초음파 진단장치를 이용한 축우의 번식효율증진에 관한 연구 II. 무발정 젖소에서 초음파검사 및 progesterone 농도측정에 의한 난소 구조물의 비교평가

손창호,강병규,최한선,강현구,백인석,서국현,Son, Chang-ho,Kang, Byong-kyu,Choi, Han-sun,Kang, Hyun-gu,Paik, In-seok,Suh, Guk-hyun 대한수의학회 1998 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.38 No.3

The accuracy of ultrasonography for determining the presence of a functional corpus luteum in subestrous dairy cows was investigated, using a radioimmunoassay for progesterone in plasma. Luteal status (high or low progesterone concentrations) was diagnosed in 534 cows, using B-mode transrectal ultrasonography. Accuracy of ultrasonography was 96.3% and 88.8% in the cows with and without functional corpus luteum, respectively. In 362 cows diagnosed with functional corpus luteum by ultrasonographic examination, 20 cows were diagnosed with the non-functional corpus luteum by analysis of plasma progesterone concentrations (false positive). In 172 cows with non-functional corpus luteum by ultrasonographic examination, 13 cows were diagnosed with the functional corpus luteum based on plasma progesterone assay (false negative). Most of the corpus luteum with well-defined border and homogeneous echotexture were diagnosed with functional corpus luteum. All cows that were not detected a corpus luteum by ultrasonographic examination were diagnosed as non-functional corpus luteum. The corpus luteum of cows that were diagnosed with false positive appeared homogeneous echotexture and above 15 mm in diameter, but the corpus luteum was the non-functional corpus luteum within Day 5 (Day 0 is ovulation day) or after Day 19. The corpus luteum of cows that were diagnosed with false negative appeared heterogeneous echogenicity and below 15 mm in diameter, but the corpus luteum was the functional corpus luteum after Day 5 or around Day 17. It was concluded that accuracy of ultrasonography was excellent for determining the presence of a functional corpus luteum in subestrous dairy cows. The corpus luteum that was diagnosed with false positive or false negative was the developing or regressing states. Thus, ultrasonography was required a serial examination of two or three times accurately diagnosing these corpus luteum.

도축우 유래 난소낭종의 감별진단 및 치료제 선택

박상국 ( Sang Guk Park ),최동식 ( DONG SIK CHOI ),박장일 ( Jang Il Park ),정대영 ( Dae Young Jeoung ) 한국가축위생학회 2000 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.23 No.2

To establish the differential diagnosis and treatment method in bovine ovarian cysts, specially ovarian cysts with corpus luteum, serum progesterone (P4) concentration and ultrasonography for measuring the cystic wall thickness and diameter of cyst and corpus luteum were investigated from slaughtered cows with ovarian cysts. Ovarian cysts were classified 8 types by the number of cyst, cystic wall thickness and present of corpus luteum. Ovarian cysts with corpus luteum were 11(13.6%) of 81 cows and ovarian cysts without corpus luteum were 70 (86.4%) cows. The incidence rates of 8 various types of ovarian cysts were as follows; 2Ba 33.3%, 2Aa 25.9% and 2Bb 14.8%, respectively. The incidence rates of ovarian cysts without corpus luteum were follicular cyst 59.2% and luteal cyst 27.2%. The cystic wall thickness were 2Ab 3.7mm and 2Bb 3.5uun, and the serum P4 concentrations were above 2.0 ng/ia in lAa, lAb, iBa, 2Ab and 2Bb. respectively. In ovarian cysts with corpus luteum, the correlation coefficients between corpus luteum area and serum P4 concentration were 0.45. In ovarian cysts without corpus luteum, there was significantly positive correlations between cystic wall thickness and serum P4 concentration(r2 = 0.54, p<O.Ol). These results indicate that PGF2 a analogues can be choice for treatment of ovarian cysts with corpus luteum and above 3mm the cystic wall thickness because serum P4 concentrations were above 2.0 ng/`n€ in ovarian cysts with corpus luteum and thickened cystic wall. In conclusion, it is suggested that ultrasonography is useful diagnostic tool for diagnosis and selection of treatment remedy in cystic ovaries of bovine.

