Reduced Intravenous Fluorescein Dose for Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Probe-Based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy

Kazuya Inoki,Seiichiro Abe,Yusaku Tanaka,Koji Yamamoto,Daisuke Hihara,Ryoji Ichijima,Yukihiro Nakatani,Hsin- Yu Chen,Hiroyuki Takamaru,Masau Sekiguchi,Masayoshi Yamada,Taku Sakamoto,Satoru Nonaka,Haru 대한소화기내시경학회 2021 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.54 No.3

Background/Aims: Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) requires the administration of intravenous (IV) fluorescein. This study aimed to determine the optimal dose of IV fluorescein for both upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract pCLE. Methods: Patients 20 to 79 years old with gastric high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or colorectal neoplasms (CRNs) were enrolled in thestudy. The dose de-escalation method was employed with five levels. The primary endpoint of the study was the determination ofthe optimal dose of IV fluorescein for pCLE of the GI tract. The reduced dose was determined based on off-line reviews by threeendoscopists. An insufficient dose of fluorescein was defined as the dose of fluorescein with which the pCLE images were notdeemed to be visible. If all three endoscopists determined that the tissue structure was visible, the doses were de-escalated. Results: A total of 12 patients with gastric HGD and 12 patients with CRNs were enrolled in the study. Doses were de-escalated to0.5 mg/kg of fluorescein for both non-neoplastic duodenal and colorectal mucosa. All gastric HGD or CRNs were visible with pCLEwith IV fluorescein at 0.5 mg/kg. Conclusions: In the present study, pCLE with IV fluorescein 0.5 mg/kg was adequate to visualize the magnified structure of both theupper and lower GI tract.

플루오레세인(Fluorescein)에 의해 발생한 아나필락시스

이서영 ( Suh Young Lee ),김주영 ( Ju Young Kim ),강민규 ( Min Gyu Kang ),김미영 ( Mi Yeong Kim ),송우정 ( Woo Jung Song ),정재우 ( Jae Woo Jung ),강혜련 ( Hye Ryun Kang ) 대한천식알레르기학회 2011 천식 및 알레르기 Vol.31 No.3

Background: Fluorescein angiography is the standard tool for the diagnosis of vitreoretinal diseases. Fluorescein sodium has been widely used for decades. Although its adverse reactions are mostly non-immunologic and mild, fatal reactions, such as anaphylaxis, occur rarely. Case History: A 64-year-old woman experienced erythema on her face and neck, dyspnea, hypotension and loss of consciousness immediately after injection of fluorescein for angiography. Her symptoms recovered after intravenous infusion of fluid along with injection of epinephrine, steroid and antihistamine. Results: The skin prick test showed a positive reaction to fluorescein sodium. Conclusion: Based on her symptoms and the skin prick test result, the patient was diagnosed with fluorescein-induced anaphylaxis. (Korean J Asthma Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;31:223-225)

Silver Sol과 Silver Mirror Substrate를 이용한 Fluarescein의 SERS 연구

이철재 ( Chul-jae Lee ),최현국 ( Hyun-kuk Choi ),정맹준 ( Maeng-joon Jung ) 한국산업융합학회 2007 한국산업융합학회 논문집 Vol.10 No.1

It has been recently reported that the SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering) effect of the silver mirror substrate made by Tollen's method is much superior to that of other substrates. In this study, the experiments for comparison of surface enhancement of silver sol and silver mirror substrates were done, where we checked the characteristics of silver mirror substrate made by Tollen's method. The surface enhancement of fluorescein was analyzed by silver sol and silver mirror substrates. We observed the SERS spectra of fluorescein. The assignments of the vibrational bands shown in SERS spectra are given based on both literature and the semi-empirical calculations at the PM3 methods. The surface enhancement properties for fluorescein showed that the silver mirror was more superior to sliver sol substrates. Spectra of fluorescein revealed that fluorescein was adsorbed on silver surfaces by a common oxygen atom. According to the ‘surface selection rule’ the vibrations in the band intensities reflect the adsorption orientation of the molecule on to the surface of SERS substrates. Therefore, we deduced that the adsorption orientation of fluorescein was little tilted perpendicular to the silver surfaces by using of the surface selection rules.

