대중골프장의 이용요금 제도개선 및 선진화 방안 연구

이용환,박충훈,김진덕 경기연구원 2020 정책연구 Vol.- No.-

Golf courses are subject to various taxes. In particular, membership golf courses are taxed more heavily than public golf courses. Public golf courses have various tax incentives for reducing usage fees in order to popularize golf. However, complaints about public golf course fees recently increased despite the tax preferential treatment. Public golf courses saw a significant growth in users with the popularization of golf. In addition, due to the Corona 19 pandemic in 2020 domestic demand increased as golf trips in China and Southeast Asia were blocked. In these circumstances, public golf fees such as the green fee, the caddy fee, and the cart fee went up and thus the usage fees became similar to membership golf courses. This study aims to plan for fair government tax incentives and improve public golf course usage fee systems. Expectations include contributing to setting policy directions related to public golf fees in Gyeonggi-do and returning fair benefits to golf course users (local residents). This study presents a survey on the current status, a case study on the types and operation of golf courses, and an examination of the laws and systems for the golf course tax system and fee system. In addition, the investigation of the effect of tax reduction and exemption of public golf courses was carried out using a perfect competitive market model analysis and a monopoly competitive market model analysis. Also, the Constitutional Court’s ruling on the legitimacy of the heavy tax on golf courses was reviewed. In conclusion, this study suggests advancing the operating fee of public golf courses through tasks and plans to secure the fairness of golf course tax benefits and usage fees. The plans to rationalize the price of popular golf courses are as follows: First, operate a public golf course fee review committee. Second, lift discrimination against non-members of membership golf courses by exempting them from individual consumption tax and the Sports Promotion Fund. Third, provide local tax reduction or exemption for golf courses according to the level of usage fees. Fourth, increase publicity by securing shares equal to the amount of tax cuts and exemptions for public golf courses Fifth, expand freedom of choice for public golf course users to use carts and accompany caddies. Sixth, normalize local government management and supervision of public golf courses. The plans to operate the public golf course fee review committee are as follows. - Composition: Composed of an odd number of no more than 15 experts and related public officials, including the chairperson. - Function: Deliberation on whether the initial admission fees or rate changes of public golf courses reflect the effect of tax reduction appropriately. Policy research for calculation and standardization of public golf courses admission fees. - Operation: Operates by dividing into regular and occasional deliberations. - Legal basis: Ordinance enacted to clarify the legal basis of the deliberation committee.

골프장 그린토양 중 Metalaxyl의 흡착 특성에 관한 연구

유병로 ( Ryu Byong-ro ),정경희 ( Jung Kyung-hee ) 한국환경기술학회 2001 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.2 No.2

본 연구는 대전지역 골프장에서 사용하고 있는 농약 중 metalaxyl에 대해서 골프장 그린토양을 대상으로 토성 및 유기물 함유량에 따른 흡착 그리고 분해양상을 규명함으로써 골프장에 살포된 metalaxyl의 거동을 파악하고자 수행되었다. Metalaxyl의 토양흡착량은 그린토양 중 점토보다 유기물의 영향이 지배적이라는 것을 알 수 있었으며, pH가 5.6 보다 2.5에서 흡착량이 증가하였다. 그린토양에 함유된 metalaxyl의 분해는 S토양보다 유기물 함량이 큰 LS토양에서 분해가 빠른 것으로 나타났으며, pH가 5.6보다 2.5일 때 분해가 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 골프장 그린에 살포된 metalaxyl의 거동에는 그린조성 토양의 유기물 함량이 증가할수록 metalaxyl의 흡착량은 증가하게 될 것으로 예측되었다. 그러나 산성비에 의한 토양의 산성화는 metalaxyl의 토양 흡착량을 증가시키고 분해를 억제함으로 지속적으로 토양중에 잔류시키거나 강우에 의해 주변 하천 및 지하수에 유출될 가능성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. This study was conducted to examined behaviors for metalaxyl, which is used as pesticide in green soil of golf course” as a functions of the characteristics of adsorption and degradation aspects with soil texture and organic matter contents. Acid water contains metalaxyl were conducted to evaluate the effects on adsorption and degradation. The adsorption of metalaxyl paly a significant role in organic contents than clay, and increased more pH 2.5 than pH 5.6 in adsorption. The rate of degradation of metalaxyl in green soil increased LS-soil with higher organic contents than S-soil. These results indicated that the behavior of metalaxyl of the green soil was affected as a soil texture of the golf course. As the increase of organic contents, adsorption amount of metalaxyl on soil increase. Moreover, the decrease of the pH of solution increase adsorption amounts. The acidification of soil by the acid rains increases the adsorption amount of metalaxyl, but the degradation of metalaxyl decreased. Therefore, it is possible to sustained contamination by run-off the stream and ground water by residuals in soil.

