안전벨트 손상으로 인한 외상성 요추 신경총병증

박융,하중원,고민석,감진화,이상훈,이윤태,유주형,오현철 대한척추외과학회 2017 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.24 No.1

Study Design: A case report. Objectives: To report and discuss an extremely uncommon cause of lumbar plexopathy seat belt injury. Summary of Literature Review: For patients who undergo traffic accidents, most cases of seat belt injury cause trauma to the lower torso. Seat belt injury is associated with variable clinical problems such as vascular injury, intestinal injury (perforation), vertebral injury (flexion-distraction injury), chest wall injury, diaphragmatic rupture/hernia, bladder rupture, lumbosacral plexopathy, and other related conditions. Materials and Methods: A 38-year-old male truck driver (traffic accident victim) who suffered monoplegia of his right leg due to lumbar plexus injury without spinal column involvement. Injury to a lumbar plexus and the internal vasculatures originated from direct compression to internal abdominal organs (the iliopsoas muscle and internal vasculatures anterior to the lumbar vertebrae) caused by the seat belt. We have illustrated an extremely uncommon cause of a neurologic deficit from a traffic accident through this case. Results: Under the impression of traumatic lumbar plexopathy, we managed it conservatively, and the patient showed signs of recovery from neurologic deficit. Conclusions: We need to review the lumbar plexus pathway, in patients with atypical motor weakness and sensory loss of the lower extremities which are not unaccompanied by demonstrable spinal lesions. Therefore, close history taking, physical examination and comprehension of injury mechanism are important in the diagnosis. Key words: Traumatic, Lumbar plexopathy, Seat belt injury 연구 계획: 증례 보고목적: 요추 신경총병증이라는 흔하지 않은 질환에 대해 살펴보고 이 질환이 안전벨트 손상으로 인해 어떻게 야기될 수 있는지 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하고자 한다. 선행문헌의 요약: 안전벨트 손상은 자동차 사고가 났을 때 안전벨트를 매고 있던 환자의 몸통 하부에 주로 가해지는 외상을 일컫는다. 안전벨트 손상은혈관 손상, 내장 손상, 척추 손상, 흉곽 손상, 횡격막 파열, 방광 파열 및 요천추 신경총병증과 같은 여러 임상적 문제와 연관이 있다. 대상 및 방법: 척추 병변이 보이지 않는 요추 신경총병증으로 인해 오른쪽 하지 단마비가 발생한 38세 트럭 운전사가 내원하였다. 안전벨트로 인해 내부장기(장요근, 요추 전방 혈관계)가 직접적인 압박을 받음으로써 발생한 요추 신경총병증이었다. 이에 금번 증례보고를 통해 교통사고 후 발생하는 흔하지않은 신경학적 결손에 대해 실증하였다. 결과: 외상성 요추 신경총병증라 생각하고 환자를 보존적 치료하였다. 이후 환자는 신경학적 결손으로부터 회복 증상을 보였다. 결론: 비전형적인 하지 운동 및 감각 소실을 보이는 환자에서 이를 입증할만한 척추 병변을 동반하지 않는 경우 요신경총의 주행에 대해서 검토해 보아야한다. 결국, 환자의 진단에 있어서 면밀한 병력조사, 신체검진 및 손상 기전의 이해가 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 색인 단어: 외상, 요추 신경총병증, 안전벨트 손상약칭 제목: 안전벨트 손상으로 인한 요추 신경총병증

일체형 벨트 시트 시스템의 메커니즘 개발

이경택(Kyoungteak Lee),이동재(Dongjae Lee),최선철(Sunchul Choi),김형종(Hyoungjong Kim) 한국자동차공학회 2006 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

The objective of the study is to develop belt integrated seat mounted with round recliner and seat track. The performance of a belt integrated seat is evaluated using an occupant analysis software. Reaction force of a belt integrated seat is calculated by seat belt anchorage test(FMVSS 210) and rear crash test(FMVSS 301) analysis. Calculated reaction force is defined for target to valuate condition of round recliner and seat track. Mesh size and friction coefficient is determined through out simple tooth test. Seat mechanism, evaluated by tooth and track simulation, is applied belt integrated seat and conducted strength test. The study establishes the evaluation process of round recliner. Base on meet the strength target of tooth and seat track, it is possible to simulate seat system analysis and shorten CPU time. The current analysis model can provide useful informations to design a new car seat mechanism and can reduce the overall design cost and time.

