정보기술의 활용에 따른 조직문화가 기업의 성과에 미치는 영향 연구

이옥화 한국전문경영인학회 2015 專門經營人硏究 Vol.18 No.2

This study was conducted in order to verify the effects of the organizational culture with Information Technology application on corporate competitiveness, sustainable competitive advantage and operational performance targeting Chinese company personnel. In addition, structural equation model analysis was used to verify the whole hypotheses. Analysis showed that Information Technology application had a positive impact on the organizational culture, and this culture was found to have a positive effect on corporate competitiveness. However, the hypothesis that the organizational culture would have a positive effect on operational performance was rejected. It was showed that the organizational culture had a positive effect on the sustainable competitive advantage, and this sustainable competitiveness advantage was found to have a positive impact on corporate competitiveness. However, the corporate competitiveness did not have a positive influence on the operational performance. This study dealt with the relationship between Information Technology application and the organizational culture of Chinese companies, and has significance on finding the roles of the organizational culture regarding the corporate competitiveness and the sustainable competitive advantage with the relations with operational performance. As the communications revolution accomplished by the development of the IT industry is a crucial factor to promote the changes in the culture of the organization, it should be developed as the culture that the organization desires by actively introducing and utilizing the Information Technology. Furthermore, it is necessary to improve and manage the organizational culture in order to secure the sustainable competitive advantage rather than the short-term corporate competitiveness.

Sustainable Planning for Enhancing the Local Competitiveness - A Case Study of Namhae County, Gyeongnam

이우배(李宇培),민말순(閔末順) 한국지방정부학회 2008 지방정부연구 Vol.12 No.3

  과거의 산업화 과정에서 도시개발은 생태환경을 무시한 무절제한 확산의 과정이었다. 이로 인해 심각한 환경문제와 지역 불균형 문제가 초래되었으며 지속가능한 개발에 대한 새로운 관심을 불러일으켰다. 이와 때를 같이하여 국민소득의 증가와 함께 자연환경에 대한 관심이 높아지고 여가 시간의 증가로 관광수요가 늘어남에 따라 생태자원이 지역성장의 새로운 잠재적 요소로 주목받고 있다. 특히 낙후지역인 농어촌 지방의 경우 생태자원을 활용한 지속가능한 개발전략은 지역 활성화에 새로운 계기를 줄 수 있다. 본 연구는 경남의 남해군 사례를 중심으로 지방자치제 실시 이후 추진해 온 지속가능한 개발전략이 지역발전에 미친 영향을 분석해보고 향후 낙후지역 개발의 새로운 전략을 자리매김할 수 있는 지를 평가해 본다. 지역발전의 평가지표로는 경제 활성화 지표와 주민의 삶의 질 향상 지표도 포함시켰다.   In the process of industrialization, land for urban use has been expanded enormously without considering the carrying capacity. Such an excessive development results in serious environmental problems, which raises the concern about sustainable development. The growth-oriented developmental road, the paradigm of development so far, has been shifted into a sustainable one. With an increase in income and spare time, people would spend more money and more time on cultural activities and leisure. Therefore, cultural?and tourism-oriented businesses come to be a high value-added sector and create good job opportunities which vitalize local economy. Reflecting such trends of sustainable development and eco-tourism activities, counties with clean and beautiful natural environments would utilize their environmental assets and enlarge their potential power in order to strengthen their competitiveness. This paper would suggest the model of local economic development for a distressed region, which wishes to keep pleasant natural environments by carrying out environmental-friendly projects and policies.

지속가능 공급망 활동이 경쟁우위를 통해 고객성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

박은실(Eun-Shil Park),최도영(Do Young Choi) 한국산학기술학회 2021 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.22 No.11

