은행대출과 M2통화량 및 지급준비금의 장기적 관계에 대한 실증분석 : ARDL bounds test를 중심으로

이강원(Lee, Kangwon) 한국사회경제학회 2021 사회경제평론 Vol.34 No.3

본 연구는 2002~2019년 한국의 은행대출, M2통화량 및 지급준비금 월별 자료를 이용하여 통화공급의 내생성 여부를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 분석에 는 ARDL bounds test를 이용하여 변수들 사이의 장기적 공적분 관계를 검정하고 장기탄력성을 추정하였다. 분석 결과 해당 기간동안 지급준비금이 M2 통화량에 의해 장기적으로 조정되고, M2통화량은 은행대출에 의해 장기적으로 조정되었다. 이는 통화공급이 내생적이라고 주장하는 내생화폐론과 부합한다. 현실의 통화정책을 이해하고 발전시키기 위해서는 통화공급의 내생성과 내생화폐론에 대한 연구 및 논의가 확장될 필요가 있다. This paper aims to analyze whether Korea s money supply was endogenous or exogenous using monthly time-series data for the 2002-2019 period. The long-run relationships between the variables(bank loan, M2(broad money), and reserves) were analyzed through the ARDL bounds test approach. As a result, it was confirmed that Korea s money supply during the period was endogenous. Reserves were adjusted by M2, and M2 was adjusted by bank loans in the long run. This is consistent with the endogenous money theory, which claims that the money supply is endogenous.

성인 ADHD 경향성에 대한 웹기반 실험신경심리 연구: 회귀억제, 스트룹 및 내생-외생 주의과제

곽호완,장문선 한국임상심리학회 2007 Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol.26 No.4

1) 본 연구에서 사용되는 회귀억제 패러다임은 성인 ADHD에서 발견될 수 있는 주의결핍, 특히 억제적 주의의 결함을 드러내기 쉬운 과제이며, 2) 스트룹과제는 ADHD의 행동억제 결함, 반응간섭의 효과를 드러낼 수 있는 과제이다. 3) 마지막으로, 본 연구에서는 내생-외생攀 내생-외생 (endogenous-exogenous) 주의란 두 가지 유형의 주의상태를 나타내는데, 예를 들어, 화면 중앙에 화살표 단서로서 미래의 표적위치를 예언해주는 경우를 피험자가 자발적으로 주의를 작동시키므로 내생 주의정향(attentional orienting)이라하고, 화면의 양 측면 중 한곳에 급작스런 말초단서를 제시하는 경우 강제적이고 자동적인 주의정향이 이루어지므로 외생 주의정향이라고 한다. 많은 연구에서 이 두 가지 주의정향은 질적으로 매우 다른 과정을 내포하고 있는 것으로 주장한다.攀攀 주의과제를 포함하고자 한다. ADHD는 환경사상의 외적인 측면과, 내적인 동기 상황을 잘 조절하지 못하는 실행기능의 결함이 있는 것으로 알려져 있으므로, 만일 ADHD가 외적 자극의 신기성이나 돌출성에 잘 반응하여 지속적인 과제 수행에 결함을 보인다면, ADHD는 내생 주의단서에 둔감하고 외생 주의단서에 보다 민감하게 촉진효과를 보일 것이다. 본 연구의 목적은 다양한 실험 신경심리 과제들에서 성인 ADHD 진단에 도움을 줄 수 있는 지표들을 탐색하고 그 지표들이 ADHD 성향군을 선발하는데 얼마나 유용한지를 보고자 하는 것이다. This study developed three web-based neuropsychological experiments to examine attention deficits in adults with ADHD. Specifically, we carried out inhibition of return(IOR), stroop, and endogenous- exogenous attention tasks to extract amount of IOR, stroop interference, and endogenous-exogenous cue effects. Then, we identified indices showing high correlations with ADHD symptom scales, and compared these indices of ADHD group with control group. As results, IOR and endogenous cue effects were highly correlated DSM-ADHD scale. In addition, we carried a discriminant function analysis with seven experimental indices to examine whether these indices can successfully discriminate ADHDs from normal control group. Result showed 100% of the cases were correctly classified when all the 20 indeices were used. With 7 selected indices, 95.7% of the cases were correctly classified as predicted. Finally, we discussed differences among tests used in this research and conventional tests.

