연구보문 : 토양환경 ; 우분뇨 퇴비화 중 암모니아 휘산에 대한 이분해성 및 난분해성 유기 첨가물의 역할

임상선 ( Sang Sun Lim ),박현정 ( Hyun Jung Park ),이선일 ( Sun Il Lee ),이동석 ( Dong Suk Lee ),곽진협 ( Jin Hyeob Kwak ),최우정 ( Woo Jung Choi ) 한국환경농학회 2009 한국환경농학회지 Vol.28 No.1

퇴비화 과정 중 암모니아 휘산과 관련된 난분해성 및 이분해성 유기물의 역할을 재조명하기 위해 분뇨와 톱밥 (난분해성 또는 쌀겨(이분해성)를 혼합한 후 4주간 CO2 발생량과 NH3 휘산량을 조사하였다. 이산화탄소 발생량은 톱밥처리구에 비해 쌀겨처리구에서 43~122% 정도 높았으며, 이에 상응하게 최종 건물중 손실률도 쌀겨처리구가 35.1~41.5%로 톱밥처리구의 18.7~22.6%에 비해 유의하게(P<0.05) 높았다. 톱밥처리구에서는 시험기간인 4주간 암모니아 휘산이 발생하지 않았는데, 이는 톱밥의 C/N 비가 높아 질소무기화가 지체되었고 톱밥 자체가 NH4+를 흡착할 수 있는 능력이 있기 때문으로 판단되었다. 반면, 이분해성인 쌀겨 처리구에서는 퇴비화 초기에는 질소부동화에 의해 암모니아 휘산이 나타나지 않았지만, 8일 이후부터는 쌀겨처리량이 낮은 순서대로 이분해성 유기물의 고갈에 의한 질소재무기화에 의해 암모니아 휘산이 관측되었다. 따라서, 이분해성 유기물은 초기 암모니아 부동화를 통해 암모니아 휘산을 감소시킬 수 있지만, 부동화된 질소의 재무기화에 의해 퇴비화 중반기에 오히려 암모니아 휘산이 증가할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 난분해성 유기물인 톱밥은 암모니아 고정능이 있어 물리화학적 흡착에 의해 암모니아 휘산을 저감시킬 수 있는 것으로 판단되었다. This study was conducted to investigate the roles of co-existed organic materials (OM) with different biodegradability in composting of cattle manure in terms of CO2 emission and NH3 volatilization. Either sawdust (SD, low biodegradability) or rice bran (RB, high biodegradability) was mixed with cattle manure at a various rate and the amounts of CO2 emission and NH3 volatilization were determined periodically during 4 weeks of composting. Percentage of dry matter loss during the composting period was also calculated. The amount of CO2 emitted increased with increasing rate of OM and was significantly (P<0.01) higher in the RB treatment than in the SD treatment by 43 to 122%depending on the rate of OM. Accordingly, %of dry matter loss during 4 weeks of composting was higher in the RB (rang: from 35.1% to 41.5%) than that in the SD treatments (from 18.7% to 22.6%), showing that RB is more biodegradable than SD. During the early composting period up to 8 days, negligible amount of ammonia volatilization was detected in both treatments regardless of application rates. In the RB treatment, substantial amount of ammonia volatilization was detected thereafter; however, no meaningful ammonia volatilization was observed in the SD treatment until the end of composting. Such differences could be attributed to the different properties of SD and RB. For example, the high C/N ratio of SD could enhance NH4+ immobilization and thus decrease NH4+ concentration that is susceptible to ammonia volatilization. Binding of NH4+ on to phenolic compounds of SD may also contribute to the decrease in NH4+ concentration. Meanwhile, as RB has a relatively low C/N ratio, remineralization of immobilized NH4+ could increase NH4+ concentration as high as the level for the occurrence of ammonia volatilization. Therefore, our study suggests that OM which is resistant to biodegradation can reduce NH3 volatilization largely by physicochemical pathways across the entire composting period and that easily biodegradable OM can retard NH3 volatilzation via microbial immobilization in the early period of composting followed by rapid remineralization, leading to substantial volatilization of NH3 in the middle stage of composting.