글로벌 공급망이 확대되면서 공급망이 기업 경쟁력의 중요한 원천이 되었고, 지속가능 공급망 활동은 기업이 사회적, 환경적 책임을 다하면서 비즈니스 환경을 유지할 수 있는 훌륭한 대안이 되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 공급망을 통해 타 공급망과 차별화를 꾀할 수 있는 지속가능 공급망 활동이 전략적 성과에 영향을 미치는 요인을 찾기 위해 지속가능 공급망의 경제적, 사회적, 환경적 활동이 경쟁우위를 통해 고객성과인 고객유지율과 고객만족에 미치는 영향관계를 살펴보고자 하였다. 기업에서 공급망관리, 물류관리, 구매사, 협력사를 관리하는 직원을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고, 최종 212부의 설문을 분석하여 연구가설을 검증하였다. 연구결과 지속가능 공급망의 경제적, 사회적, 환경적 활동은 경쟁우위에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 경쟁우위는 고객유지율과 고객만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 본 연구를 통하여 지속가능 공급망 활동이 경쟁우위에 영향을 미치는 이론적 토대를 마련하였고, 고객성과에 영향을 미치는 지속가능 공급망 활동과 경쟁우위는 분석을 통하여 기업의 경쟁력을 높이는 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다. 향후 연구에서는 지속가능 공급망 활동의 성과부분과 관련하여 다양한 변수의 연구가 필요하다. The supply chain expands globally and hence has become an important source of corporate competitiveness. In particular, sustainable supply chain activities are becoming excellent alternatives for businesses to maintain a business environment while fulfilling their social and environmental responsibilities. Therefore, this study attempted to examine the impact of a sustainable supply chain"s economic, social, and environmental activities on customer retention and customer satisfaction through competitive advantage. This study also aimed to find factors that can differentiate sustainable supply chains from other supply chains. A survey was conducted on employees who handle supply chain management, logistics management, purchasing companies, and partner companies in companies. As part of this survey, 212 questionnaires were analyzed to verify the research hypothesis. As a result of the study showed that the sustainable supply chain"s economic, social, and environmental activities positively affected the competitive advantage. The competitive advantage, in turn, had a positive effect on the customer retention rate and customer satisfaction. Hence, this study provides a theoretical basis for sustainable supply chain activities affecting the competitive advantage. This study also suggests implications for enhancing corporate competitiveness by analyzing sustainable supply chain activities and competitive advantages that affect customer performance. In future studies, various variables related to the performance of sustainable supply chain activities are to be considered.

항만의 지속가능성 측정 요인에 관한 사례연구 :

이주호(Joo-Ho Lee),김상열(Sang-Youl Kim),장현미(Hyun-Mi Jang) 한국항해항만학회 2016 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.40 No.6

우리나라에서 항만은 국가전체 교역 물동량의 90% 이상을 처리하고 있어 경제적 중요성이 높으며, 항만건설에 대한 막대한 투자와 국가경쟁력에 미치는 영향을 고려한다면 항만의 지속가능한 운영은 중요한 이슈이다. 하지만 항만의 경쟁력과 지속가능성을 다룬 기존의 연구들은 항만의 시설규모, 항만효율성 등의 항만 내 물류활동을 중심으로 연구가 이루어져 외부환경변화에 대처하고 중장기적인 지속가능한 경쟁력을 확보하기 위해서는 항만이용자들의 기대와 요구뿐만 아니라 지역사회 및 환경적 요인 등의 외부적인 환경변화를 고려한 항만경쟁력 확보 방안에 관한 연구가 필요한 시점이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 주변지역과 경제적, 사회적, 환경적 연결성을 가지고 있는 항만의 지속가능한 경쟁력 확보를 위한 유럽연합(EU)의 SuPorts와 PPRISM 사례를 분석하여 외부환경변화, 공급사슬 내 성과를 고려한 중장기적인 관점에서의 성과측정지표 개발의 필요성과 항만별 특성에 맞는 평가기준의 필요성, 국내실정에 맞는 항만의 지속가능한 성과측정 방안에 대한 시사점을 도출하였다. Seaports are economically significant infrastructures in terms of dealing with more than 90% of the cargo volume in Korea’s international trade. Furthermore, investment costs for constructing ports and the impacts of port industry on national competitiveness lead to the necessity for sustainable port operation. However, the earlier studies dealing with competitiveness and sustainability of the port sector focused on its logistical functions related to port size, operational efficiency, etc. Port competitiveness that considers local community and ecological values as well as the expectations and demands of port users is becoming an important issue in order for ports to cope with volatile external environments while maintaining competitiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to identify port performance indicators and measure their performance in terms of the environmental and social perspectives, as well as the economic perspectives, in order to sustain port development and operations. This paper presents findings from case analyses of SuPorts and PPRISM projects that assist European Union (EU) ports to secure sustainable competitiveness while respecting economic, environmental and social interests between ports and local communities. These projects create port performance indicators with balanced views including not only economic value but also environmental and social values. They measure port performance so port operators can implement these sustainable port practices. This study aims to find the critical factors for sustainable port practices by conducting case analyses of SuPorts and PPRISM projects.