Endogenous Growth and Agglomeration Economies in Korean Manufacturing

Yung Joon Lee,Ky-hyang Yuhn,Dae-Shik Lee 한국경제연구학회 2007 Korea and the World Economy Vol.8 No.2

This study evaluates competitiveness in Korean manufacturing from the aspect of scale economies in an endogenous-growth framework. The paper investigated agglomeration economies (urbanization and localization economies) and endogenous-technology economies in Korean manufacturing using industry- and city-sorted data. The study shows that the measure of efficiency estimated by the sum of agglomeration economies and endogenous-technology economies was at the lowest level in 1981, but it continued to improve until 1990 when such a trend started to reverse, and the declining phase of efficiency became pronounced by 1993. Empirical results suggest that the deterioration of external and internal scale economies in the Korean manufacturing sector seems to be a key factor in explaining the slowdown in the potential growth of the Korean economy.

Empirical Analysis of an Augmented Schumpeterian Endogenous Growth Model

Ejike Udeogu,Uzochukwu Amakom,Shampa Roy-Mukherjee 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2021 Journal of Economic Development Vol.46 No.1

This study conducts an empirical analysis of an augmented Schumpeterian endogenous growth theory using aggregate-level data from 1981 to 2017 for 31 OECD countries. Despite a considerable number of studies analysing endogenous growth, cross-country analyses utilising estimators robust to endogeneity-bias and controlling for the macroeconomic effect of institutions are still rare. In this paper, we employ a relatively consistent estimator to analyse an augmented neoclassical production function that links output per worker to capital accumulation, technological progress, and institutions. Our results from the extended system of generalised method of momentS estimation align with the mainstream consensus that capital accumulation and technological progress or innovation, in the form of R&D activities, determine the level of output per worker in the long run. But in addition, we find that effective institutions underlie the innovation effect. On average, the impact of R&D activities on output per worker is higher in countries with more effective institutions.

Endogenous Growth and Agglomeration Economies in Korean Manufacturing: A Sign of Declining Competitiveness

이영준,이대식,윤기향 한국경제연구학회 2007 Korea and the World Economy Vol.8 No.2

This study evaluates competitiveness in Korean manufacturing from the aspect of scale economies in an endogenous-growth framework. The paper investigated agglomeration economies (urbanization and localization economies) and endogenous-technology economies in Korean manufacturing using industry- and city-sorted data. The study shows that the measure of efficiency estimated by the sum of agglomeration economies and endogenous-technology economies was at the lowest level in 1981, but it continued to improve until 1990 when such a trend started to reverse, and the declining phase of efficiency became pronounced by 1993. Empirical results suggest that the deterioration of external and internal scale economies in the Korean manufacturing sector seems to be a key factor in explaining the slowdown in the potential growth of the Korean economy.

