가구의 주택점유형태 변경의 요인분해에 대한 연구

김종희 한국산업경제학회 2024 산업경제연구 Vol.37 No.2

본 연구는 2011년부터 2022년까지의 일반 가구 60,043가구 중 현재의 점유형태로부터 미래에 점유형태 변경 계획을 가지고 있는 가구를 대상으로, 각 점유형태에 대한 점유확률을 추정하고, 요인분해를 통하여 점유형태 변경의 주요인을 분석하고 있다. 본 연구의 실증분석 결과는 다음과 같이 나타났다. 첫째, 소득이 증가하면 가구는 미래에 주택점유를 변경할 가능성이 높아졌다. 그러나 임대가격 대비 매매가격이 상승하면 현재의 점유유형과는 관계없이 미래의 자가 점유 가능성은 낮아지며, 차가 점유 가능성은 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 현재 차가에 거주하고 있는 청년층에서 미래 점유형태를 변경할 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 현재 차가에 거주하고 있는 저소득 가구의 경우에는 미래에 또 다른 형태의 차가로의 변경을 계획할 가능성이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 1인 가구의 경우에는 다양한 형태로의 점유변경의 가능성이 높았다. 한편, 가구주가 차입제약이 있는 경우에 는 미래 자가 및 차가로의 변경확률에 부정적인 영향이 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 점유형태 변경에 대한 요인분해 결과, 가구주의 요인은 현재 차가에 거주하고 있는 가구의 미래 주택점유변경의 가능성에 유의미한 (+)의 영향을 미쳤으며, 금융규제 요인은 현재의 점유형태로부터 새로운 점유형태로의 변경 가능성에 모두 부정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 주택공급의 요인과 거주 예상지역의 경기의 활성화 요인은 상대적으로 유의성이 낮았다. This study analyzes the principal component on the change in housing occupancy, using the micro-level data of 60,043 households from Korea Housing-Finance Corporation by covering the period 2011 to 2022. The following three conclusions are able to be used the results of its empirical analysis. First, the increase of income leads to the high possibility of the change of current occupancy in future, while the rising relative price induces the lower probability of the change of current occupancy regardless of the current homeowner or tenants. Second, there is found to be a high possibility of the change of current occupancy in future between younger householders whose current occupancy is tenants, and low-income householders whose current occupancy is tenants have a high possibility in new tenants in future. In the case of single households have a high possibility of change to various types of occupancy. Additionally, the strengthen financial regulation of householders has a negative effect on the change housing occupancy in future. Third, as a results of PCA, the factor of householder has a positive effect on the future housing occupancy in the householder whose current occupancy is tenants, and the factor of financial regulation has a negative effect on the ally types of the future housing occupancy.

재실 기반 설비제어에 따른 대학 건물의 에너지소비량 비교 분석

성남철,홍구표 한국건축친환경설비학회 2021 한국건축친환경설비학회 논문집 Vol.15 No.6

In this study, occupant information, one of the information that can be found in the operation stage of the building, was collected using an actual survey. After converting occupancy data to HVAC system operation schedule, it was analyzed and compared the change of energy consumption applied with occupancy-based HVAC control. As a result, the actual number of occupants was smaller than the case where the occupancy density per area was set, so the energy consumption of the total building decreased by 15.16%, and the energy consumption of the HVAC system decreased by 34.32%. When the occupanct-based HVAC control was applied, the energy consumption of the entire building decreased by 9.71%, and the energy consumption of the HVAC system decreased by 28.42%. As a result of analyzing energy consumption by system, the control of occupancy-based HVAC control has a greater energy saving effect on heating than cooling. The occupancy-based HVAC control is simpler than other controls and has a significant energy saving effect.