국제항만 운영에서 지속가능한 항만경쟁력 확보방안

김시현(Sihyun Kim) 한국항만경제학회 2015 韓國港灣經濟學會誌 Vol.31 No.3

경쟁력을 바탕으로 지속가능한 성장이 요구되는 동북아 항만경쟁 구조에서 경제적·사회적·환경적 측면을 아우르는 지속가능한 항만경쟁력 확보의 중요성이 대두되고 있다. 하지만 경쟁력을 다루는 기존 연구들은 단기적인 관점에서 항만 자체의 경쟁능력을 구성하는 결정요인들에 초점을 맞추고 있으며, 항만의 지속가능성을 다루는 연구 역시 기후변화 또는 환경부화의 최소화와 같은 환경적 요인을 중점적으로 다루면서, 항만의 경쟁력과 지속가능성 간의 이론적 괴리가 발생하였다. 이 연구는 지속가능성을 구성하는 TBL(Triple bottom line)을 바탕으로 지속가능한 항만경쟁력을 재해석하였고, 다각적으로 관련 활동들을 분석/분류함으로써 지속가능한 항만경쟁력 확보 방안 및 시사점을 도출하였다. 연구결과는 항만경쟁력 연구의 이론적 진보뿐만 아니라, 상업적 항만의 지속가능한 개발/운영 전략 수립 및 전략적 의사 결정에 중대한 시사점을 제공한다. Amid intense port competition in Northeast Asia, international ports require sustainable growth based on competitiveness that incorporates economic, social, and environmental perspectives. Despite the importance of sustainability issues in port competition, prior studies on port competitiveness have focused on ports’ own handling capacities. Moreover, sustainability concerns have focused on environmental issues such as environmental impact minimization and environmental index development. The prior literature makes distinctions between studies of port competitiveness and works relating to port sustainability. Therefore, this paper aims to redefine sustainable port competitiveness based on the “triple bottom line,” comprising sustainability, analysis of the relevant issues, and practices. The findings offer not only important steps in building knowledge about sustainable port competitiveness, but also provide practical implications for strategic agendas and guidance for future improvements in port operations.

DON’T BE A PASSING FAD: THE SUSTAINED COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF HOTELS’ THEMING STRATEGY IN CHINESE MARKET