농산물 직거래에 대한 농촌관광의 효과 - 농촌관광의 내생성 검증을 중심으로 -

박상곤,박석희 한국관광학회 2011 관광학연구 Vol.35 No.2

This study analyzed the relationship between rural-tourism and farm-to- consumer direct transaction using the survey data of 36,989 responses obtained from the 2009 Social Statistics Survey. Previous literature examined the determinants of farm-to-consumer direct transaction, and pointed out that the rural- tourism might suffer from the endogeneity problem. If there is endogeneity in rural-tourism as explanatory variables, the effects of rural- tourism on farm-to-consumer direct transaction may be insignificant or the estimates may be wrong-signed. To solve this problem, this study employed the endogenous switch probit model. With this model, this study tested whether the rural-tourism was endogenous. Results of this study showed consistent estimates for the effects of rural-tourism on farm-to-consumer direct transaction. Results also indicated that on average, the rural-tourism increased the farm-to-consumer direct transaction by 17.4%. This suggests that rural-tourism does not suffer from the endogeneity problem. 이 연구는 2009년 사회통계조사 응답자 36,989명의 응답결과를 이용하여 농촌관광과 농산물 직거래에 대한 관계를 분석하였다. 이 주제에 대한 직접적인 연구가 없는 사항에서 기존 관련 연구들의 암묵적 논의는 농산물직거래에 대한 결정요인으로 으로써 농촌관광이 핵심 변수 중 하나라는 점이다. 그러나 농촌관광이 농산물에 대한 효과 추정에 있어 가장 큰 걸림돌은 농촌관광의 내생성에 기인한다. 만약 설명변수로써 농촌관광이 내생적이라면 농산물 직거래에 대한 농촌관광의 효과 추정치는 일치추정치도 아니며 그 부호의 방향마저 바뀔 수 있다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 이 연구는 내생전환 프로빗 모형을 적용하여 농촌관광의 내생성 문제를 검증한 후 농촌관광이 농산물에 대한 일치 추정량을 구하였다. 실증분석 결과는 첫째, 농촌관광의 내생성은 존재하지 않는 것으로 나타났고, 둘째, 평균적으로 농촌관광은 농산물 직거래를 17.4% 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다.

중첩세대간 경제의 유일성과 안정성 연구

류순희 ( Shun J Liu ),박현 ( Hyun Park ) 경희대학교 사회과학연구원 2013 社會科學硏究 Vol.39 No.2

본 연구는 가계의 시간에 대한 선호도가 내생적으로 결정되는 세대간 중첩모형에서의 동태적 일반균형의 특징을 살펴본다. 특히, 각 가계의 효용함수의 시간선호율은 부모의 소비및 저축에 대해 음(-)의 관계가 있고, 동세대의 다른 가계들의 평균소비 및 자산에 대해서는 양(+)의 관계가 있다는 가정 하에서 동태적 균형의 존재성, 유일성, 안정성을 연구한다. 첫째, 개인의 효용에 미치는 외부성으로 인하여 다중균형이 존재할 수 있다. 이는 동태적완전경쟁 경제에서 가계 간의 소득불균형의 원인을 내포하고 있다. 둘째, 본 논문은 장기적균형성장 궤적과 과도적 궤적의 유일성과 안정성 조건을 제시한다. 셋째, 시간선호율이 내생적인 모형에서 장기균형의 지엽적 안정성 및 안정적 소용돌이의 발생할 수 있음을 보여주며, 이는 내생적인 경기변동이 장/단기 시장균형에서 모두 발생할 수 있는 현상이라는 함의가 있다. This study considers a dynamic competitive general equilibrium when time preferences in life-cycle utility are endogenous. In an economy with overlapping generations, we postulate that each household`s time preferences are not only influenced by the parent`s consumption and savings behavior in a dynastic intergenerational environment, but also affected by external consumption habits in young cohort households in an intragenerational environment. This paper shows the existence, uniqueness, and stability of the dynastic competitive economy with endogenous time preferences. First, the effect of these consumption externalities on the individual`s time preferences generates the existence of multiple equilibrium paths. This suggests the possibility of income equalities among households in a dynamic competitive economy. Second, we also identify the conditions needed for a unique balanced growth path and a stable transitional path. Third, we study the dynamics of a transitional path based around a steady state and demonstrate the possibility of saddle stabilities and stable spirals, thus suggesting the existence of endogenous business cycles.