속도를 이용한 ALINEA 모델 보완에 관한 연구

조한선,이준,이호원,김은미 대한교통학회 2008 대한교통학회지 Vol.26 No.5

ALINEA algorithm, which is one of the best on-ramp metering algorithms, was designed to control the traffic volume from on-ramp in order to maintain the optimal occupancy rate of the detectors installed downstream of the merge area. But, the reliability of occupancy rate estimated from the loop detectors, which are used most commonly in Korea, is relatively lower than other parameters such as speed and volume. Moreover, because occupancy rate depends on the length of loop detectors and site, lots of calibration work is required whenever they are installed in order to estimate the occupancy rate. Therefore, there exists room for improvement of ALINEA algorithm because only occupancy rate having some problems is considered as a control parameter in ALINEA algorithm. Practically it is difficult to measure or perceive the occupancy rate for traffic engineers and drivers. On the other hand, speed can be good alternative which can overcome the defect induced by using occupancy. In this study, occupancy based ALINEA algorithm is converted to speed based ALINEA assuming the linear relationship between density and speed. ALINEA는 램프의 하류부에 설치된 검지기를 이용하여 최적의 차량점유율 상태를 유지하도록 유입램프의 교통량을 조절하는 방안으로 검지기를 이용한 차량의 점유율을 제어 변수로 이용하고 있다. 하지만, 현재 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 루프제어기 점유율의 정확도가 비교적 낮다는 점과 점유율은 검지기 길이의 함수로서 ALINEA의 적용 시 설치 지점마다, 그리고 검지기 길이마다 최적 점유율 보정과정이 필요한 점을 감안할 때 현재 사용 중인 ALINEA를 보완할 필요가 있다. 관리자와 이용자 측면에서 점유율이 사실상 인지하기 어려운 변수임을 감안할 때 쉽고 간편한 변수의 사용을 통한 모형개발이 의미를 가질 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 ALINEA 알고리즘의 기본 개념을 이용하되 제어변수인 점유율을 이용할 때의 불편한 점 및 단점을 일부 개선시킬 수 있는 속도 변수를 이용하여 ALINEA 모델을 보완하고자 한다.

실내 CO2 농도와 PIR 신호를 활용한 주거건물의 재실 추정 알고리즘에 관한 연구

이규남,정근주 대한건축학회지회연합회 2018 대한건축학회연합논문집 Vol.20 No.6

Occupancy-based heating control is effective in reducing heating energy by preventing unnecessary heating during unoccupied period. Various technologies on detecting human occupancy have been developed using complicated machine learning algorithm and stochastic methodologies. This study aims at deriving low-cost and simple algorithm of occupancy inference that can be implemented to residential buildings. The core concept of the algorithm is to combine the occupancy probabilities based on indoor CO2 concentration and PIR(passive infrared) signals. The probability was estimated by applying different levels of decrement ratio depending on CO2 concentration change rate and aggregated PIR signals. The developed algorithm was validated by comparing the inference results with the occupancy schedule in a real residential building. The results showed that the inference algorithm can achieve the accuracy of 75~99%, which would be successfully implemented to the control of residential heating systems. 재실 인식과 관련된 기술의 대부분은 업무용 건축물을 대상으로 한 것이 많으며, 데이터 학습과 예측 등 계산부하가 큰 알고리즘을 활용하고 있으므로, 주거 건물에 적용되기 위해서는 좀 더 적은 데이터와 단순한 모델로 재실 추정 알고리즘을 구현할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 저비용, 저메모리로 구현 가능하며 사칙연산으로도 계산 가능한 재실 추정 방법을 제안하기 위해 실내환경 모니터링에 활용되는 CO2 농도와, 보안 또는 조명제어 용도로 활용되는 PIR 센서를 이용한 재실 추정 알고리즘을 도출하고, 이를 실제 주거에 적용하여 타당성을 검증하였다. 거주자 재실추정을 위해 CO2 농도와 PIR 신호를 변수로 하는 재실확률 감쇠함수를 상정하고, CO2 농도의 변화율과 PIR 신호의 값에 따른 재실확률 감쇠율을 적용한 재실 추정 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 재실 추정 방법을 실제 주거건물에 적용한 결과, 실제 재실여부와 비교하여 75~99% (평균 93%)의 예측 정확도를 나타내었다.

