아니라 적극적인 번역의 전략의 하나로 선택된다. 따라서 가독성과 자연스러움이 부족한 문장을 구사하는 외국인 학습자들이 은유 표현의 첨가전략을 적시에 사용할 수 있도록 교육하는 것은 한국어 번역 교육에서 필수적이라고 할 수 있다. This study aims to analyze ‘metaphor translation strategies as a solution’ in Chinese-Korean literature translation. It is carried out by extracting cases of translating non-metaphoric expressions into metaphors and adding metaphors to those without metaphor. And again, I divided them into four classes by the function of metaphor, which are re-conceptualization, vividness, emphasis, and compactness. The most frequently used function of translating non-metaphoric expressions into metaphors is re-conceptualization. This is because many metaphors using personification have been found. In the case of emphasis, vividness, and compactness, many idions were used. The addition of metaphor to places where metaphor was absent was most often used as a function of emphasis. However, even though expressed in the literal meaning of degree emphasis and exaggeration, they did not deviate significantly from the conventional metaphor framework. When the translator adds metaphor where nothing is in the original, this is a kind of active intervention. However, it was found that such a strategy, which appears to have a large degree of intervention, did not result in a large increase in the amount of information due to the stability and naturalness of conventional metaphoric expressions. Therefore, it proves that teaching foreign learners how to resolve the lack of readability and naturalness by shifting and adding metaphor is essential in Korean translation education.

은유의 형식과 의미기술

이영헌 ( Young Hern Lee ) 21세기영어영문학회 2010 영어영문학21 Vol.23 No.3

The purpose of this paper is to represent the meaning of metaphors depending on their types. Miller(1979) classified the metaphorical expressions into nominal metaphor, predicative metaphor, and sentential metaphor, and represented their meanings such as nominal metaphor; Be(x,y)→(∃F)(∃G) {SIM [F(x), G(y)], and predicative metaphor; G(x)→(∃F)(∃y) [SIM [F(x), G(y)]] when a x is not G, and sentential metaphor; G(x)→(∃F)(∃y) [SIM [F(x), G(y)]] when y is not a discourse referent. However, those classifications of metaphors and semantic representations are not appropriate to formalize the metaphorical expressions and their meanings. First, Miller`s classification does not cover the various types of metaphors. Second, the operator SIM is not necessary to describe the metaphorical meaning. Third, it is very hard to give the meaning of the argument forms of F(x) and G(y), In order to solve the problems above mentioned, we employ the subatomic semantics by Kearns(2000), which expended and revised Davidsons(1967). Every expression of metaphor can be decomposed into a subatomic formula, so that it is not necessary to define the meaning of F(x) or G(y), and to implement the abstract operator SIM. In addition to these, Complex Noun Phrase such as "river of time" can not be analyzed in Miller`s mechanism because this complex noun phrase expression does not belong to the three types of classification that Miller(1979) analyzed. However, we can represent the metaphorical meaning of Complex NP more clearly. For instance, the expression "river of time" can be represented such as ∃e,e`[Pass(e) & Flow(e`) & Theme(time,e) & Theme(river, e`) & Imply(e, e`)]. We also give the representations of the linguistic or metaphorical meaning of the expressions with evaluative and evidential adverbs.

Comparative Research on Metaphor in Chinese Brush Painting and Contemporary Poster Design

( Su-wen Ma ),( Ju-young Chang ) 한국디자인트렌드학회 2017 한국디자인포럼 Vol.54 No.-

Background Metaphorical thinking is commonly used in a variety of artistic creations. Metaphors have been used in Chinese paintings for a long time. In modern poster design, metaphor is also considered an artistic expression. What is the relationship between those two artistic forms? The goal of this research is to discover the value of chinese painting used in to modern poster design from a design perspective of metaphor. Methods Through a comparative analysis of the artworks of Bada Shanren and modern posters from the aspects of composition-image, empty space and text- and hidden codes, the aim is to seek similarities and differences regarding their use of metaphors. Result They are similar in their aim to avoid direct expression and impart meaning to art works. Although both use a form of “chinese elegance”, Chinese paintings and graphic posters have a difference approach. While the Chinese paintings have unfamiliar metaphorical tenors with familiar metaphorical vehicles, Modern graphic posters use familiar metaphorical tenors with unfamiliar metaphorical vehicles. Conclusion The above analysis reveals the similarities and differences between Chinese ink paintings and contemporary posters. Although both forms use metaphors in different ways, they are similar in their aim to avoid direct expression and impart meaning to art works. The ancient literati painters produced the poetic spirit or elegance (“Chinese elegance”) by using metaphors. In terms of aesthetic value, metaphors reflect “Chinese elegance” in both Chinese ink paintings and contemporary poster designs.