Lee, Wen-Yin,Wang, Kuo-Ching,Wu, Ben,Chuang, Wan-Hua,Hsiao, Chia-Lin 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Theming has become a powerful strategy in hospitality industry to enhance customer engagement and to serve as a competitive advantage in a saturated market. Based on the resource-based theory (RBT) of sustained competitive advantage (SCA), this qualitative study is an exploratory attempt to investigate 10 hotels in Mainland China and Taiwan that have adopted the theming strategy. Introduction As hospitality industry is facing the increasingly intense competition and saturated markets, theming is continuously gaining importance of hotels strategy to survival and growth. In addition, strategy planning determines the future of firms and discover the method to achieve success (Yong & Oh, 2004). Holjevac (2003) predicted that at the beginning of the 21st century, hotels with themed strategy which characterized by a synthesis of esthetics, quality and functionality would become the future trend. Theming has created the differentiation in hospitality market, using the creation of experience-centric service. Pine & Gilmore (1999) once pointed out that the shaping of experience stems from simple and powerful thematic transmission. Moreover, experience marketing can bring preference to the product and service of the enterprise, which in turn leads to a positive value experience (Milman, 2013). The results of theming strategy will positively influence the satisfaction and return rate (Wu, M. Li, & T. Li, 2018). Theming strategy with the advantage of pursuing innovation and uniqueness was extensively used to firms in the competitive hospitality market, like hotels in Las Vegas and Macao. However, some scholars concerned about the sustainability for the strategy due to the high-capitalized cost and the customers sensitive taste (Wassler, Li, & Hung, 2015). Although hotels with themed strategy has flourished in Chinese market more than decade, market research has lagged behind to support the industry’s growth. Researchers still adopted a rather normative paradigm by either identifying the superficial issue focused on experiential market concept or pointing out problems without providing more sustainability related solutions (Zou & Peng, 2008; Xiao, Zhang, & Huang, 2013). Barney (2007) indicated that internal resources could lead to the competitive. Therefore, this study aims at understanding the factors that lead theming strategy to be sustainable in hotels, based on the resource-based theory of sustained competitive advantage. The article has the following structure. The first section establishes a theoretical foundation through a review of strategy literature on theming. The second section proposes a conceptualization of theming strategy’s sustained competitive advantage (SCA) consisting of firms intrinsic resources based on resource-based theory (RBT), also, describe the assessment of key sustainable factors of theming strategy through interview the superior manager of 10 hotels in Mainland China and Taiwan that have adopted the theming strategy. The final section discusses the study’s findings, implication, and suggests directions for future research. As this research is one of the first studies in the hospitality field that identifies the resources and capabilities of the hotels’ theming strategy from the inside viewpoint, the contribution of this study will, and can conceptualize and discover the key factors to sustain the competitive advantage of themed hotel managing strategy Literature review Theming strategy for hotels Theming is a complete and ubiquitous way of impressing consumers and improving brand awareness (Olson, 2004). From theme parks, casinos, department stores, aviation, restaurants to hotels, thematic construction has the dominant influence on most customer engagement (Mu?oz, Wood, & Solomon, 2006). Hotel theming strategy, based on the theme of cultural material (history, city story, etc.) either from surrounding area or develop within hotel, display the core value of theme from physical resources, as buildings and facilities, to invisible resources, as atmosphere and service, which would, in the end, create a valuable and unforgettable customer stay experience(Zins, 1998). Xiao, Zhang, & Huang (2013) noted that the distinctive consumer experience at the theme hotel can impress customers, and, ultimately enhances brand recognition, customer engagement and repurchase intention. On the other hand, Wassler, Li, and Hung (2015) has indicated the pros and cons for the China themed hotels, which are the uniqueness to create competitive advantages that are difficult to imitate. On the contrary, the gaining of customers’ sense of demand can lead to the difficulties to fulfill customers’ taste and the ingrained capital with the narrow development is hard to recapitalize once invested. Importance of sustainability for theming strategy. Due to the strong specific image of the themed hotels, some cases developed as a passing fad in the hospitality field. Although prior study has indicated the importance of theme selection for themed hotels (Xiao et al., 2013), seldom literature focus on the overall implementation and application within hotels’ ins and outs, also the SCA issue of hotels management. Xiao & O'Neill (2010) pointed out that the analysis of internal resource is enable manger to realize and build sources of competitive advantage, which is emanated from the resource-based view of strategy. In Resource Based Theory (RBT), scholars thought that resources and capabilities from firms could bring lasting competitive advantage to the organization, and companies that have SCA (Wernerfelt, 1984). Organization have SCAs can reach outstanding performance by constantly creating and delivering the core value through price, trust, aesthetics and functionality to its target markets (Barney, 1991). Thus, in order to observe the SCAs for themed hotels management, this research will employ on internal resource view based on RBT to explore the SCAs from the internal aspect of themed hotels. Methodology We illustrate the key factors and analyze the importance of internal resources for the SCA of hotels’ theming strategy by means of a qualitative study in which 10 hotels applied theming strategy in Mainland China and Taiwan were surveyed using semistructured interviews. For the research question, a qualitative approach offers the advantage to allow an adequate, in depth analysis of the complex relations between internal recourses and SCA of theming strategy. These 10 hotels adapted theming strategy are chosen by non-probability snowball sampling method, below Fig.1 is the hotels list for 10 interviews in Taiwan and Mainland China. In addition, because China with a vast territory is limited to cover all area, the research focuses on Zhejiang province and Shanghai city, which have well-developed economy and rich tourist resources. All interviewees of the hotels will be the superior manager who decides the core value and leads the hotel’s future. The interview will be three part to proceed. First, in warm-up period, interviewer will frame an informal and trust environment, first step is to confirm interviewees’ background. The second part will be identify period; there will be a questionnaire, which adopted Chuang (2000), whose survey to prioritize the 5 dimension of internal resources that essential to hotel theming strategy management. Finally, we will confirm the competency, competitive advantage, and the strategy to achieve the sustainability for hotels theming strategy. We present conclusions for research and practice, as well as deriving practical recommendations for hotels’ theming strategy in Chinese market based on our findings. Preliminary findings The preliminary findings of the research will base on the key themes that emerge from in-depth interview to understand perceptions of hotel managers regarding theming. The result will be presented and discussed in three period. First, based on the questionnaire result from the interviewees, we will recognize that what the priority degree about the five dimension of internal resources is regarding perception of theming in hotel strategy. Second, 10 interviews will transcribe from voice recordings to pages of text, then the text will go through the coding technique, in which the raw and efforts data will be identified as the themes and subthemes. All the analyzed process will be carried by expert triangulation. Finally, through the experts examining on the links of themes and quotations, we will create a view of framework that would explore the relationships between theming strategy and SCA, the result will find the formula for hotels adapted theming strategy to possess competitive advantage of being sustainable. Although space limitations of the conference preclude the detailed explanation of this research work, the authors believe this study will broaden the theoretical domains used in understanding internal resources and competency of hotels’ theming strategy and practical information can be observed from the findings.