개발 프로세스 모델에 따른 전동식 안전벨트 제어 시스템 개발

이강석(Kangseok Lee),이우택(Wootaik Lee) 한국자동차공학회 2008 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

This paper describes the development of a control system for a motorized seat belt. The traditional seat belt can protect passengers only after accidents as a passive safety system. The developed motorized seat belt could cover some weak points of the passive safety system. As a seat belt is developed to an active safety system, the software gets more importance than traditional system. Therefore, tests such as functional, unit and system test are necessary to develop the motorized seat belt control system. In this paper, we defined operations of a motorized seat belt and make its functional model. Operations of motorized seat belt are confirmed by simulations of a functional model. We confirmed the implemented code by software unit tests. Finally, the integrated motorized seat belt system is confirmed by system test. The motorized seat belt system is guaranteed its reliability by these tests.

열차 내 안전벨트 적용에 대한 고찰

김주원(Ju-Won Kim),김대식(Dae-Sik Kim),정형일(Hyoung-Il Jeong),소진섭(Jin-Sup So),김진우(Jin-Woo Kim),이성준(Sung-Jun Lee),김용한(Yong-Han Kim) 한국철도학회 2014 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.10

지난 2013년 12월 발생한 뉴욕 통근열차 탈선사고와 같은 열차 사상사고 이후에는 항상 자동차나 비행기와 같이 열차내에도 안전벨트를 적용하자는 주장이 나오고 있다. 이에 맞서 열차가 가지는 물리적 특성 때문에 안전벨트는 열차 안전확보에 도움이 되지 않는 다는 의견도 있다. 2002년 미국 FRA는 실제 열차충돌 실험을 통해 안전벨트의 효과를 확인하였으며 2007년 영국 RSSB에서는 실제크기 열차모형과 인체모형을 통해 안전벨트의 효과를 확인하고 중요 사고사례를 분석하였다. 해외 연구사례 분석을 통해 열차 내 안전벨트 적용 효과에 대해 고찰하고자 한다. After the train injury, such as the commuter train derailment in New York that occurred in December 2013 the past, there is an argument that attempts to apply the seat belt also train as automobiles and airplanes always. There is also opinion to counter this, the seat belt would not have been helpful to ensure the safety of the train for the physical characteristics train has. US FRA 2002 years , to see the effect of the seat belt through the collision experiments of the actual train, In UK RSSB 2007 year to check the effectiveness of the seat belt by using the human body model and trains the model of actual size and analyzed past major accidents. We discuss the application effect of the seat belt in the car through the analysis of case studies overseas.

New EURO NCAP에 따른 후석 여성 승객 상해 감소를 위한 안전벨트 사양고찰

문준희(Junhee Moon),조진호(Jinho Cho),이양두(Yangdoo Lee),이만수(Mansu Lee) 한국자동차공학회 2014 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2014 No.5

Technology of safety equipment of passengers has been evolved constantly in by evolving Automotive industry. And as a result driver injury was also reduced. But safety in frontal crash, is concentrated on the driver seat and passenger seat and NCAP and regulations in all countries of the world still does not take into account rear seat passenger. Nevertheless, safety of the rear seat is also an important and test mode evaluated by 5%ile dummy in rear seat from 2015 has been added to the EURO NCAP frontal crash. So enhanced safety of the rear seat is required more. In order to reduce the injury of passengers in the rear seat, load limiter and pre-tensioner are generally used. But this devices, which can in accordance with the specifications, injury of the head is occurred by collision between head of rear seat passengers and front seat or injuries of chest and neck are occurred by compression of seat belt. Therefore, in this study, in order to reduce the injury of rear seat passenger in the frontal crash, sled test is selected and different specifications of seat belts are tested. Load limiter is divided into three DLL, CLL, and PLL according to method of load limit and applied different limit force to each methods. Pro-tensioner is divided into two, Retractor pre-tensioner, Lap pre-tensioner. After test, using EURO NCAP assessment protocol, convert from injury value to score then select seat belt specification.