벤트그라스 종류, 특징 및 골프장 적용 사례

김종보 한국골프학회 2009 골프연구 Vol.3 No.2

The purpose of this study was to introduce new bentgrass cultivars and its characteristics and describe problems when the new bentgrass cultivars are planted in the golf courses in Korea without the investigation of new cultivar and its adaptation to the climate of Korea. Since the middle of 1990s, the application of new bentgrass cultivars has increased in the newly-constructed Korean Golf courses. However, due to the limitation of information on new cultivars with regard to Korean weather and other conditions, new released bentgrass cultivars have shown problems in their growth and adaptation to golf courses in Korea. Therefore, it is supposed to elucidate the characteristics of new bentgrass cultivars which developed since the 1990s. In conclusion, this study found that newly introduced betgrass cultivars should be evaluated for the Korea weather condition and geographical situation of individual golf course. Moreover, appropriate management of new bentgrass cultivars should be established and supplied to the course manager and turfgrass growers. Then, golf courses in Korea could be provided good quality of turfgrass which is placed on putting green to customer and players.

골프장 퍼팅 그린에서 착색제의 효과 증진을 위한 전착제 및 살포시기 평가

장석원(Seog-Won Chang),김기동(Ki-Dong Kim) 한국잡초학회 2021 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.10 No.3

골프장에서 착색제는 휴면기인 겨울에 잔디의 녹색 유지를 위해 처리하거나 병해충 또는 생리적인 피해에 의해 탈색된 잎을 녹색으로 위장하기 위해서 사용하는 자재 중 하나이다. 골프장에서 사용하는 녹색의 착색제는 액체의 자재이기 때문에 살포한 후 완벽하게 마르지 않았다면 사람의 신체나 신발이나 공에 묻을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 착색제 살포 후에 사람의 신체나 신발에 묻는 피해를 방지하기 위하여 크리핑 벤트그래스로 조성된 골프장 퍼팅 그린에서 전착제를 선발시험을 수행하였다. 또한 착색제 살포시기별로 전착제의 효과를 평가하였다. 전착제인 전착제(품목명), 폴리옥시에틸렌메틸폴리실록세인액제, 실록세인액제를 착색제와 혼용하여 잔디에 각각 처리직후 녹색도는 전착제 무처리구와 차이가 없었다. 착색제 처리 후 이튿날 아침 이슬이 남아있는 상태에서의 잔존 녹색도는 처리직후 녹색도에 비해 낮아졌고 3종의 전착제 처리구는 차이를 보였다. 전착제 중에는 실록세인액제 처리구가 가장 낮은 잔존 녹색도를 나타냈다. 실록세인액제가 혼합된 착색제 처리시기 시험에서는 오전 및 오후에 처리 직후 녹색도가 높았지만, 그 다음 날 아침의 잔존 색도는 오전 처리가 오후 처리보다 낮았다. 오전 및 오후 처리 모두 높은 농도의 전착제 첨가 처리구에서 잔존 색도가 낮았다. 모든 시험에서 착색제 처리 후 2일차 아침에는 착색제가 종이에 묻지 않았다. The colorant is one of the materials used to maintain the green color of turfgrass during the dormant period or to disguise the leaves discolored from pests or physiological damage in golf course. Because the colorant is sprayed with liquid on the golf courses, it can be stained on hands or shoes of turfgrass users after spraying. In this study, surfactants were evaluated on the creeping bentgrass putting green of the golf course to prevent the stain to the golfer"s shoes or hands after spraying the colorant. The effect of colorant application time on the amount of colorant remaining in the putting green was evaluated. No physically problematic phenomena were found when the surfactants polyoxy ethylene alkylarylether+sodium lingo sulfonate, polyoxyethylene methylpolysiloxane, and siloxane were mixed with the colorant, respectively. Each of the three surfactant types was excellent in coloring effect when they mixed with the colorant on creeping bentgrass. When all three types of surfactants were treated at high concentrations, they tended to exhibit low values of residual colorant at the time when dew was present on the turfgrass next morning. The colorant left on the putting green was low in the siloxane treatment. The colorant added with siloxane had a high coloring effect in both the morning and afternoon treatments, but the amount of the colorant left on the creeping bentgrass the next morning was lower in the morning treatment. Both treatments had low residual chromaticity at high concentrations of the surfactant.