Differential Expression Patterns of PCD between Corpus Luteum in Normal and Miniature Porcine

Ji-Hye Lee,Da-Hye Shin,Sang-Hwan Kim,Jong-Taek Yoon 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2017 발생공학 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.10

There were differences in reproductive physiology between miniature pig and normal pig, suggesting differences in estrus and pregnancy. The importance of apoptosis in the development of ovarian follicles and maturation of oocytes. However little is known about the molecular mechanism behind these characteristics. It is known that proper execution of programmed cell death is crucial for normal follicular development. Especially, the plays a very important role of remodeling corpus luteum for successful fertilization to reproductive effect of mammals. In the present study of this experiment was to understand the programmed cell death in normal pig and miniature pig corpus luteum of estrus day 15. Expression of MAP1LC3A and other autophagy- related genes (ATG13, Beclin-1) was significantly higher in normal pig corpus luteum. On the other hand, the expression of apoptosis-related genes (casp-3, BAX) and BCL-2 gene was significantly higher in miniature pig corpus luteum. Expression of genes related to cell metabolism activity (IGF, PCNA) was significantly higher in the normal pig corpus luteum than in the miniature pig corpus luteum. Gene expression of hormone receptor (FSH, LH) was higher than that of miniature pig corpus luteum. Our result is suggest that the expression of LH and FSH hormone in the normal pig is elevated by the high activity of the cell-metabolizing activity gene, and thus, the autophagy is induced. In the miniature pig, the expression of the cell metabolizing activity gene is low and the progesterone hormone mechanism And BCL-2 gene expression are thought to induce apoptosis. This is normal pig and miniature pig corpus luteum of estrus day 15 were able to confirm that shows a significantly different pattern to each other. While the process of programmed cell death in normal pig corpus luteum majorly depended on the type II pathway (autophagy), miniature pig corpus luteum preferred the type I pathway (apoptosis). These differences may contribute greatly to manipulating the reproduction of pigs.