Fluorescein 형광의 pH 의존성을 이용한 lipase 활성 측정방법

박종원(Jong-Won Park),최석정(Suk-Jung Choi) 한국생명과학회 2008 생명과학회지 Vol.18 No.8

이 연구의 목적은 물-오일 계면에서 특이적인 lipase 활성을 측정할 수 있는 high-throughput assay 방법을 확립하는 것이다. 이 방법은 pH에 따라 형광의 세기가 변하는 fluorescein의 특성을 이용하여 lipase의 작용으로 방출되는 지방산으로 인한 pH 변화를 fluorescein의 형광 변화로 측정하도록 되어 있다. 활성의 측정은 오일 에멀션과 fluorescein 그리고 효소를 포함하는 반응 용액을 반응시키면서 일정한 간격으로 형광을 측정함으로써 이루어진다. 이 방법을 통해 형광의 세기가 효소의 양에 비례하는 속도로 감소하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었으며 시간에 따른 형광 변화 그래프로부터 계산한 반응 속도가 효소의 양에 선형으로 비례한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또 한 가지 중요한 사실은 assay를 하는데 있어서 pH 6.0-8.0의 범위에서 다른 pH 조건을 사용할 수 있었다는 점이다. The purpose of this study was to establish a high-throughput assay method capable of estimating specific lipase activity at oil-water interface. The method is based on the fact that fluorescence intensity of fluorescein is affected by pH. The pH-dependence might be used to monitor pH change caused by the release of fatty acid through the action of lipase. Assay was performed by incubating a reaction mixture containing oil emulsion, fluorescein and enzyme and by monitoring fluorescence intensity periodically. Fluorescence intensity decreased linearly with a rate proportional to the enzyme amount. Linear relationship was observed between enzyme amount and reaction rate which was calculated from a graph of fluorescence change against time. The assay was possible at different pH conditions in the range of pH 6.0-8.0.

활성탄을 이용한 플루오레세인 염료 흡착에 대한 평형, 동력학 및 열역학 파라미터의 연구

이종집 ( Jong Jib Lee ),엄명헌 ( Myeong Heon Um ) 한국공업화학회 2012 공업화학 Vol.23 No.5

수용액으로부터 유독한 플루오레세인 염료 성분을 제거하는데 있어서 활성탄의 활용가능성을 살펴보았다. 회분식 실 험을 통해 입상 활성탄에 대한 플루오레세인 염료의 흡착특성을 초기농도, 접촉시간 및 흡착온도를 변수로 하여 조사 하였다. 실험결과는 활성탄이 수용액으로부터 플루오레세인 염료를 고효율로 제거할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 흡착 평형관계는 298∼318 K의 온도범위에서 Freundlich 등온식이 잘 적용되었다. 흡착동력학적 연구로 부터 플루오레세인 염료의 흡착공정은 유사이차속도식에 잘 맞았으며 유사이차속도상수(k2)는 플루오레세인 염료 초기농도가 높을수록 감소하였다. 흡착자유에너지변화(△G 0), 엔탈피변화(△H 0), 엔트로피변화(△S 0 )를 계산하여 본 결과, 표준자유에너지 변화량이 -17.11∼-20.50 kJ/mol로 자발적인 공정임을 알았다. 엔탈피변화량은 33.2 kJ/mol로 양의 값을 나타내어 활성 탄에 대한 플루오레세인 염료의 흡착이 흡열반응임을 알 수 있었다. The paper includes the utlization of an activated carbon as a potential adsorbent to remove a hazardous fluorescein dye from an aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for the removal of fluorescein dyes using a granular activated carbon as an adsorbent. The effects of various parameters such as pH, amount of adsorbent, contact time, initial concentration and temperature of the adsoprtion system were investigated. The experimental results revealed that activated carbon exhibit high efficiencies to remove fluorescein dyes from the aqueous solution. The equilibrium process can be well described by Freundlich isotherm in the temperature range from 298 K to 318 K. From adsorption kinetic experiments, the adsorption process followed a pseudo second order kinetic model, and the adsorption rate constant (K2) decreased with increasing the initial concentration of fluorescein. The free energy of adsorption (△G o), enthalpy (△H o), and entropy (△S o) change were calculated to predict the nature adsorption. The estimated values for △G o were -17.11∼-20.50 kJ/mol over an activated carbon at 250 mg/L, indicated toward a spontaneous process. The positve value for △H 0, 33.2 kJ/mol, indicates that the adsorption of fluorescein dyes on an activated carbon is an endothermic process.

A Case of Myelopathy after Intrathecal Injection of Fluorescein

Park, Kwang-Yeol,Kim, Young-Baeg The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2007 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.42 No.6

We present a case with seizure, confusion, hypesthesia and paraplegia after intrathecal injection of fluorescein. A 41-year-old man was admitted to our institution for the management of the CSF leakage. Intrathecal injection of fluorescein was performed and he complained of severe pain and numbness in the lower extremities at the end of the injection. Four hours later, he exhibited confusion, paraparesis and two episodes of generalized seizures. Two days later, he showed paraplegia and all sensory modalities below the T12 level were absent. Spine magnetic resonance imaging revealed myelopathic change in the lower thoracic spinal cord. There was no improvement of weakness and sensory deficits in lower extremity even 14 days after fluorescein injection. We speculated that thoracic myelopathy was associated with the intrathecal injection of fluorescein. In spite of its rarity, the complication after intrathecal injection of fluorescein could be serious. Thus, obtaining an informed consent with discussion with patient before the procedure is mandatory.