대학생의 미래직업목표 차이와 교직필수과목에 대한 인지된 도구성, 학습동기, 자기조절력의 관계

이주미(Lee Jumi) 한국열린교육학회 2015 열린교육연구 Vol.23 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 교직전공 필수과목을 수강하는 144명의 대학생들의 미래목표 차이가 그들의 인지된 내적/외적 도구성, 내재적/외재적 학습동기, 그리고 자기조절력에 어떻게 관련이 있는지 연구하였다. 대학생들을 그들의 미래목표에 따라 세 그룹으로 나뉘었다: (1) 대학 졸업 후 교사직 목표 그룹, (2) 연구직이나 행정직을 포함한 교육계에 관련된 직업 목표 그룹, 그리고 (3) 교사직을 예비계획으로 생각하는 그룹. 본 연구의 결과에서, 교사직을 목표로 하는 그룹이 교육계 직업을 목표로 하는 그룹이나 교사직 또는 교육계 직업에 관심이 없거나 교사직을 예비계획으로 보는 그룹보다 유의미하게 높은 교직전공필수과목에 대한 인지된 내적 도구성과 외적 도구성을 가졌다. 본 연구의 결과가 제안하는 것은, 교사직을 목표로 하는 학생들은 교사직에 관심이 없는 학생들보다 교직필수과목을 그들의 미래목표를 달성하기 위한 수단으로 더 인식하고 있다는 것이다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which 144 college students' different career future goals were related to different levels of their endogenous/exogenous instrumentality, intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, and self-regulation in teacher-education courses. Regarding the students' future goals, students were categorized into three different future goal groups: (1) definitely planning on pursuing a career in teaching; (2) planning on pursuing a career related to education but not actually teaching; and (3) pursuing a teaching credential as a back-up plan. Results indicated that students who were committed to becoming a teacher provided significantly higher ratings concerning their perceived endogenous and exogenous instrumentalities than students who wanted to go into other teaching related fields or who saw teaching as a back-up plan. The different students’ ratings for endogenous and exogenous instrumentalities, depending on their different future goals, suggested that aspiring teachers saw the teacher education courses as a means to achieve their future goals more than students who were not interested in teaching as a future career.

Relationships between College Students' Different Future Career Goals and Their Perceived Instrumentality, Motivation, and Self-Regulation in Required Courses for Pre-service Teacher Education

이주미 한국열린교육학회 2015 열린교육연구 Vol.23 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which 144 college students' different career future goals were related to different levels of their endogenous/exogenous instrumentality, intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, and self-regulation in teacher-education courses. Regarding the students' future goals, students were categorized into three different future goal groups: (1) definitely planning on pursuing a career in teaching; (2) planning on pursuing a career related to education but not actually teaching; and (3) pursuing a teaching credential as a back-up plan. Results indicated that students who were committed to becoming a teacher provided significantly higher ratings concerning their perceived endogenous and exogenous instrumentalities than students who wanted to go into other teaching related fields or who saw teaching as a back-up plan. The different students’ ratings for endogenous and exogenous instrumentalities, depending on their different future goals, suggested that aspiring teachers saw the teacher education courses as a means to achieve their future goals more than students who were not interested in teaching as a future career.

석탄화력발전대비 LNG복합화력발전 환경성 및 경제성비용분석에 관한 연구

김종원 강원대학교 경영경제연구소 2018 Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Vol.9 No.4

This study is about comparing coal thermal plant to LNG combined power plant in respect ofenvironmental and economic cost analysis. In addition sensitive analysis of power cost anddiscount rate is conducted to compare the result of change in endogenous and exogenousvariable. For environmental assessment, when they generate 10,669GWh yearly, coal thermalpower plant emits sulfur oxides 959ton, nitrogen oxide 690ton, particulate matter 168ton andLNG combined power plant emits only nitrogen oxide 886ton respectively every year. Regarding economic cost analysis on both power plants during persisting period 30 years, coalthermal power plant is more cost effective 4,751 billion won than LNG combined taking inaccount the initial, operational, energy and environmental cost at 10,669GWh yearly in spiteof only LNG combined power plant’s energy cost higher than coal thermal. In case ofsensitive analysis of power cost and discount rate, as 1% rise or drop in power cost, the totalcost of coal thermal power plant increases or decreases 81 billion won and LNG combined157 billion won up or down respectively. When discount rate 1% higher, the cost of coalthermal and LNG combined power plant decrease 498 billion won and 539 billion won foreach. When discount rate 1% lower, the cost of both power plant increase 539 billion wonand 837 billion won. With comparing each result of change in power cost and discount rate,as discount rate is weigher than power cost, which means most influential variable of powerplan is discount rate one of exogenous variables not endogenous.