흰쥐 난소에서 황체내 큰포식세포에 관한 형태학적 연구 : 면역조직화학적 및 투과전자현미경적 연구

김원식,한승로,조근자,김수일,박창식 충남대학교 형질전환복제돼지연구센터 2007 논문집 Vol. No.10

황체는 임신의 수립과 유지에 필수적인 일시적인 내분비샘으로, 주기능을 발정주기의 생리적 기간을 결정하고 성공적인 임신을 달성하는데 결정적인 프로게스테론의 생산이다. 황체의 기능은 뇌하수체 gonadotropin 뿐만 아니라 황체내 큰포식세포에서 분비되는 TNF-α를 포함한 몇가지 cytokines에 의해 조절되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 흰쥐 (Sprague-Dawley계통)에서 생식주기별 황체내 큰포식세포의 변화를 면역조직화학적 및 투과전자현미경적으로 관찰 비교하였다. 본 연구에서 흰쥐 황체에서 큰포식세포는 배란기,임신기 및 출산후기 등 모든 시기에 나타나고,그 수와 면역반응성은 배란기에 가장 컸고 출산후기,임신기 순으로 나타났다. 아울러 투과전자현미경 관찰에서는 황체내 큰포식세포를 세포체가 가늘고 돌기가 긴 비포식성 큰포식세포와 포식성 공포와 지방소체들을 많이 함유한 포식성 콘포식세포로 분류할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 황체내 콘포식세포는 발정주기에 따라 그 수나 면역반응성이 다르며,황체퇴화가 활발히 진행되는 배란기와 출산후기에 면역반응성이 증가하고 포식성 큰식세포들이 나타난 것은 큰포식세포에서 TNF-α 와 같은 cytokines의 분비를 활발히 일으키고 그들이 황체세포들의 세포자멸사를 유발,촉진하고 또한 세포자멸 사소체들을 포식,제거하는 방법으로 황체퇴화를 유도하여 정상적인 발정주기를 유지하기 위한 기전으로 생각 되고,임신기에 큰 포식세포의 수와 면역반응성이 작아지고 비포식성 큰포식세포가 주를 이루는 것은 이들이 TNF-α 동의 cytokines 분비를 통해 그들이 황체자극효과를 나타내 황체의 기능을 유지,촉진하는데만 관여하고,한편으로는 황체에서 생산되는 프로게스테론에 의한 큰포식세포 억제작용 때문인 것으로 생각된다. Macrophages in the corpus luteum have many important roles during the periods of functional development and luteal regression. Not only phagocyte the apoptotic luteal cells, but also they secrete many cytokines and exert their effects via autocrine/paracrine actions. In this study, we investigated the changes of number and immunoreactivity of macrophages at various developmental periods of the corpus luteum in the rat ovary. The rats (Sprague- Dawley strain, female) at age of 8 weeks (ovulatory period), GD 6 (pregnant period), and postpartum 5 days (postpartum period) were sacrificed under ether anesthesia and obtained both ovaries, one used for macrophages immunohistochemistry and the other used for TEM. The results were as follows; I. In the corpora lutea of the rat, macrophages were observed all the developmental periods including ovulatory, pregnant and postpartum periods. 2. In the corpora lutea of the rat, number of macrophages was highest in the ovulatory period, and decreased at postpartum period and pregnant period in order. The immunoreactivity of macrophages was high at ovulatory period, moderate at postpartum period, and low at pregnant period. 3. In TEM observations, two types of macro phages were observed: One type was non-phagocytic macrophage and the other type was phagocytic macrophage. Phagocytic macrophages were observed in the corpora lutea at ovulatory and postpartum periods and contained apoptotic bodies, phagocytic vacuoles and many lipid droplets. Non-phagocytic macrophages were observed in the corpora lutea at pregnancy period and showed slender cell body with long cytoplasmic processes and contained no apoptotic bodies. In the rat, the number and the degree of immunoreactivity of macrophages in the corpus luteum varied with the changes of functional state of the corpus luteum. It was suggested that the main function of the macrophages at the ovulatory and postpartum periods was elimination of apoptotic luteal cells and that at pregnancy period was autocrine/paracrine action. Ultrastructurally, two types, phagocytic and nonphagocytic types, of macrophages confirmed. These results will provide valuable informations on the study of the role macrophages during development and regression of corpus luteum.

황체의 생성과 생리작용의 기전에 관여하는 에스트로겐의 역할(총설)

민태희,이승형 강원대학교 동물생명과학연구소 2024 동물자원연구 Vol.35 No.1

The physiological functions of the ovary and development of the corpus luteum occur through the activation of endocrine hormones. In this process, estrogen, a reproductive hormone, is secreted in the ovarian follicle and corpus luteum and affects corpus luteum formation and regression. Estrogen controls the synthesis of reproductive hormones by binding to estrogen receptor–α and –β. Estradiol–17β, synthesized in the ovary, regulates the physiological function of the corpus luteum and the angiogenesis signaling pathway. Estrogen controls progesterone synthesis, which is regulated by StAR-transported cholesterol, P450scc-converted pregnenolone in mitochondria, and 3β-HSD-synthesized progesterone in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Estrogen secretion is also stimulated by kisspeptin and regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Moreover, the formation of the corpus luteum is closely regulated by angiogenesis. VEGF is an important factor in angiogenesis and plays a role in the survival, proliferation, and migration of endothelial cells. Especially, VEGF–A is a key factor in the physiological functions of endothelial cells. VEGF binds VEGFR–2 and affects the signaling pathways of PI3K, Akt, MAPK, and ERK. Also, VEGF binds to HIF–1α, inducing VEGF secretion. Estrogen promotes the activation of HIF–1α, while the activation of mTOR and Akt stimulates VEGF secretion. Therefore, estrogen is a major reproductive hormone in physiological function and the synthesis and secretion of endocrine hormones in the ovary and corpus luteum.