황반원공에서 10% 플루오레세인 나트륨 복용 후 유리체절제술시 향상된 유리체의 시각화

정경도(Kyeong Do Jeong),김재석(Jae Suk Kim) 대한검안학회 2015 Annals of optometry and contact lens Vol.14 No.2

Purpose: We reported the improvement in visualization of clear vitreous during vitrectomy for macular hole after administration of 10% sodium fluorescein. Methods: Five eyes of five patients with macular hole who required pars plana vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling and intravitreal gas injection were included in the present study. An injectable solution of 10% sodium fluorescein (5 mL) diluted with normal saline (50 mL) was administered orally before 12 hours from surgery. Results: No patients had adverse effect of oral administration of sodium fluorescein, and green colored vitreous was seen with endoillumination probe. Conclusions: In the present study, oral administration of sodium fluorescein is relatively safe and helpful for chromovitrectomy.

Fluorescein에 의해 발생한 광알레르기 피부염

강민철 ( Min Chul Kang ),김성애 ( Sung Ae Kim ),이규석 ( Kyu Suk Lee ),조재위 ( Jae We Cho ) 대한피부과학회 2009 대한피부과학회지 Vol.47 No.12

Fluorescein has been used for decades in ophthalmology for fluorescence angiography and it is the only fluorophore routinely used in experimental dermatology for in vivo study of the skin. It absorbs blue light, with peak absorption and excitation wavelengths between 465 and 490 nm and fluoresces at yellow-green wavelengths of 520∼530 nm. The most common side effects are nausea and vomiting, and other adverse events such as a vasovagal response, cardiac or respiratory effects, neurologic manifestations or allergy, including anaphylaxis, were also reported. But a photosensitive reaction to fluorescein is very rare. We report here on a case of photoallergic dermatitis due to fluorescein after fluorescence angiography. (Korean J Dermatol 2009;47(12):1368∼1370)

Synthesis of Fluorophores with Aggregation-induced Emission Characteristics Using Fluorescein Derivatives

정채윤,전종호 대한방사성의약품학회 2023 Journal of radiopharmaceuticals and molecular prob Vol.9 No.2

In this research, novel AIE (Aggregation-Induced Emission) fluorophores were synthesized by ingeniously attaching a variety of substituents, including allyl, benzyl, and propargyl groups, to the hydroxy and carboxylate groups of fluorescein. The findings revealed a fascinating trend: the fluorescence intensity of these compounds varied progressively with the solvent ratio. This intriguing behavior is attributed to the superior aggregation of the synthesized materials in aqueous environments compared to organic solvents, resulting in markedly enhanced fluorescence. Moreover, the optical characteristics of these materials were found to be significantly influenced by the specific type of substituent grafted onto the fluorescein backbone. Notably, the fluorescence intensity was observed to escalate in the sequence of methoxy triethylene glycol, azidoethyl, allyl, propargyl, and benzyl group in the solution of H2O:DMSO (=99:1). The implications of this study can be vast, particularly in the realm of fundamental research areas like molecular imaging and sensor technology. These innovative AIE fluorophores offer a promising platform for advanced applications, leveraging their unique fluorescence behavior dictated by the nature of the substituent and the solvent environment.

흰주의 망막과 맥락막 혈관에서의 혈소판과 백혈구의 혈류측정 및 영상화

김재덕,양연식,신봉주,조정구 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 1997 圓光醫科學 Vol.13 No.1-2

Purpose: To directly visualize the flow of leukocytes in choroidal vessels and the flow of platelets in retinal vessels in a rat without incision by fluorescein leukocyte angiography(FLA) using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope(SLO). Methods: Blood was withdrawn from a tail vein of a Sprague-Dawley rat with a tuberculin syringe traced with sodium heparin and mixed with sodium fluorescein. The fluorescent plasma layer was diluted with saline solution, centrifuged and then the overlying plasma discarded. The remaining cell suspension was diluted with saline to create the original hematocrit, then infused into the vein of the same rat while performing fluorescein angiography with an SLO. The angiographic image was recorded on a videotape using time-lapsed photography. Results: Fluorescent platelets were detected and the flow within the retinal vessels traced over time. Fluorescent leukocytes in the choroidal vessels were also detected and the flow of a leukocyte was traced and its relative velocities were plotted against the time sequence. The relatve size and fluorescence intensities of the plateletes and leukocytes in the angiographic image corresponded well with the smear of the blood preparation. Conclusion: FLA using an SLO can be used to detect the flow of platelets in the retinal vessels and the flow of leukocytes in the choroidal vessels in the experimental rat eye model.