오프 사이트 건축 (Off-Site Construction)의 과거, 현재, 미래 - 영국과 한국의 사례를 중심으로 -

이진미(Lee, Jin-Mi) 대한건축학회 2020 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.40 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to overview the historical and current application of Modern Methods of Construction using Off-Site production techniques and discuss industrial outlook of the sector in the UK and Korea. Acute shortage of housing caused by major shortage of skilled labor and building material stimulated Off-Site Construction in both countries. Throughout the time, benefits of Off-site construction have been well established and the method is widely applied in the construction industry and its demand for off-site building system is ever increasing in the UK. In Korea, on the other hand, Off-Site Construction is still in developing stage but major construction firms start acknowledging potentials of Off-Site Construction Method and made large investments such as purchasing a specialist manufacture company or signing MOU with a specialist engineering company in Europe and the US. It is clear that Off-Site Construction in Korea should be able to benchmark its key role in construction industry in the UK by enhancing corporate-led technical development and investment and diversifying industry-wide supply chain.

OSC기반 PC구조 공사비 산정을 위한 품셈개발 및 공사비 분석 - RC공법과 비교 -

이한수,이치호,한희수,이정욱 한국건설관리학회 2024 한국건설관리학회 논문집 Vol.25 No.5

최근 공동주택에서의 OSC (Off-Site Construction)기반 PC구조의 객관적인 원가기준 마련을 위해 공장제작-현장설치 단계의 공사비 산정을 위한 품셈 체계를 제안하였다(Lee et al., 2021). 또한, 건설공사 표준품셈에서도 보편적인 PC공사의 현장설치 단계에 적용할 수 있는 주요 부재의 표준품셈을 제시하는 등 PC공사의 공사비를 체계적으로 산출할 수 있는 제도적 기반이 마련되는 추세이다. 본 연구에서는 공동주택 PC구조의 현장조사 결과를 분석하고 전문가 의견을 수렴하여 공동주택 PC공법에 적용할 수 있는 공장제작-현장설치 품셈을 개발하였으며, 현행 표준품셈 기준과 비교하여 공동주택의 현장 및 부재특성에 적용할 수 있도록 표준품셈의 보완 방향을 제시하였다. 또한, 개발 품셈을 활용하여 공사비를 산출하고 동일규모의 공동주택 RC공법과 공사비를 비교함으로써 PC공법의 비용발생 특성 및 원가절감 방안을 도출하였다. 본 연구에서 도출한 PC공법의 표준품셈은 PC공법 공사비 산출결과의 객관성과 일관성을 확보함으로서 PC공법 적용 확산에 기여할 수 있을것으로 기대된다. A construction standard production rates system for the factory built and on-site installation phases of OSC (Off-Site Construction)-based precast concrete (PC) structures in apartment buildings was recently proposed to establish an objective cost standard (Lee et al., 2021). In addition, the Korean government has taken steps to improve the institutional foundation for the systematic calculation of PC construction costs such as revising construction standard production rates for major components that can be applied to the on-site installation phase of PC method. In this study, we analyzed the results of a field survey of apartment building PC structures and collected expert opinions to develop factory-built and on-site installation standard production rates that can be applied to apartment building PC method. We also propose directions for improving the standard production rates so that they can be applied to the site and component of apartment buildings by comparing them with the current standard production rates. This study also derived the cost characteristics and cost reduction measures of PC construction by calculating the construction costs using the developed rates and comparing the construction costs with the RC methods of apartment buildings of the same scale. The construction standard production rates for PC construction derived in this study are expected to contribute to the spread of PC construction by ensuring the objectivity and consistency of the results of PC methods cost estimation.