골프장 그린 토양에서 Metalaxyl의 흡·탈착 특성

유병로,정경희 한국환경과학회 2002 한국환경과학회지 Vol.11 No.3

Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the behavior of metalaxyl in environment, which was used as pesticide in green soil of golf course and as functions of the characteristics of adsorption, desorption and degradation in soil texture and organic matter contents. Acid water containing metalaxyl was conducted to evaluate the effects on adsorption, desorption and degradation. The adsorption of metalaxyl played more significant role in organic contents than clay contents, and pH increases more pH 2.5 than pH 5.6. The desorption of metalaxyl from contaminants soil decreased higher organic contents LS-soil than S-soil, but the desorption amount of metalaxyl increased more pH 5.6 than pH 2.5. The rate of degradation of metalaxyl in green soil environmental increased higher organic contents LS-soil than S-soil and decreased more pH 2.5 than pH 5.6. These results indicated that the behavior of metalaxyl of the green soil was affected the soil texture of the golf courses. Increasing of organic contents, the adsorption amount of metalaxyl on soil increased. Moreover, the decrease of the pH of solution increased adsorption amounts and decreased desorption amounts. As the results, the transportation of metalaxyl in soil decreased the acidic rates. The acidification of soil by the acid rain increased the adsorption amount of metalaxyl, but the degradation of metalaxyl decreased. Therefore, it is possible to sustain contamination in run-off the stream and ground water by residuals in soil.

골프장 코스의 효율적 관리를 위한 코스관리직원의 직무실태분석

김한룡,이지환,안민주 한국골프학회 2012 골프연구 Vol.6 No.2

The purpose of this study was to examine their working environments, training programs and education for new green keepers, to analyze their job and ultimately to suggest how to improve their job environments and job performance. The subjects in this were 388 green keepers at 16 golf courses for members only in region of Youngnam. The golf courses had 18 holes or more, and a survey was conducted by using questionnaires that were prepared to cover details. The analyzable answer sheets from 251 respondents were analyzed by the statistical package SPSS 12.0. Statistical data on frequency and percentage for each item were obtained to figure out their working environment. As for job analysis, one-way ANOVA was utilized to acquire statistical information on mean and standard deviation, and F-test was employed. The findings of the study were as follows: As for job analysis by background variables, job distribution and on-the-job training should be done in consideration of age, and customized education and regular education are necessary to improve their job performance and awareness of the importance of their job. Regarding job analysis by educational level, experts or green keepers who had technical knowledge should be responsible for educating high-school graduates, and how to fulfill difficult duties such as bunker management successfully should be studied to bolster the competitiveness of a golf course. As greenkeeping is very costly and demanding, professional human resources should be fostered, and thorough education should be offered. The green keepers who had two or three years of experience and whose position was the chief, section chief or lower directed more dynamic efforts into their job performance, and more intensive on-the-job training should consequently be provided for those green keepers. In addition, separate on-the-job training programs should be developed in light of work experience to prevent experienced green keepers from falling into a habitual routine and eventually deteriorating their own job performance.

우리나라 골프장 그린에 사용하는 Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) 주요 품종별 발아특성

심상렬(Sang-Ryul Shim) 한국잡초학회·한국잔디학회 2020 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.9 No.4