부동산 점유취득자와 압류관청의 법적 갈등 해소를 위한 정책 연구

이진수,이우도 동국대학교 비교법문화연구소 2018 比較法硏究 Vol.18 No.3

The judicial precedent that has been established by the Korean Supreme Court regarding the legal effects due to the completion of an acquisitive prescription on real estate in Paragraph 1 of Article 245 of the Civil code can be described as follows; (a) The registered owner cannot claim against the occupant for the delivery of the real estate, the demolition of the building on the real estate (if it is land), the return of unjust enrichment, and damages. (b) The occupant can claim for the transfer of the registration of the real estate against the registered owner who obtained the ownership before the completion of prescription period. (c) The occupant cannot claim for the transfer of the registration of the real estate against the registered owner who obtained the ownership after the completion of prescription period. (d) The starting point of the acquisitive prescription period should be fixed at the time the occupant began to occupy the real estate. The occupant is not permitted to insist an arbitrary starting point. (e) In spite of the above legal principle (c), the occupant can claim for the transfer of the registration of the real estate against the registered owner who obtained the ownership after the completion of prescription period, if another acquisitive prescription period has completed after the registered owner obtained the ownership while the occupant continues to occupy the real estate. In this study, I researched the problems of the above legal principle (c), which ignores the unique legal status of the occupant who has achieved an effect of an acquisitive prescription on the real estate. (1) The transfer of the registration of the real estate is merely the transfer of the legal status, not influencing the actual fact. The acquisitive prescription is the legal system that endows a predominant effect to the actual fact over the legal status. (2) There is no reason to discriminate between the registered owner who obtained the ownership before the completion of prescription period and the registered owner who obtained it after, even if the registered owner obtained the ownership for the purpose of interrupting the occupant from acquiring the right to claim for the transfer of the registration of the real estate. (3) According to the above legal principle (c), the longer the occupant has occupied the real estate, the lower the possibility the occupant successfully obtains the ownership. I insist that the judicial principle should be amended to protect the occupant who has achieved an effect of the acquisitive prescription on the real estate from a person who acquired ownership of that real estate after the completion of an acquisitive prescription period. That occupant deserves the protection because he/she satisfies the following conditions; he/she began to occupy it in the belief that he/she is the owner of the real estate, and the registered owner has taken no action to stop the occupation. I support the theory that the judge should measure the period of the acquisitive prescription in a way to count the term reversely from the day of judgment. I have found in the adjudication of the Korean Supreme Court (Case # 2007DA5172,15189) that the court realized the problem of the above legal principle (c) and tried to modify the principle in order to broaden the range of protection of the occupant. The adjudication declared that in spite of the above legal principle (e), the occupant can claim for the transfer of the registration of the real estate against the registered owner who obtained the ownership from the previous owner who obtained the ownership after the completion of prescription period, if another acquisitive prescription period has completed after the previous owner obtained the ownership while the occupant continues to occupy the real estate. However, it could be more desirable for the Supreme Court to declare the abolition of the above legal principle (c). 현재에도 과세관청이 압류한 후 점유취득자와의 법적 갈등으로 인하여 장기간 미집행 상태로 있는 부동산이 존재하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 민법은 부동산의 시효취득에 대하여 제245조에서 20년간 점유한 자는 등기함으로써 그 소유권을 취득하고, 소유자로 등기한 자는 10년간 점유함으로써 소유권을 취득하도록 하면서, 그 소유권 취득의 효력은 제247조에서 점유를 개시한 때에 소급한다고 규정하고 있다. 시효취득은 원시취득으로서 특별한 사정이 없는 한 원칙적으로 전소유자의 소유권에 가하여진 각종 제한에 관계없이 완전한 내용의 소유권을 취득하게 된다. 판례에 의하면 소유권취득의 반사적 효과로서 그 부동산에 관하여 취득시효의 기간이 진행 중에 제3자에게 소유권에 대한 처분이 있는 경우에는 취득시효가 완성되고 등기가 완료되면 제3자의 처분은 소멸된다고 하는 반면, 취득시효가 완성된 이후에는원소유자가 제3자에게 소유권을 처분하거나 압류 등 강제집행의 등기가 점유취득에 따른 이전등기 전에 선행되는 경우, 전 소유권에 붙어 있는 위와 같은 부담은 소멸되지 아니 한다. 과세관청은 점유시효취득의 진정한 의미를 감안하여 타인의 부동산을 장기간 점유하여 소유권을 취득하는 점유취득자와는 구별하여, 진정한 소유자가 장기간 수인 하에 시효로 취득하는 부동산은 점유개시 당시의 소유권자의 기본권 보장 측면에서도 재산권 보호를 위해서는 국세청의 경직된 법령해석기본의 질의 회신에만 의존할 것이 아니라고 본다. 체납처분에 따른 장기간 압류 상태로 방치된 부동산이 다수 존재함으로써 갈등은 여전히 존재하고 있다. 납세자에게만 문제되는 것이 아니라 납세의무와 무관한 제3자에게 재산권의 행사에 지장이 있음으로써 해결하여야 할 과제이기도 하다. 따라서 본 논문은 차제에 부동산 물권 변동에 관하여 성립요건주의를 채택한 현행 민법 하에서 점유취득시효 제도가 예외적인 제도로서, 그 제도의 존재이유와 취지에 비추어 민법상 점유취득의 효과에 대하여 법리를 명확히 함으로써 점유취득자와 과세관청 사이의 압류를 둘러싼 법적 효력문제에서 기인한 법적 갈등은 해소될 수 있을 것이며, 입법 정책적으로 민법의 법리와 일치되지 않은 조세법 적용상 발생하는 문제점을 개선하도록 하면서, 행정규칙인 질의회신 등의 경직된 해석 및 집행에서 벗어나, 최근까지의 사례와 판례를 중심으로 국세징수법 개정, 민법 및 조세법상 해석의 변경을 통하여 그 해결방안을 마련하여야 할 것이다.