창조경영과 지속가능 경쟁우위 모형에 관한 연구

장석인 ( Sug-in Chang ) K·기업경영연구원 2017 KBM Journal(K Business Management Journal) Vol.1 No.1

글로벌 시장의 급속한 환경 변화에 따라, 글로벌 기업 간의 경쟁이 격화되고, 기업의 환경에서도 경쟁력의 확보가 중요하게 인식되고 있다. 이것은 기업실적에 영향을 주기 위해 큰 노력으로서 기업의 경쟁력 향상에 공헌한다. 본 연구는 창조경영과 창조경영요인에 의해 지속가능 경쟁우위의 모형을 탐색하는 데 목적이 있다. 구체적으로 첫째, 창조경영의 개념에 대한 검토한다. 둘째, 지속가능경영과 모델을 분석하고, 마지막으로 연구결과와 시사점을 제시한다. 본 연구의 결과와 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기업의 지속가능한 경영은 경쟁력 제고요인으로서 경쟁사와 차별화된 경쟁우위요인을 갖고 있다는 것이다. 둘째, 창조경영은 지속가능경영과 지속가능한 경쟁우위 향상을 달성할 수 있는 요인이 된다. 셋째, 기업의 지속가능한 관리는 기업 실적의 향상 요인으로 강조될 뿐만 아니라, 국제적으로 지속 가능한 경영의 규격 및 법제화를 요구하고 있다. 넷째, 글로벌 환경변화에 대처하기 위한 새로운 시스템이 요구된 기업은 창조경영을 통한 환경적, 사회적, 경제적 지속가능성 차원을 고려해야 한다. With the rapid environmental change in the global market, competition among global companies intensifies, and securing competitiveness is recognized as important in the corporate environment. This is a great effort to influence corporate performance, contributing to the improvement of corporate competitiveness. The purpose of this study is to explore a model of sustainable competitive advantage based on creative management and creative management factors. Specifically, first, it examines the concept of creative management. Second, it analyzes the sustainability management and model, and finally presents the research results and implications. The results and implications of this study are as follows. First, a company's sustainable management has a competitive advantage that is differentiated from its competitors as a factor for enhancing competitiveness. Second, creative management becomes a factor that can achieve sustainable management and improvement of sustainable competitive advantage. Third, corporate sustainable management is not only emphasized as a factor for improving corporate performance, but also demands internationally sustainable management standards and legislation. Fourth, companies that require a new system to cope with global environmental changes should consider the dimensions of environmental, social, and economic sustainability through creative management.