OSC 활용 의사결정 지원을 위한 경제성 분석 지표 개발 및 사례 시나리오 분석 - 공동주택 PC공법을 중심으로-

윤원건,배병윤,신은영,강태경 한국건설관리학회 2023 한국건설관리학회 논문집 Vol.24 No.6

Recently, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport presented the '6th Construction Technology Promotion Basic Plan' and 'Smart Construction Revitalization Plan (2022.7.20)'. Off-Site Construction (OSC), which involves construction and production of PC (Precast Concrete) and Modular, etc., has advantages in shortening the construction period, reducing costs, improving quality, reducing construction waste, and reducing safety accidents. However, the construction cost is high compared to the traditional RC construction method, which has hindered its utilization and spread. In this study, OSC utilization was improved. An economic analysis indicator and methodology that can support decision-making in the planning and design stages for multi-unit housing were proposed. The factors used in the economic analysis of OSC (based on the PC method) of apartment houses were reviewed. As for the indicators used in the cost and benefit section, 'Construction Period', 'Disaster Occurrence', 'Waste Generation', and 'Greenhouse gas Emission', which reflect the technical advantages of OSC, were derived. In addition, a scenario analysis was conducted based on actual apartment housing case data for the presented economic analysis indicators and benefit calculation standards. The level of benefit that offsets the difference between the existing RC construction method and the construction cost was reviewed. In future studies, it will be necessary to conduct additional case studies to apply the measurement criteria for detailed indicators and supplement the benefit indicators.

OSC(Off-Site Construction)기반 PC공법의 시공 프로세스 도출

전영훈 ( Jun Young-hun ),배병윤 ( Bae Byung-yun ),윤원건 ( Yun Won-gun ) 한국건축시공학회 2021 한국건축시공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.21 No.1

The PC system has advantages in terms of project management, such as shortening the construction period and reducing costs. However, it is difficult to activate the technology due to insufficient application of the technology. Therefore, there is a need for a strategy to expand and activate the PC system. This study is a basic research for PC construction project management, and its purpose is to derive the entire construction process from factory production of PC components to on-site construction. In this study, the construction process of the PC system was derived through literature review, and the main matters for the construction process management of PC system were confirmed in the analysis process. In the future, the results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for research for PC project management, such as deriving construction classification and calculating construction periods.

OSC 공법 도입 활성화를 위한 공사정보 관리 3D 시각화 도구 개발

배수빈,차희성 대한건축학회 2023 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.39 No.3

Currently, the domestic construction industry is facing issues in a shortage of skilled laborers, an increase in labor costs, a limitation ofon-site work hours, and an aging population, which prolongs the construction period and reduces productivity. To resolve these issues, anoff-site construction (OSC) method that produces, and transports manufactured components in a factory and assembles them at the site isdrawing attention. The precast concrete (PC) method, one of the OSC methods, can handle a larger amount of information at each productionstage than the conventional concrete pouring method. For this reason, clear information delivery is greatly needed. However, most PCmanufacturing plants and construction sites exchange information by phone, text message, and email; this causes inefficiency and inaccuracyin information exchange. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new system that enables project managers to transmit relevant information toPC members. In this study, a color visualization method based on the 3D/BIM system was developed for each stage of fabrication, curing,shipment, field and assembly of the PC members. The construction field managers could easily grasp the current state of building elementsinstantly. In addition, a pop-up function was incorporated in the system to recognize the status of construction in terms of PC memberinstallation. This system was developed to help project managers conduct a simple yet systematic site management. As a result of this study,it is believed that it will improve the difficulty of transmitting information related to PC members, contribute to clearer information exchange,and lower the barriers to the introduction of the OSC method. 현재 국내 건설산업은 숙련인력 부족, 인건비 상승, 현장근무시간의 제한, 고령화 등의 문제가 건설기간을 연장시키고 생산성을 저하시키는 문제가 많이 발생하고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 제조된 부재를 공장에서 생산, 운송하고 현장에서 조립하는 OSC(Off-Site Construction) 공법이 주목받고 있다. OSC 공법 중 하나인 프리캐스트 콘크리트(PC) 공법은 기존의 콘크리트 타설 공법에 비해 생산 단계별로 처리하는 정보량이 매우 많다. 이러한 이유로 명확한 정보 전달의 필요성이 크게 요구된다. 그러나 대부분의 PC 제조 공장과 건설 현장은 전화, 문자, 이메일을 통해 정보를 교환한다. 따라서 정보 교환의 비효율성과 부정확성을 유발하게 된다. 따라서 프로젝트 관리자가 PC 담당자에게 관련 정보를 전달할 수 있는 새로운 시스템 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 PC 부재의 제조-양생-출하-현장 조립의 각 단계에 대해 3D/BIM 시스템 기반의 색상 시각화 방법을 개발하였다. 따라서, 현장 관리자는 건물 PC 부재의 현 공정 상태를 실시간으로 파악할 수 있다. 또한 PC 부재 설치 시 공사현황을 파악할 수 있는 팝업기능을 시스템에 도입하였다. 이는 프로젝트 관리자가 손쉬운 방법으로 체계적인 현장 관리를 수행할 수 있는 역할을 가능하게 한다. 본 연구의 결과, 앞서 문제점으로 지적되었던 PC 부재와 관련된 정보전달의 어려움을 개선하고, 보다 명확한 정보교환에 도움이 될 뿐만아니라, 결과적으로 OSC 방식의 도입에 대한 장벽을 낮출 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