은유 기반 시 학습 설계 -매개로서의 은유를 활용하여-

이원영 ( Lee¸ Won-young ) 현대문학이론학회 2020 現代文學理論硏究 Vol.0 No.83

시 학습 설계에는 학습자들의 일상 경험 세계와 연결되어 학습의 용이성을 제공하면서도 동시에 학습자들을 시의 심미 지점으로 이끄는 방편이 요구된다. 본고가 주목한 방편은 은유다. 은유를 인식론적 도구로 바라보면, 시의 은유는 일상의 관습적 은유의 연속체이기 때문이다. 이에 본고는 은유를 매개로 활용하는 시 학습을 설계하고, ‘은유 기반 시 학습 모형’을 구안하였다. 이를 위해 본고는 다음의 연구를 진행하였다. 먼저 일상 경험 세계와 시 세계의 연속성에 주목하고, 이를 매개하는 은유를 활용하겠다는 시 학습 설계의 기본 관점을 제시했다. 다음으로는 시 학습의 방법론을 설계했다. 은유 기반 시 학습은 해석의 공동체를 구성하여 시의 은유화 과정을 추적하는 해석 행위를 수행하는 방식으로 설계된다. 마지막으로는 연구의 내용을 종합하여 ‘은유 기반 시 학습 모형’을 제안하였다. Poetry learning design requires a method that connects learners to the world of their daily experiences to provide ease of learning while at the same time leading learners to the aesthetic point of poetry. The method that this study paid attention to is metaphor. If metaphor is viewed as an epistemological tool, it is because the metaphor of poetry is a continuum of conventional metaphors. Therefore, this study designed poetry learning using metaphors as a medium and devised a 'Metaphor Based Poetry Learning Model'. To this end, this study conducted the following studies. First, I presented the basic perspective of poetry learning design to pay attention to the continuity of the world of everyday experience and the world of poetry, and to use the metaphor that mediates it. Next, I designed the methodology of poetry learning. Metaphor-based poetry learning is designed in a way that constructs a community of interpretation and performs interpretive actions that track the metaphorical process of poetry. Finally, a 'Metaphor-Based Poetry Learning Model' was proposed by synthesizing the contents of the study.

‘시간+술어’구성 은유의 네트워크 특성에 관한 인지언어학적 고찰

홍달오 한국언어학회 2015 언어 Vol.40 No.3

Hong, Dal Oh. 2015. A Cognitive Lingustic Study of the Network Characteristic of ‘Sigan + Predicative’ Metaphors. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 581-601. This study analyzed the network pattern of ‘sigan + predicative’ metaphors using network analysis tool Pajek. For this study, first, the frequency of predicatives combined with Sino‐Korean word ‘sigan (時間: time)’ was extracted from daily metaphors, and it was visualized using the network program. In time metaphors of everyday language, the top 20 expressions occupied over 80% of the total frequency. When this was represented in network, the pattern showed powerful centrality. This is probably because the time perception of the words restricts possible expressions severely. Such a characteristic of time metaphors in everyday language is even clearer when they are compared with literary time metaphors. The same expressions observed in daily metaphors are used actively in literary metaphors, but there are various other literary expressions, though occurring at very low infrequency, which are not used at all in everyday language. Literary metaphors show both centrality and eccentricity at the same time. This is because authors are influenced by the powerful cognitive norms of daily metaphors but try to avoid the influence intentionally. Next, this study examined the network structure of ‘sewol (歲月: time) + predicative’ and ‘ddae (time) + predicative,’ which are in a synonymic relation with ‘sigan + predicative’ metaphor. Using program Pajek, we can get a view of the entire network because expressions are networked in the concept of distance according to the frequency of occurrence of metaphors. According to the results of analysis, ‘sigan,’ ‘sewol,’ and ‘ddae’ have source domains that are ‘moving objects’ by nature. ‘Sigan’ has a more extensive source domain than the other two, and its use is active. [+ historical situation] is found only with ‘sewol.’ Accordingly, ‘sewol’ is combined with a psychological adjective. Different from ‘sigan’ and ‘sewol,’ ‘ddae’ indicates [+ length]. In addition, one of its remarkable characteristics is that it has the meaning of [+ opportunity]. When the Jaccard similarity of the three metaphors were examined, the synonymy between ‘sigan’ and ‘sewol’ was higher than that between ‘sigan’ and ‘ddae’ or between ‘ddae’ and ‘sewol.’ (Chung-Ang University)