Creeping Bentgrass의 8개 품종들을 대상으로 품종간 최종발아율, 발아특성 및 발아패턴을 조사하고자 30일간 ISTA변온환경에서 발아시험을 수행하였으며 그 결과 품종간 통계적 유의차가 나타났다. 즉, 발아율이 높고 발아속도가 빠른 품종은 Penncross, Shark, Penn A-4 및 Penn A-1 품종들로 나타났으며, 다음으로 Declaration인 것으로 나타났고 Pure Distinction이 그 뒤를 이었다. Pure Select는 발아속도가 느린 품종이었으며 T-1은 발아속도가 가장 느린 품종으로 확인되었다. 잔디종자 파종 시 초기발아속도가 빠를수록 잔디밭 조성에는 유리하다. 따라서 Penncross, Shark, Penn A-4 및 Penn A-1 품종들이 잔디조성측면에서 가장 우수한 것으로 평가되었다. 특히 Penn계통의 Penncross, Penn A-4 및 Penn A-1 품종들이 우수한 것은 품종개발 시 여러 개체간의 교배과정을 거쳐 생장속도가 빠른 특성을 육성하였고, Shark 품종도 100여 년 전 조성된 오래된 미국북동부의 골프장에서 수집된 South German Mixed Bentgrass개체와 Grand Prix 품종에서 분리한 개체간의 교배과정을 거쳐 유전적 생장속도가 빠른 특성을 육성한 데에서 비롯된 것으로 판단된다. Germination characteristics were evaluated under main creeping bentgrass (Agrotis stolonifera L.) cultivars used in Korean golf course greens. Tested eight cultivars of creeping bentgrass (CB) were ‘Penncross’, ‘T-1’, ‘Penn A-1’, ‘Penn A-4’, ‘Shark’, ‘Declaration’, ‘PureDistinction’ and ‘Pure Select’. CB germination experiment was conducted on alternative condition of 8-hours light at 25℃ and 16-hours dark at 15℃ required by International Seed Testing Association (ISTA). Daily and cumulative germination patterns were measured on a daily basis during 30 days and analyzed by ANOVA. Significant differences among 8 CB cultivars were observed in the first and final germination rates, required days of the 85% germination and cumulative germination rates for 10 days after seeding. The first germination of tested all varieties was simultaneously germinated in 6 days after seeding. The first and final germination were in 9.3-40% and 82-96.7%, respectively and the germination of 10 days after seeding was in 69.7-89.7% by varieties. It taken 8.9-22.0 days for tested 8 varieties to reach required days of the 85% germination rate. As a result of examining the first germination rates, the final germination rates, the germination rates of 10 days after seeding, and required days of the 85% germination under ISTA condition, Penncross, Shark, Penn A-4 and Penn A-1 among tested varieties were classified as very high germination varieties. And then Declaration and Pure Distinction were classified the high and medium germination varieties, respectively. Next, Pure Select and T-1 were classified as slow and very slow germination varieties, respectively.

크리핑 벤트그래스(Agrostis stolonifera L.) 주요 품종별 피복특성

신영수(Young Soo Sin),심상렬(Sang Ryul Shim),김재환(Jae Hwan Kim) 한국잡초학회 2021 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.10 No.2

전국 골프장의 퍼팅그린용으로 사용되고 있는 크리핑 벤트그래스의 주요품종 및 몇 가지 신품종 등 8개 공시품종들에 대해서 2019년 4월 17일 천룡컨트리클럽 실험포지에 파종 후 가시적 피복률을 1주간 간격으로 8주간 조사하였으며, 공시품종간 피복 속도를 알아보고자 25, 50, 85% 피복률 도달일수를 평가하였다. 크리핑 벤트그래스의 8개 공시품종들 간 가시적 피복률은 파종 후 3주부터 8주까지 모두 통계적 유의성이 나타났는데, ‘Shark’와 ‘Distinction’이 가시적 피복률에서 가장 우수한 품종으로 평가되었다. 다음으로 ‘Penn A-4’는 가시적 피복률이 중상, ‘Penn A-1’는 중간, ‘Declaration’ 및 ‘Penncross’는 중하로 평가되어 이들 품종들은 가시적 피복률이 중간그룹을 형성하였으며, ‘Select’와 ‘T-1’은 가시적 피복률이 가장 낮아 피복 속도가 가장 느린 품종으로 평가되었다. 또한, 각 품종의 85% 피복 도달일수 기준의 피복 속도도 품종간 가시적 피복률과 거의 같은 경향이 나타났는데, 가시적 피복률에서 중간그룹인 ‘Penn A-4’는 중상, ‘Penn A-1’는 중간, ‘Declaration’ 및 ‘Penncross’는 중하로 평가되어 세분되었으나 85% 피복 도달일수에서는 이들 품종들이 모두 중간 그룹으로 같이 평가된 점만 다르게 나타났다. Coverage characteristics were evaluated under main creeping bentgrass (Agrotis stolonifera L.) cultivars used in Korean golf course greens. Eight cultivars of creeping bentgrass (CB) were ‘Penncross’, ‘T-1’, ‘Penn A-1’, ‘Penn A-4’, ‘Shark’, ‘Declaration’, ‘Pure Distinction’ and ‘Pure Select’. Experiment was conducted on a 1m×1m plot with three replication (total plot size=24 m²) of Chunryong country club located in Jincheon, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. Weekly coverage rates and required days to 25, 50, 85, and 100% coverage after seeding were measured and analyzed. Significant differences of CB cultivars were observed in weekly coverage rates and required days of the 50, 85, and 100% coverage after seeding. As for the coverage rates, it was 30.0-46.7% (16.7% difference) on 3 weeks after seeding (WAS), 70.0-80.0% (10% difference) on 4 WAS, 83.3-90.0% (6.7% difference) on 5 WAS and 93.3-100% (6.7% difference) on 6 WAS among CB cultivars, respectively. And the number of days it takes for treated CB cultivars to cover up to 85% of plot was 29.7-35.2 days.