Co-applied Biochar than Compost Effectively Reduced Ammonia Volatilization: A Two-year Field Study Under Rice Cropping System

Ronley C. Canatoy,Ho Gyeong Chae,Song Rae Cho,Hyeon-Ji Song,Snowie Jane C. Galgo,Pil Joo Kim 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2021 No.11

Nitrogen (N) fertilization is a nutrient management practice that strongly promotes growth and yield increase of crops. However, nitrogen fertilization leads to ammonia (NH₃) volatilization which deteriorates agroecosystem productivity and is toxic to the environment. To address this concern, co-application of organic amendments like biochar and compost is recommended to simultaneously maintain agricultural productivity, soil and environmental quality. However, no clear reports that document biochar and compost derived from livestock manure as co-applied amendments during rice cultivation. We hypothesized that co-application of organic amendments could effectively cut down NH₃ emission and increase productivity. To evaluate the effect of co-applied biochar and compost on NH₃ volatilization, a two-year field experiment was conducted under rice cropping system using fresh manure, compost and biochar derived from livestock manure. In comparison with control during 1<SUP>st</SUP> and 2<SUP>nd</SUP> year cropping, co-application of fresh manure increased NH₃ volatilization by 79 and 80%, respectively. However, biochar co-application cuts down NH₃ fluxes by 23 and 6% during 1<SUP>st</SUP> and 2<SUP>nd</SUP> year cropping, respectively. In addition, around 23.6 and 30.5 kg NH3-N ha-1 were suppressed when applying compost rather than fresh manure during the 1<SUP>st</SUP> and 2<SUP>nd</SUP> cropping, respectively. Meanwhile, quadratic regression analysis reveals a significant relationship between NH₃ volatilization and influencing factors like floodwater NH₄<SUP>+</SUP> concentration (y=0.004x² + 0.269x + 0.174; R²=0.56***) and floodwater pH (y=0.311x² - 3.550x + 10.228; R²=0.24***). There was also a positive quadratic relationship between floodwater pH and floodwater NH₄<SUP>+</SUP> concentration expressed as y=-0.083x² + 4.245x - 23.498; R²=0.23***. The higher N fertilization in compost treatment increased floodwater NH4+ concentration which resulted to a higher NH3 fluxes than biochar. However, NH3/Total N ratio reveals a comparable difference with biochar treatment. In addition, the lower cumulative NH3 volatilization in biochar was due to lower floodwater NH₄<SUP>+</SUP> concentration during flooded period and improved rice grain productivity. Hence, resulted to a non-comparably low NH₃ flux intensity of averagely 8.02 kg NH₃-N Mg<SUP>-1</SUP> grain. Therefore, co-application of biochar rather than compost could be a smart and strategic practice that could mitigate NH₃ volatilization flux in rice cropping system.

Volatilization of Nerolidol in Tea and Tea-soup

Yuan-Xu Shi,Ya-Ting Lu,Jie Lin,Xiao-Chang Wang 한국차학회 2015 한국차학회지 Vol.- No.S

Nerolidol is one of most important content in tea aroma, especially in Oolong tea. This experiment focuses on the impact of time and medium on nerolidol volatilization. The results of nerolidol volatilization with infusion time showed that the peak areas of nerolidol increased from 1 to 3 min, then decreased. The maximum peak area of nerolidol volatilization was 25630.78 at 3 min. Tea polyphenol had strong promotion impact on fragrant compound volatize, caffeine had limited impact on volatilization, while polysaccharide inhibited nerolidol volatilization.

Metal-Urea-Montmorillonite Hybrid Incorporated with Citric Acid

Kwang Seop Kim,Min-Tae Kim,Jin-Hee Ryu,Jong-Seo Choi,Ki Do Park,Hang-Won Kang,Man Park 한국토양비료학회 2013 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.46 No.6

Massive intercalation of urea into montmorillonite (MUCH) was recently proposed to enhance urea use efficiency through smart suppression of emission of NH3 and NOx. This study was to synthesize citrate-incorporated MUCH (Cit-MUCH) which can enhance suppression of NH₃ volatilization. The XRD pattern of Cit-MUCH was very similar to that of MUCH to indicate successful incorporation of citric acid into MUCH. Incorporation of citric acid was confirmed by the existence of COO- symmetric stretching vibration. During the initial 4 days after application, NH₃ volatilization from both bare and perilla-planted soils was much more suppressed by application of Cit-MUCH than MUCH. A peak volatilization rate decreased from 28.3 N mg m<SUP>-2</SUP> h<SUP>-1</SUP> of MUCH-broadcasted soil to 22.2 N mg m<SUP>-2</SUP> h<SUP>-1</SUP> of Cit-MUCH-broadcast soil. NH₃ volatilization was less in planted soil than bare soil for 72 hrs after application. These results showed that incorporation of citric acid led to increase in suppression of ammonia volatilization from urea-applied soils.