Expression of PAPP-A in the corpus luteum during early pregnancy in bovine

Dae-Seung Kim,Sang-Hwan Kim,Hyun-Ah Kang,Jong-Taek Yoon 한국발생생물학회 2010 한국발생생물학회 학술발표대회 Vol.29 No.-

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is a 200 kDa metalloprotease identified as an IGFBP-4 protease and likely an important regulator of IGF bioavailability. PAPPA mRNA is detected in bovine granulosa and theca cells and the PAPP-A protein is also found in follicular fluid. Proteolytic activity supposed to be due to the PAPP-A in bovine follicular fluid is induced by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) treatment and PAPP-A-like activity appears concomitantly with increased E2 during follicular development. However, the effects of FSH, E2 and progesterone on the expression of PAPP-A in bovine corpus luteum of pregnancy have been evaluated in a limited number of studies. This study was performed to expression of PAPP-A and progesterone during early pregnancy in bovine corpus luteum. To determine the function of PAPP-A gene during early pregnancy, we collected the bovine pregnancy corpus luteum samples on 30, 60 and 90 day of pregnancy. The mRNA expression of PAPP-A, progesterone-receptor, VEGF and IGFBP4 gene was conducted by real-time PCR. And proteins expression of PAPP-A and progesterone antibody was detected by Immunohistochemistry and ELISA. The VEGF and PAPP-A mRNA expression was progressively increased on day 90 in the pregnancy corpus luteum. The mRNA expression of progesterone-receptor, IGFBP4 in the corpus luteum progressively was increased from 30 to 60 day, but decreased on 90 day of pregnancy. The proteins expressions of progesterone and PAPP-A were similar pattern in mRNA expression. Our results indicate that the IGFBP4 protease role of PAPP-A increases in response to pregnancy 90 day corpus luteum and suggest that progesterone is an connected for the expression of PAPP-A genes in luteal cells. Therefore, we suggest that PAPP-A stimulated with progesterone play a crucial role for IGF-I system in bovine early pregnancy. And could be used to predict the condition of normal pregnancy.

돼지 황체에서 TNFα-분비 대식세포와 내피세포에 관한 면역조직화학적 연구

박창식,한승로,김수일,조근자,김원식 충남대학교 형질전환복제돼지연구센터 2007 논문집 Vol. No.10

In the corpus luteum, TNFα is known to induce functional and structural luteolysis. In addition, it acts as luteotropic agent during the initial and early stage of luteal development. In spite of its importance in corpus luteal development, there is still different opinions for the source cells of TNFα in the corpus luteum. One is the macrophages only, and the other is macrophages are the main source and endothelial cells are the minor source. In this experiment, using the porcine corpora lutea of pregnancy and ovulatory stages, hematoxylin-eosin stain, macrophage and TNFαimmunohistochemistry were carried to reveal the sources of TNFα. As a result, MAC 387-positive macrophages were present in all the stages of corpora lutea. In the mature corpora lutea of nonpregnant stages, the sites of MAC 387-positive macrophages and those of TNFα-positive macrophages were coincided, and the sites of endothelial cells and those of TNFα-positive endothelial cells weie nearly coincided. But, in the mature CL of pregnant stage, mid- and advanced luteolytic stages of both nonpregnant and pregnant stages, the sites of MAC 387-positive macrophages and those of TNFα-positive macrophages were coincided, but not in the endothelial cells. Accordingly, it can be concluded that macrophages are the main source of TNFα in the corpus luteum and endothelial cells are the minor source in the mature and mid-lytic stages, but, in the advanced luteolytic stage, macrophages are the only source of TNFα.

수술로 확인된 출혈성 황체에 대한 임상적 고찰

류석용,김홍용,김원율,김경환 인제대학교 2001 仁濟醫學 Vol.22 No.1

Backgrounds: Ovarian hemorrhage from the corpus luteum due to menstruation or pregnancy can be a life-threatening surgical condition and occurs at all stages of a woman's reproductive life. The condition is often confused with other surgical emergencies, such as appendicitis and ectopic pregnancy. Materials and Methods: From the records of the Department of Emergency Medicine, Inje University, Sanggye Paik Hospital, 50 consecutive cases of a hemorrhagic corpus luteum, which had been diagnosed from July 1995 to July 1999, were reviewed and analyzed. Results: The ages of the patients ranged from 15 to 44 years with a mean of 32.6 years. Twenty-six cases (52.0%) involved the right ovary, and twenty-four cases (48.0%) involved the left ovary. Rupture of the corpus luteum occurred most frequently between the 20th and the 30th days of the menstrual cycle. Lower abdominal pain was the most common clinical symptom (35 cases, 70.0%). Blood transfusions were required in 15 patients with an intraperitoneal blood loss of more than 500ml. Ultrasound was done in all patients, and 31 patients (62.0%) had fluid collections within cut-de-sacs. Culdocentesis was done in 35 patients, and was positive for hemoperitoneum in 32 patients (91.4%). Ultrasound or culdocentesis was positive for hemoperitoneum in 47 cases (94.0%) . Conclusions: There are no typical symptoms and signs that will make a definitive diagnosis possible as they are mimicked by other surgical emergencies such as acute appendicitis and ectopic pregnancy. The diagnosis of a hemorrhagic corpus luteum should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an "acute abdomen" in a woman of childbearing age. We suggest that a precise history, ultrasound, and culdocentesis are essential for the diagnosis of a hemorrhagic corpus luteum.