은유의 범주와 유형 -데이터베이스 구축의 관점에서-

김숙정,도원영,최경봉 겨레어문학회 2019 겨레어문학 Vol.62 No.-

The aim of this study is to identify and typify the units and categories of metaphoric expressions on the premise of building a database of metaphorical expressions. In the process of building a database, it is essential to review cases that are out of prototype and typical. To do this, we set the concepts and categories of metaphors by comparing with similes, metonymy, and personifications, and looked at specific units of collection through subtypes of metaphors. Metaphors are conceptually distinguished from other figures of speech, but they are actually mixed and realized, so it is impossible to strictly distinguish or exclude them on the database. Metaphor expressions are classed into conventional metaphors and creative metaphors by customs, and single-form metaphors and complex-form metaphors by the grammatical units of source domains. The ideal metaphor database should collect all types of metaphor expressions, but it may also be possible to prioritize by type for the realization of the database's. I hope that the results of this study will be useful for identifying the characteristic conceptualization patterns of metaphoric expressions and linking them with universal conceptualization principles. 본 연구는 은유 표현의 데이터베이스를 구축한다는 전제하에 은유 표현의 단위와 범주를 확인하고, 이를 유형화하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 데이터베이스 구축 과정에서는 필수적으로 전형성을 벗어난 예를 다루게 된다. 이를 위해 우선 비유법에 속하는 다른 표현법들과의 경계 설정 문제를 중심으로 데이터베이스 수집 단위로서의 은유 개념을 살폈다. 은유는 다른 비유법들과 개념적으로는 구분되지만 언어 표현에서는 혼합된 형태로 실현되므로 데이터베이스에서 이들을 엄격히 구분하거나 배제할 수 없다는 점을 확인할 수 있었다. 다음으로 관습성과 근원 영역의 문법적 단위를 기준으로 적용하여, 관습적 은유/창조적 은유, 단일 형식 은유/복합 형식 은유로 은유를 하위 유형화하였다. 모든 유형의 은유 표현을 수집 대상으로 삼는 것이 이상적이나, 현실화를 감안하여 유형별로 우선순위를 정할 수 있다는 점도 지적하였다. 이 연구의 결과가 은유 표현의 언어 개별적인 개념화 방식을 파악하고, 이를 언어 보편적 개념화 원리와 연계하고자 하는 논의들에 도움이 되기를 바란다.

운동경기 기사문에 나타난 은유의인지의미론적 연구 : 일제 강점기 시대를 대상으로

심지연 고려대학교 한국언어문화학술확산연구소 2017 Journal of Korean Culture Vol.37 No.-

This study investigated cognitive semantics aspects of metaphorical expressions found in sports newspapers published during the Japanese Ruling Era of Korea and aimed to analyze what types and meanings of metaphors were used. The results indicate that a various kinds of sports articles used conceptual metaphors to describe their stories. Particularly, it was found that most of conceptual metaphoric expression used WAR schema metaphors. Moreover, the findings from this analysis show that other subordinates of conceptual metaphorical expressions, such as orientational metaphors and container metaphors, were used although not so frequently as WAR schema metaphors. This study provides another evidence for experientialism in that conceptual metaphorical expressions had been used a long time even before researchers began investigating them in earnest and further concludes that conceptual metaphoric expressions were prevalent in everyday language of Koreans despite the Japanese occupation during which Korean was forbidden. 이 연구는 일제 강점기에 발간된 운동경기 기사문을 대상으로 인지의미론적인 측면에서 여기에 나타난 은유 표현들을 조사한 뒤, 분석하여 어떤 은유가 사용되었는지 그 종류 및 은유의 의미를 분석하는 데 주된 목적을 두었다. 분석 결과, 다양한 종목의 운동 경기 기사문에서 개념 은유적 표현을 사용하여 기사를 서술하고 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 특히, 개념 은유를 사용한 표현들이 많았으며, 대부분 전쟁 도식 은유를 사용하고 있다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 하지만, 방향 도식, 그릇 도식 등의 개념 은유 표현도 나타나는 사실도 소수이지만 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같이 개념 은유 표현이 본격적인 연구가 시작되기 한참 전부터 발견된다는 사실은 체험주의 이론을 뒷받침하는 또 하나의 근거가 된다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 우리말을 제대로 쓸 수 없었던 일제 강점기에도 개념 은유 표현이 우리의 삶에 녹아있다는 점도 알 수 있었다.