Metal-Urea-Montmorillonite Hybrid Incorporated with Citric Acid

Kim, Kwang Seop,Kim, Min-Tae,Ryu, Jin-Hee,Choi, Jong-Seo,Park, Ki Do,Kang, Hang-Won,Park, Man Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 2013 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.46 No.6

Massive intercalation of urea into montmorillonite (MUCH) was recently proposed to enhance urea use efficiency through smart suppression of emission of $NH_3$ and NOx. This study was to synthesize citrate-incorporated MUCH (Cit-MUCH) which can enhance suppression of $NH_3$ volatilization. The XRD pattern of Cit-MUCH was very similar to that of MUCH to indicate successful incorporation of citric acid into MUCH. Incorporation of citric acid was confirmed by the existence of $COO^-$ symmetric stretching vibration. During the initial 4 days after application, $NH_3$ volatilization from both bare and perilla-planted soils was much more suppressed by application of Cit-MUCH than MUCH. A peak volatilization rate decreased from 28.3 N mg $m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ of MUCH-broadcasted soil to 22.2 N mg $m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ of Cit-MUCH-broadcast soil. $NH_3$ volatilization was less in planted soil than bare soil for 72 hrs after application. These results showed that incorporation of citric acid led to increase in suppression of ammonia volatilization from urea-applied soils.

Metal-Urea-Montmorillonite Hybrid Incorporated with Citric Acid

김광섭,김민태,류진희,최종서,박기도,강항원,박만 한국토양비료학회 2013 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.46 No.6

Massive intercalation of urea into montmorillonite (MUCH) was recently proposed to enhance urea useefficiency through smart suppression of emission of NH3 and NOx. This study was to synthesizecitrate-incorporated MUCH (Cit-MUCH) which can enhance suppression of NH3 volatilization. The XRDpattern of Cit-MUCH was very similar to that of MUCH to indicate successful incorporation of citric acid intoMUCH. Incorporation of citric acid was confirmed by the existence of COO- symmetric stretching vibration. During the initial 4 days after application, NH3 volatilization from both bare and perilla-planted soils wasmuch more suppressed by application of Cit-MUCH than MUCH. A peak volatilization rate decreased from28.3 N mg m-2 h-1 of MUCH-broadcasted soil to 22.2 N mg m-2 h-1 of Cit-MUCH-broadcast soil. NH3volatilization was less in planted soil than bare soil for 72 hrs after application. These results showed thatincorporation of citric acid led to increase in suppression of ammonia volatilization from urea-applied soils.

Nitrogen, carbon, and dry matter losses during composting of livestock manure with two bulking agents as affected by co-amendments of phosphogypsum and zeolite

Lim, Sang-Sun,Park, Hyun-Jin,Hao, Xiying,Lee, Sun-Il,Jeon, Byeong-Jun,Kwak, Jin-Hyeob,Choi, Woo-Jung Elsevier Science 2017 Ecological engineering Vol.102 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Loss of nitrogen (N) via ammonia (NH<SUB>3</SUB>) volatilization during composting of livestock manure causes nutrient imbalance in the compost. The effects of phosphogypsum (PG) and zeolite amendments on reducing N loss (via suppressing NH<SUB>3</SUB> volatilization) and concurrent changes in carbon (C) and dry matter losses were investigated in a 100-day lab-scale mesophilic (27°C) composting of cattle manure with rice hulls or sawdust as a bulking agent. The results showed that amendments PG and zeolite did not reduce NH<SUB>3</SUB> volatilization but decreased total N loss, and when combined with sawdust the N loss was further reduced. However, the effects of PG and zeolite on reducing N loss were neither additive nor synergistic, and thus co-amending PG and zeolite did not further reduce N loss. The C and dry matter losses were smaller when sawdust was used as a bulking agent compared to rice hulls, and PG and zeolite amendments also decreased the C and dry matter losses in the presence of bulking agents. Combining sawdust as a bulking agent with either PG or zeolite amendments was more efficient than other combinations in reducing N, C, and dry matter loss in mesophilic composting of cattle manure.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Phosphogypsum (PG) and zeolite (Z) did not suppress NH<SUB>3</SUB> volatilization. </LI> <LI> PG and Z amendments reduced total nitrogen (N) loss. </LI> <LI> PG and Z amendments decreased CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission and carbon (C) loss. </LI> <LI> Sawdust was more effective than rice hulls in decreasing N and C losses. </LI> <LI> Combining sawdust with either PG or Z amendments was most efficient. </LI> </UL> </P>