건축 프로젝트 특성을 고려한 초기 단계에서의 Off-Site Construction 공법 도입 여부 의사 결정 시스템 개발 - 공동주택 골조공사 중심으로 -

이성호,차희성,손보식 한국건설관리학회 2022 한국건설관리학회 논문집 Vol.23 No.1

Recently, various problems such as reduced productivity, insufficient inflow of skilled manpower, reduced quality, and concerns about increasing safety accidents have appeared in the domestic construction industry. Stakeholder of construction project are considering the Off-Site Construction (OSC) method rather than the conventional on-site construction as an alternative. Despite the importance of decision making in the early stage of the adoption of OSC, there is a lack of methodologies for rational decision making. In this study, a decision making system has been developed to derive the final construction cost score by deriving the project characteristics, selecting the construction difficulty index, and developing a cost model for each construction method alternatives to calculate the standard construction cost. Using this system, the OSC method can be effectively evaluated in terms of its feasibility in the early stage of construction

OSC 활성화를 위한 선진국의 법 개정과 표준 신설 동향

이진미 대한건축학회 2022 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.38 No.3

A concerted effort has been made to improve safety, assurance, and compatibility of off-site construction in developed countries; in recent years, these countries heavily invested in establishing a holistic legal foundation to support and promote this industry. In Korea, the off-site construction sector is underdeveloped and has lagged behind its competitors, creating industry gaps in the legal support system when it should be providing support for this sector. This study aims to deliver preliminary research material to guide off-site construction in Korea by reviewing and analyzing recent trends in revising existing codes and standards and enacting new ones in developed countries such as Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. The purpose of this study is to establish a need for further research, then compare and analyze BPS 7014 in the UK, ICC 1200 and ICC 1205 in the United States in terms of content structures, hierarchies, and concurrences of texts. Through comparative analysis, the structural similarities and content differences of the two standards were confirmed, and different attitudes in response to the changes of the construction industry were discovered. However, both standards have a strong tendency to guide and support the OSC industry with flexibility as an open standard rather than regulating with absolute standards. Building on these findings, the implications and follow-up of this study was discussed. 선진국에서는 OSC 시스템의 안전, 보증, 상호 운용성을 개선하기 위해 많은 노력을 기울여 왔으며 특히 최근에 통합적인 법 개정과 표준을 마련하기 위한 활발한 움직임이 발견되고 있다. 우리나라의 OSC 분야는 선진국에 비해 뒤쳐져 있고, 이로 인해 미처 발견하지 못한 법제의 문제 혹은 법제 사이의 빈틈이 있을 수 있다. 따라서 발전의 초기단계부터 이를 선제적으로 파악하고 통합적인 개선의 방향성을 잡는 것이 중요하다. 이에 OSC가 발달한 선진국의 법 개정과 표준 신설의 동향을 살피고 선진국의 사례를 국내 표준과 비교하여 OSC 활성화의 토대를 마련하고자 한다.