소방공무원 안전벨트 착용 특성에 관한 연구

김태오(Tae-Oh Kim),최신웅(Sin-Woong Choi) 국립소방연구원 2021 소방안전연구 Vol.2 No.1

본 연구에서는 소방공무원 안전벨트 착용 특성에 관한 선행연구를 검토하고 소방공무원을 대상으로 하는 설문 응답자 20,935명에 대한 빈도분석, 분산분석, t-검정을 하였다. 본 연구를 통해 소방공무원의 소방차 안전벨트 착용 정도는 일상생활보다 상당히 낮은 수준이고, 소방차 안전벨트 착용 문화 수준도 거의 비슷하게 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. 또한, 소방공무원의 안전벨트 착용 특성은 일상생활에서는 비슷하지만, 소방활동에서는 인구통계학적으로 유의미한 차이가 있고, 운전요원, 현장대원, 관리자의 집단별로도 차이가 발생한다. 그리고, 운전요원과 소방활동을 마친 후에는 안전벨트를 착용해야 한다는 것에 공감하고 있다. This study examines the status of firefighters wearing seat-belts by reviewing previous literature and conducting a frequency analysis, analysis of variance, and t-test on data obtained from a survey of 20,935 firefighters. The findings show that the fire engine seat belt wearing rate of firefighters was significantly lower than in their daily life, and the fire engine seat belt wearing culture was found to be at a similarly low level. In addition, although the characteristics of wearing seat belts of firefighters are similar in daily life, there is a statistically significant difference in firefighting activities, and there are differences among groups of drivers, field crews, and managers. Further, the authors of this study agree that seat belts should be worn after completion of firefighting activities.

소형차 리어 센터 벨트-인 시트에 대한 고강도 프레임 적용 연구

임덕수(Ducksoo Lim),김상호(Sangho Kim),김형준(Hyeongjun Kim),나원균(Wonkyun Na) 한국자동차공학회 2004 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

Step by step, Safety Regulations become strict rules in all countries of the world. Especially, In the ECE R-14, European Regulation, All seats will have to be equipped with 3 point seat belt from 2004. 10. So in this paper, We will investigate the safety regulation about 3 point seat belt and propose the high strength frame to rear center belt-in seat satisfying regulations, ECE R-14 and FMVSS 210. and then we will accomplish the FEA and Test with proposed seat frame. So we should confirm the application of proposed seat frame.

정면충돌 시 시트벨트 특성이 후석 승객 거동에 미치는 영향

이기선(Kisun Lee),손창규(Changkyu Son),김용석(Yongsuk Kim) 한국자동차공학회 2014 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2014 No.5

Most of countries have their own regulations and New Car Assessment Programs (NCAP) for the evaluation of vehicle crash performance. Regulations and vehicle design optimization have traditionally focused on the front seat occupant. Until recently, the rear seat occupant has not been considered in most consumer metric tests. As a result, the evaluation of the rear seat occupant has been introduced in Europe as a part of the EuroNCAP. Consequently, the occupant protection performance in the rear seat needs to be evaluated in order to perform well in this newly introduced market requirement. This study investigates the potential benefits of seat belt load limiters in the rear seat on the injury and kinematic of Hybrid III 5th percentile female dummy. A parametric study of rear seat belt was conducted for some different types of belt load limiter. The base of CAE model was validated using 50 km/h full frontal sled test with an emergency locking retractor (ELR) only seat belt which does not have pretensioner and load limiter function.