Development of Roundup Ready Bentgrass for the Control of Poa annua

Nick E. Christians(닉 크리스챤스),Jeong-Ho Lee(이정호) 한국잡초학회·한국잔디학회 2006 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.20 No.1

애뉴얼 블루그래스는 골프장에서 방제하기가 대단히 어려운 잡초이다. 방제가 어려운 이유로는 애뉴얼 블루그래스의 경우 불량환경에서도 왕성하게 종자생산을 할 수 있는 특성과 또한 낮은 예초환경에서도 적응력이 있기 때문이다. 하지만 무엇보다도 유전적으로 다양성이 있기 때문에 골프장의 잔디에 비해 우점할 수 있는 것이다. 일반적으로 애뉴얼 블루그래스는 일년생 한지형 잔디로, 생육형은 주형이다. 하지만 포복경이 있어 다년생의 특성을 갖는 생태형이 다른 애뉴얼 블루그래스도 있다. 골프장에서 애뉴얼 블루그래스 방제를 위해 화학적 방법과 재배적 방법에 관한 수많은 연구가 지난 85년간 진행되었다. 연구결과 일부 종류의 애뉴얼 블루그래스방제에 성공적인 결과도 있지만, 모든 종류의 애뉴얼 블루그래스 방제에 성공적인 방법은 아직 없는 실정이다. 이 모든 방제 방법들 중에 Roundup ready creeping bentgrass의 사용은 다양한 종류의 새포아풀을 방제 할 수 있다. Roundup readgy bentgrass는 Roundup에 내성이 있어 약해 피해 없이 생존이 가능하다. 따라서 골프장에서 이 새로운 기술을 활용하면 새포아풀이 없는 그린, 티, 훼어웨이를 유지할 수 있다. Annual bluegrass(Poa annua L.) is a problem weed that is very difficult to control on golf courses. There are some reasons that make Poa annua such a difficult weed to be controled. One of these reasons is this plant's ability to reproduce its seed even under stressful conditions. Another reason is its adaptation to low mowing heights. Above all things, the greatest competitive advantage of Poa annua is its genetic diversity. Generally, Poa annua is a bunch type and annual type cool-season grass, but some types act as weak perennials and have stolons. There has been much research on controlling annual bluegrass in golf course turf with chemical and cultural techniques. This research has been conducted for more than 85 years. There has been some progress in controlling some types of Poa annua, but these methods have not been successful on every biotype. Among all of the techniques, Roundup ready creeping bentgrass has the most promise of controlling the diverse types of Poa annua. Roundup ready bentgrass is capable of tolerating the effects of Roundup(glyphosate) while it kills other plants including Poa annua. By using this new technology, we can make Poa annua free greens, tees, and fairways.

감람석세사 배토에 따른 골프장 그린의 조류(Algae) 방제 효과

심상렬 청주대학교 2014 産業科學硏究 Vol.32 No.1

Algae which was commonly found on greens in golf courses had a bad influence on putting quality. Synthetic chemical fungicides could effectively control algae but also cause environmental problems. Olivine sand as the substitute of chemicals was tested for controlling algae of golf course greens. In the pond water treatment, the pond water with olivine sand was clean when compared to algae-polluted pond water with river sand. In the topdressing treatment, olivine sand topdressing was effective for controlling algae when compared to no sand topdressing, river sand topdressing and half olivine + half river sand topdressing. The reason why algae could not grow in the olivine sand was probably caused by lack of nutrition such as nitrogen and phosporous in the olivine sand of ore-law material. High temperature of quick drying water also represented the repressing effect of algae content and prevented the growth of algae after olivine sand topdressing.