Impact of combined Application of Urea and Manure Compost on Soil Ammonia Emission

Adegoke Toluwase O(아데코게 툴루와즈),Tae-il Moon(문태일),Jiyoung Seo(서지영),Ji yeon Lim(임지연),Jae-Ho An(안재호),Hyun-Hwoi Ku(구현회) 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2021 No.11

The rapid soil nutrient degradation and necessity to meet the nutritional need of the world growing population resulted in excessive use of chemical fertilizer. Urea is the most commonly used chemical fertilizer and is reported to be responsible for 80 - 95 % of total ammonia emissions to the atmosphere. Ammonia volatilization decreases the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization and poses risk to human health and the environment. An eco and environmentally friendly approach of combining urea and compost was perceived as a better option to reduce ammonia volatilization. However, the ammonia emission of this approach into the environment and consequential effects on human health are yet to be unravelled. To bridge this gap, we evaluated the rate of ammonia emission from sandy loam soil treated with manure compost (5,000 kg ha<SUP>-1</SUP>) and urea at different application rates (0, 100, 200, and 400) kg N ha<SUP>-1</SUP>. The laboratory experiment was performed at room temperature (25<SUP>0</SUP>C) and consisted of four treatments with 3 replications. Ammonia gas was sampled consecutively for the first 5 days and continued subsequently every week till week 4 after treatment application using the dynamic chamber method. The gas trapped in 0.5N-H₂SO₄ at each sampling time was analyzed on a UV- spectrophotometer using the nesslerization method. The result showed a sharp increase in cumulative ammonia emission between day 0 to day 7 followed by an equilibrium state which continued till the end of the experiment. Soil samples treated with compost had the least NH3 emission while the highest emission was recorded in soil samples where urea was applied at 400 kg N ha<SUP>-1</SUP> (Fig. 1). A response of urea application on ammonia emission showed linear increase. And, we could determine the rate of ammonia emission (y=0.0732x, R²=0.952**) based on the linear curve (Fig. 2). This result could contribute to identifying optimized strategies of fertilizer management and mitigation of ammonia volatilization, hence combat the negative impact of ammonia emission on human health and the environment. 〈수식 본문참조〉

Biosequestration, Transformation, and Volatilization of Mercury by Lysinibacillus fusiformis Isolated from Industrial Effluent

( Gupta Saurabh ),( Richa Goyal ),( Jashan Nirwan ),( Swaranjit Singh Cameotra ),( Nagaraja Tejoprakash ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2012 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.22 No.5

In the present study, an efficient mercury-tolerant bacterial strain (RS-5) was isolated from heavy-metalcontaminated industrial effluent. Under shake flask conditions, 97% of the supplemented mercuric chloride was sequestered by the biomass of RS-5 grown in a tryptone soy broth. The sequestered mercuric ions were transformed inside the bacterial cells, as an XRD analysis of the biomass confirmed the formation of mercurous chloride, which is only feasible following the reaction of the elemental mercury and the residual mercuric chloride present within the cells. Besides the sequestration and intracellular transformation, a significant fraction of the mercury (63%) was also volatilized. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of RS-5 revealed its phylogenetic relationship with the family Bacillaceae, and a 98% homology with Lysinibacillus fusiformis, a Gram-positive bacterium with swollen sporangia. This is the first observation of the sequestration and volatilization of mercuric ions by Lysinibacillus sp.

Optimization to suppress Zn volatilization and hump structure for CZTSSe solar cells

김승현,손대호,김세윤,김영일,양기정,김대환,강진규 한국공업화학회 2019 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2019 No.1

Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) thin-film solar cell is composed of earthabundant non-toxic elements. Also, it has a high light absorption coefficient of over 104 cm-1 in visible light and an appropriate band gap of 1-1.5 eV. However, the structure of CZTSSe is thermodynamically unstable compared with CIGS structure because the region where the stable phase is generated is very narrow, resulting in a large number of secondary phases with element volatilizations. In particular, in the study, hydrogen sulfide gas was introduced to control the volatilization of Zn, but the generation of the hump structure was confirmed. We were fabricated more over 11% CZTS solar cell by controlling the amount of hydrogen sulfide gas to suppress the structure of the hump. ^** This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20173010012980)