TO BUCKLE UP OR NOT BUCKLE UP, THAT IS THE QUESTION: AN EXAMINATION OF THE ETIDCAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS PERTAINING TO SCHOOL BUS RESTRAINT IN THE UNITED STATES

( Suzanne Dapra Oliva ) 제주대학교 법과정책연구소 2015 국제법무 Vol.7 No.2

이 논문은 안전벨트가 미국에서 학교 버스에 필요로 하는지 여부의 윤리적 문제와 관련하여 윤리적 의사 결정 과정에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 원칙과 가치, 사회 문화적 기대, 법적 요구 사항을 포함한 사실을 분석 하였다. 그 결정의 영향은, 이해 관계자, 고도로 경쟁 문제의 현재 상태를 강조하기 위해 행동의 다양한 과정의 결과가 확인되었다. 학생, 또는 학부모, 모두 조합 안전벨트에 찬성이다. 미국의 법률은 보호를 필요로 하는 어린이와 같은 레벨을 포함하여 개인의 권리를 보호하기 위해 통과된다. 이 경우에, 연방 의회는 필수 안전벨트를 필요로 할 것인지 여부를 결정하도록 허용하기로 결정했다. 이 문제를 결정하는 법률을 통과하기 위하여, 각 학교 지구는 그들의 특정한 관할 수요, 예산, 또는 다른 정당성에 기반 하여, 학교 버스에 안전벨트를 필요로 하는 것이 적절한 경우인지를 결정해야 합니다. 모든 비용은 결국 학교 세금의 형태를 통해 성분에 의해 지급됩니다. 그러나 연방 및 주 의회는 이 예산부담을 인식하고 국가 보조금 및 판매 세금 인센티브를 제공하여 완화를 시도하고 있다. 이 문제는 미국에서 학교 버스에 안전벨트의 예를 이용하여 연구되었지만 의사 결정 과정은 외국의 예를 사용 하여 분석 할 수 있다. 궁극적으로, 의사 결정자는 행동의 적절한 코스를 결정 하기 위해 자선의 특정 요구 사항을 분석하여야 한다. This paper will address the ethical decision making process in the United States, focusing on the controversial topic of whether or not lap and shoulder combination seat belts should be required on large school buses. The facts, including principles and values, social or cultural expectations, and legal requirements, were analyzed. Those affected by the decision, the stakeholders, were identified as well as the consequences of the various courses of action in order to highlight the current state of this highly contested issue. Passengers, or their parents, are in favor of combination seat belts. Laws in the United States are passed to protect individual rights, including those in protected classes such as children. In this case, the federal legislature decided to allow each state to determine whether or not to require mandatory seat belts. Since only six states so far have passed laws determining this issue, each school district must then decide if it is proper for their particular jurisdiction to require seat belts on school buses based on demand, budget, or other justification. Any costs will eventually be paid by the constituents through the form of school taxes. However, federal and state legislatures have recognized this burden and attempt to alleviate it by providing state grant funding and sales tax incentives. Although this issue was studied using the example of seat belts on school buses in the U.S., the decision making process could be analyzed using foreign examples as well. Ultimately, decision makers should analyze their particular requirements in order to determine a proper course of action.

동승자 상해에 영향을 주는 안전벨트 설계인자에 대한 연구

김윤배(Yun-Bae Kim),한재녕(Jae-Nyung Han),김형일(Hyungil Kim),채수원(Soo-Won Chae) 한국자동차공학회 2010 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2010 No.11

Most of the research efforts on a safety belt system have been made for crash simulation by only considering the driver of the trajectory dynamic human body model. However, FMVSS and USNCAP enhanced interest in the safety of passengers is increasing gradually. Existing simulation by the wrong seat belts suffered injuries in the neck and the chest. Seat belts for the safety of the occupant are an important design parameter. Therefore, to ensure the safety of occupants of the seat belt system to determine the value of the occupant of the injury, as well as dynamic human model for safety belt, you might consider trajectory kinematic human model should be used. In this study, safety belt in order to meet the needs of the design parameters is presented. Through simulation, the design parameters of each passenger’s injuries were evaluated by on the basis of this argument, each designed by a passenger’s injuries were tendencies. This design of a safer seat belt system designed for the optimal combination of elements of the seat belt was found.