재실자 중심 최적 제어를 위한 재실 패턴 예측모델 개발

최영재(Young Jae Choi),김태원(Tae Won Kim),변재윤(Jae Yoon Byun),문진우(Jin Woo Moon) 대한설비공학회 2022 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.6

Recently, occupant-centric control (OCC) has been attracting attention for energy saving in buildings, and occupancy forecasting is a key element of this. Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop a time series-based intelligent model that predicts occupancy patterns and to check the predictability for various prediction horizons. The forecasting model was developed using a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network which predicts the number of occupancy after 15 minutes, 60 minutes, and 180 minutes. To evaluate the performance of the developed model, predictions were conducted with test data. mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) were calculated based on the errors between the actual number of occupancy and the predicted value. As a result, the MAE and RMSE of the 15-minute forecasting model was 1.54 and 2.25, respectively showing the remarkable performance. Although the prediction accuracy decreases as the prediction period increases, the 60-minute and 180-minute forecasting model presented superior performance compared to the previous studies with MAE = 2.65, RMSE = 4.18, and MAE = 4.62, RMSE = 6.90, respectively. Therefore, it was possible to confirm the applicability of the developed occupancy pattern forecasting model, and it is expected that it can be used for optimal intelligent building control through performance improvement in the future.

재실자 중심 최적 제어를 위한 재실 패턴 예측모델 개발

최영재(Young Jae Choi),김태원(Tae Won Kim),변재윤(Jae Yoon Byun),문진우(Jin Woo Moon) 대한설비공학회 2022 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.6

Recently, occupant-centric control (OCC) has been attracting attention for energy saving in buildings, and occupancy forecasting is a key element of this. Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop a time series-based intelligent model that predicts occupancy patterns and to check the predictability for various prediction horizons. The forecasting model was developed using a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network which predicts the number of occupancy after 15 minutes, 60 minutes, and 180 minutes. To evaluate the performance of the developed model, predictions were conducted with test data. mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) were calculated based on the errors between the actual number of occupancy and the predicted value. As a result, the MAE and RMSE of the 15-minute forecasting model was 1.54 and 2.25, respectively showing the remarkable performance. Although the prediction accuracy decreases as the prediction period increases, the 60-minute and 180-minute forecasting model presented superior performance compared to the previous studies with MAE = 2.65, RMSE = 4.18, and MAE = 4.62, RMSE = 6.90, respectively. Therefore, it was possible to confirm the applicability of the developed occupancy pattern forecasting model, and it is expected that it can be used for optimal intelligent building control through performance improvement in the future.