경남지방의 도태우에 불임과 관련된 난소의 형태학적 관찰 : 2. 난소낭종의 발생과 낭종형태에 대하여 2. Incidences and Morphological Findings of Ovarian Cysts

곽수동,표병민,양재훈,김철호,고필옥,강정부,서득록 한국임상수의학회 2002 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.19 No.2

Ovaries from total 192 slaughtered cows(154 Korean native cows and 38 Holstein cows) were collected during the slaughtering process in Kimhae, Changyoung and Yangsan abattoirs in Kyungnam province from January 2001 to January 2002. In order to investigate incidence of the ovarian cysts, anatomical, histological observations were performed and also TUNEL methods and PCNA antibody by immunohistochemical methods for diagnostic accuracy of cysts in a few ovaries were applied. Apoptotic positive cells by TUNEL method appeared not or a few in cystic walls but appeared more number in normal large follicular walls and the proliferative positive cells by PCNA antibody appeared numerous in normal large follicular walls but not or a few in cystic walls. The incident rates of ovarian cysts were 19.5% in Korean native cows and 18.4% in Holstein cows. The incident rates of ovarian cysts in Holstein cows were lower than that of Koran native cows. The incident rates of follicular cysts and luteal cysts in Korean native cows were 11.7% and 7.8% respectively. The incident rates of follicular cysts and luteal cysts in Holstein cows were 10.5% and 7.9%, respectively. Higher incidence proportions of ovarian cysts according to seasons in Korean native cows were ordered as spring (29.8%), autumn (21.4%) winter (14.3%) and summer (6.7%). Rates of cows with single cyst and multiple cysts were 63.3%(19 heads /30 heads) and 36.7%(11 heads/30 heads) in 30 cystic Korean native cows, respectively. Cystic cows with corpus luteums were 50.0%(15 heads) in 30 Korean native cows and 42.9%(3 heads) in 7 dairy cows, respectively. Among 15 cystic Korean native cows with corpus luteums, rates of cows with single corpus luteum were 66.7%(10 heads) and rates of multiple corpus luteum were 33.3%(5 heads ), respectively. The average diameter of cysts and corpus luteums in cystic ovaries were 21.0×17.1 ㎜ and 18.1×13.8 ㎜ in 30 Korean native cows and 20.6×17.7 ㎜ and 19.3×14.9 ㎜ in 7 Holstein cows, respectively. So the average sizes of cysts in cystic ovaries were larger than those of corpus luteums.

Prostaglandin F2α Controls Reactive Oxygen Species in Bovine Corpus Luteum

Seunghyung Lee,Boo-Keun Yang,Choon-Keun Park 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2015 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.39 No.1

Luteolysis is a cyclical regression of the corpus luteum in many non-primate mammalian species. Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) from the uterus and ovary induces functional and structural luteolysis in bovine. The action of PGF2α is mediated by PGF2α receptor located on the luteal steroidogenic and endothelial cell membranes. PGF2α plays an important role in regulating nitric oxide production in endothelial cells of the bovine corpus luteum. Nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase activity are stimulated and induced by PGF2α in luteal endothelial cells. Moreover, the reactive oxygen species inhibits progesterone secretion in bovine luteal cells and induces apoptosis. Thus, the interaction between PGF2α and reactive oxygen species provides important aspects in physiology of the corpus luteum forfunctional and structural luteolysis.