Structural Equation Modeling to Analyze the Critical Driving Factors and Paths for Off-site Construction in China

Chao Mao,Guiwen Liu,Liyin Shen,Xiangyu Wang,Jun Wang 대한토목학회 2018 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.22 No.8

Off-site Construction (OSC) is an alternative to conventional construction. However, China lags behind developed countries interms of its OSC development. The chief goal of this study is to demonstrate the critical driving forces and solutions that promoteOSC development. A total of 21 hypotheses are established to present the interrelations among eight driving forces. Based on 176valid responses from developers in mainland China, a structural equation model is built to explore the key solutions and the criticaldriving forces. Most driving forces, such as Pursuit of Sustainable Competitiveness (PSC), Governmental Policies and Regulations(GPR), Technological Innovation (TI), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and Construction Market Demand (CMD), can affecta Corporation’s Willingness and Behavior (CWB) in adopting OSC through two mediating factors, namely, Economic Benefits (EB)and social and environmental benefits. The findings highlight five main driving solutions to promote OSC, namely, “PSC → EB →CWB,” “PSC → TI → EB → CWB,” “GPR → TI → EB → CWB,” “GPR → CSR → CWB,” and “GPR → CMD → CWB.”Governments and project clients are also identified as important players in the development of OSC in China. These results provide avaluable reference for the government to understand the underlying interrelationships among the driving forces and key solutions tothe development of OSC in China.

국외 오프사이트 건설 관리 연구 동향 : 작업 단계 수준에서의 문헌 연구

장준영,CHENHao,이찬식,김태완 한국건설관리학회 2019 한국건설관리학회 논문집 Vol.20 No.4

Off-Site Construction (OSC) is a new construction method based on factory production. OSC (Off-Site Construction) is a new construction method based on factory production. Researches such as OSC-related design and production standardization, transport methods are actively conducted in the U.S., UK and other parts of the world as this new method has an edge over existing methods in terms of productivity, economy and quality. As the emergence of this new area requires reasonable management, an analysis of the scope of construction project management is required accordingly. Therefore, this research analyzed the study trends and relationships at the CM/PM range’s “Operation level” to identify areas of study, relationship between studies and deficiencies in current research. This study carried out a comprehensive literature review of the OSC (CM/PM) research by analyzing 94 papers in Operation level as of September 3, 2018, and the analysis results are as follows. (1) Working stage level researches have been increasing rapidly since 2006. (2) Non-volumetric type is contributing most significantly at work stage level. In the building sector, it has been identified that problems such as residential: living, quality issues, non-residential: economic difficulties, factory: productivity problems have been addressed. (4) The Non-volumetric pre-assembly type dealt with the economic feasibility of residential and non-residential buildings, whereas the modular type was studied in regards to assembly quality. (5) From 2006, project management areas (e.g., quality, human resources, risks) have been expanded. It is expected that this research will help find new areas of research for OSC. If the analysis is carried out to the level of the industrial, corporate and project phases in the future, it is deemed that the overall research flow and area of the OSC industry can be identified.

모듈러 건설의 운송계획 최적화를 위한 시뮬레이션 모델 개발

김현민 ( Kim Hyeonmin ),권우빈 ( Kwon Woobin ),안희재 ( Ahn Heejae ),조훈희 ( Cho Hunhee ) 한국건축시공학회 2022 한국건축시공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.22 No.1

Off-Site Construction is being widely adopted as an alternative to solve endemic problems in construction industry such as low productivity and efficiency. However, it is strongly recommended to examine the transportation process to be optimized because it determines the size of a modular and influences the cost of the construction. Therefore, in this study simulation model for optimization of modular construction transportation plan was developed using AnyLogic. As a result of the study, the influence of trailer transport capacity and transport time increases as the number of modular which should be transported from factory to site increases.