Performance improvement of a dehumidifying heat pump using an additional waste heat source in electric vehicles with low occupancy

Ahn, Jae Hwan,Lee, Joo Seong,Baek, Changhyun,Kim, Yongchan Elsevier 2016 ENERGY Vol.115 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A DHP (dehumidifying heat pump) has been proposed to save energy consumption in electric vehicles during the dehumidifying and heating operation. Since the mean occupancy rate in a vehicle is less than two people, it is required to optimize the performance of the DHP at low occupancy for an effective operation. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance improvement of a DHP by using the additional waste heat source in electric vehicles with low occupancy. The experiments on the DHP were conducted by varying operating modes, according to various numbers of passengers. Even though the air source DHP in an AL (alternating) mode showed 7.6% lower heating capacity on average, compared to that in the DH (dehumidifying and heating) mode, the COP improvement of the air source DHP in the AL mode against the DH mode was approximately 31% for one passenger. In addition, the dual source DHP in the AL mode showed 15.8% higher heating capacity and 5.2% higher COP on average, compared to the air source DHP in the AL mode.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A dehumidifying heat pump (DHP) using an additional waste heat source is investigated. </LI> <LI> An alternating (AL) mode is proposed for an effective operation of the DHP at low occupancy. </LI> <LI> Performances are measured at various operating modes and numbers of passengers. </LI> <LI> The AL mode showed higher COP at low occupancy than the conventional DH mode. </LI> <LI> The AL mode with the dual source showed higher performance than the other modes. </LI> </UL> </P>

권리금에 대한 실증 분석

김정욱(Kim, Jung Wook),이세환(Lee, Se Hwan) 한국부동산학회 2012 不動産學報 Vol.48 No.-

1. CONTENTS (1) RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to analyze premium for occupancy in Korea. Using survey result, characteristics of premium for occupancy are derived, and determinants of level of premium are identified. (2) RESEARCH METHOD This study is focused survey analysis. The interviewees are selected randomly among tenants in commercial area in Seoul and 6 Metropolitan cities. This questionnaire consists of the characteristics of premium along with perception of it. Based on survey result, econometric analysis is implemented to clarify deterministic factors of premium for occupancy. (3) RESEARCH FINDINGS According to the survey, tenants tend to agree with positive effect of premium, while they feel it necessary to secure payback of premium. 2. RESULTS It is shown that monthly revenue is key determinants of premium for occupancy level. This result implies that securing payback of premium is not so necessary, rather most of premium for occupancy should be discarded or included in lease contract.

거주자의 인공조명 사용행태와 재실스케줄이 건물의 에너지 소비에 미치는 영향

김효인(Kim Hyo-In),윤근영(Yun Geun-Young) 대한건축학회 2011 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.27 No.5

Lighting energy consumption accounts for a large portion of electricity use in building and the exact amount of energy use is dependent on how occupants use lighting. This study aims to reveal visual environmental conditions, occupancy patterns, and their implications for the occupant use of lighting. The field measurement of four offices in Yongin was carried out from 1 June to 31 August 2010. External and indoor illuminances, and the use of lighting and entrance doors were monitored at ten minute intervals. The results from the field survey reveal illuminance on workplane, the start and end daily occupancy, and lighting use patterns by occupants. This study demonstrates that the lighting use pattern in the monitored offices is not statistically related to external illuminance, but has a close link with the start of daily occupancy. The lighting was turned on more than 93% the occupied period. We investigated the potential effects of different occupancy schedules on cooling and lighting energy consumption in summer using EnergyPlus. Increase in cooling and lighting energy demands due to extended occupied is discussed. Therefore, occupied period has a significant impact in the analysis of building energy consumption, and is an important factor to be considered in the energy simulation.