지속가능한 개발을 통한 지역경쟁력 강화방안 연구 : 경남 남해군 사례를 중심으로

이우배(Lee, Woo-Bae),민말순(Min, Mal-Soon) 한국지방정부학회 2008 지방정부연구 Vol.12 No.3

과거의 산업화과정에서 도시개발은 생태환경을 무시한 무절제한 확산의 과정이었다. 이로 인해 심각한 환경문제와 지역 불균형 문제가 초래되었으며 지속가능한 개발에 대한 새로운 관심을 불러일으켰다. 이와 때를 같이하여 국민소득의 증가와 함께 자연환경에 대한 관심이 높아지고 여가 시간을 증가로 관광수요가 늘어남에 따라 생태자원이 지역성장의 새로운 잠재적 요소로 주목받고 있다. 특히 낙후지역인 농어촌 지방의 경우 생태자원을 활용한 지속가능한 개발전략은 지역 활성화에 새로운 계기를 줄 수 있다. 본 연구는 경남의 남해군 사례를 중심으로 지방자치제 실시 이후 추진해 온 지속가능한 개발전략이 지역발전에 미친 영향을 분석해보고 향후 낙후지역 개발의 새로운 전략을 자리매김할 수 있는 지를 평가해 본다. 지역발전의 평가지표로는 경제 활성화 지표와 주민의 삶의 질 향상 지표도 포함시켰다. In the process of industrialization, land for urban use has been expanded enormously without considering the carrying capacity. Such an excessive development results in serious environmental problems, which raises the concern about sustainable development. The growth-oriented developmental road, the paradigm of development so far, has been shifted into a sustainable one. With an increase in income and spare time, people would spend more money and more time on cultural activities and leisure. Therefore, cultural and tourism-oriented businesses come to be a high value-added sector and create good job opportunities which vitalize local economy. Reflecting such trends of sustainable development and eco-tourism activities, counties with clean and beautiful natural environments would utilize their environmental assets and enlarge their potential power in order to strengthen their competitiveness. This paper would suggest the model of local economic development for a distressed region, which wishes to keep pleasant natural environments by carrying out environmental-friendly projects and policies.

Responsible Competitiveness : Exploring the Link Between CSR and Core Competitiveness Factors

Marc Vilanova 피터드러커 소사이어티 2010 창조와 혁신 Vol.3 No.2

This paper explores the issue of responsible competitiveness, understood as the process through which companies embed CSR policies in core business competitiveness factors for the organization. That is, the paper aims to investigate how companies understand CSR, how they turn CSR strategies into policies and practices, how such policies and practices impact business processes, and how such impact affects firm competitiveness. Responsible competitiveness is explored through a literature review and four qualitative case studies using in-depth interviews and secondary data. I conclude that there is a direct and positive relation between CSR and competitiveness, but different for each company and usually perceived rather than measured. Finally, I suggest that responsible competitiveness should not be confronted using the same tools and processes used to implement other business processes, as it requires a different management approach.

Do Creativity and Intellectual Capital Matter for SMEs Sustainability? The Role of Competitive Advantage

SRIKALIMAH, Srikalimah,WARDANA, Ludi Wishnu,AMBARWATI, Diana,SHOLIHIN, Ustadus,SHOBIRIN, Rizky Arief,FAJARIAH, Nuraidya,WIBOWO, Agus Korea Distribution Science Association 2020 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.7 No.12

SMEs as an organization to succeed and to be sustainable must have the most essential and strategic capital, namely creativity, competitive advantage, and intellectual capital. This study aims to explore how creativity and intellectual capital determines SMEs' sustainability as well as examine the emerging role of competitive advantage in supporting this relationship. A quantitative method was applied to gain a better understanding of the relationship between variables undergoing Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). This study collected data from 123 SMEs in East Java of Indonesia using an online survey. The approach adopted in this study is a convenience random sampling method, which is widely used in entrepreneurship and SMEs' sustainability research. The findings showed that intellectual capital positively affects both competitive advantage and SMEs' sustainability. Additionally, the result of this study confirms a robust relationship between intellectual capital and SMEs' sustainability. However, partially, creativity failed in explaining SMEs' sustainability. Furthermore, this study confirmed that competitive advantage has successfully mediated both the influence of creativity and intellectual capital to SMEs' sustainability. Although this research only involved participants in East Java, this study can be the first step for relevant research of SMEs' sustainability, in particular, in Indonesia.