어휘분석을 통한 경관계획 단계별 계획의 일관성에 관한 연구

신윤지 ( Shin Yunji ),주신하 ( Joo Shin-ha ) 한국경관학회 2015 한국경관학회지 Vol.7 No.1

본 연구에서는 여러 지방자치단체에서 수립한 경관계획을 내용의 일관성에 주목하여 검토하였으며, 계량적인 수치로 이를 나타내고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 기존에 타 분야에서 계획의 연계성 또는 일관성을 검토한 사례를 살펴보았으며, 사례를 통하여 도출한 일관성 평가 방법 및 수식을 본 연구의 특성과 대상에 맞게 변경하여 활용하였다. 이러한 과정을 통하여 지방자치단체의 규모를 반영한 대구광역시, 대전광역시, 목포시, 의왕시 총 4개의 지방자치단체의 경관계획을 선정하여 연구를 진행하였다. 먼저, 선정된 지방자치단체에서 수립한 경관계획의 구성단계를 계획의 개요, 경관자원조사 분석, 기본구상, 기본계획, 경관설계지침, 실행계획 총 6개의 단계로 구분하였으며, 각 단계별 구성어휘를 MalSem41 프로그램을 통하여 파악하였다. 이어서 본 연구의 평가 수식을 활용하여 이들의 단계별 일관성을 검토하였다. 평가는 지자체별 평가와 단계별 평가를 통하여 이루어졌다. 연구 결과, 4개의 지방자치단체들의 평균 단계별 일관성이 도출되었다. 평균적으로 대전광역시가 가장 높은 일관성을 나타냈으며, 다음으로는 대구광역시가 단계별로 일관성이 높게 나타났다. 이어 목포시, 의왕시 순으로 높은 일관성을 나타냈다. 6개의 단계를 통하여 나타나는 5개의 단계별 평균 일관성을 살펴보면, 경관자원조사 분석과 기본구상 간의 일관성이 가장 높게 나타났다. 이에 비해 계획의 개요와 경관자원조사 분석 사이의 일관성은 가장 낮게 나타났다. 이와 같이 일관성 평가 결과를 통하여 4개의 지자체가 나타내는 단계별 일관성의 경향을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 현재 여러 연구에서 경관계획 내 연계성 부족, 내용의 불일치성 등 경관계획에 대한 지적이 있었으나, 이를 검토를 실시한 연구는 아직 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 경관계획의 양적 개수가 증가하는 현 시점에 경관계획의 내용을 내용의 일관성에 초점을 맞추어 정략적인 평가방법으로 연구를 진행했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 하지만 단어의 반복만으로 일관성을 측정하여 경관계획내용의 정성적인 측면까지 충분히 고려하지 못하였고, 4개의 도시만 평가했다는 점에서는 한계가 있다. This study is conducted to examine the landscape plan especially focused on the landscape plan’s consistency with a quantitative method. To do this it is firstly needed to review other cases related to consistency or consistency of contents. Through other cases, expression is built in considering this study’s character and subject of evaluation in this study. And four municipal corporations such as Daegu, Daejoen, Mokpo and Uiwang are selected the subject for this study. First, a landscape plan is divided into six steps like summary of the plan, landscape resources survey, basic concept, landscape plan, design guidelines, and action plan. For examining, MalSem41 program that can analyze vocabulary and its frequency is used. Also, in this study, it has own expression for evaluation and this tool gives two viewpoint. One is each municipal corporation’s consistency and another is consistency between different steps. As the result, the average consistency index is given and Daejoen has the highest consistency index. Then Daegu shows the second highest index. In succession, Mokpo and Uiwang are appeared by very little. About the consistency between different steps, the consistency between landscape resources survey and basic concept shows the highest but between summary of the plan and landscape resources survey has the lowest. Through these results, it can be expected tendency of consistency in the landscape plan. Until now, there have been some opinion about lack of landscape plan’s consistency, but the research for studying this is not enough. Also, these are not for quantitative so it is hard to comparison of consistency. Therefore, it is meaningful to try to examine landscape plans with quantitative especially about consistency. However it does not cover qualitative method and it treats just four cities.

일관성 욕구가 소비자의 구전 후 태도변화에 미치는 영향: 만족에 대한 귀인과 추천보상의 역할

박기경 ( Kikyoung Park ),류강석 ( Gangseog Ryu ) 한국소비자학회 2016 소비자학연구 Vol.27 No.3

본 연구는 구전활동을 수행하는 것이 구전대상인 제품이나 서비스에 대한 전달자의 태도에 미치는 영향을 이해하기 위하여, 고객이 지닌 일관성 욕구의 수준과 구전의 원천인 만족경험에 대한 고객의 귀인유형이 어떤 상호작용을 하는지 실험적인 방법을 사용하여 고찰하였다. 또한 전통적인 형태의 구전뿐만 아니라 추천에 대하여 보상이 제공되는 보상된 구전 상황에서는 그 효과가 어떻게 달라지는지 탐구하였다. 본 연구모델에 의하면, 일관성 욕구가 높은 소비자는 자신의 구전활동에 대하여 일관성과 정당화를 중시하는 반면, 일관성 욕구가 낮은 소비자는 구전과정에서 자기중심편향이 활성화되는 것으로 제안하였다. 그리고 기업 관련 귀인의 만족경험에 대한 구전이 더욱 일관되고 정당화하기 쉽고, 고객 관련 귀인의 만족경험에 대한 구전이 자기중심편향에 더 적합할 것이며, 나아가 일관성 욕구 수준과 귀인유형이 일치될 때 태도강화 효과가 발생할 것으로 예상하였다. 실험결과를 요약해보면, 먼저 일관성 욕구가 높은 소비자는 기업 관련 요인으로 만족하여 구전을 할 때 서비스에 대하여 더욱 호의적인 태도를 형성한 반면, 고객 관련 요인으로 만족한 경험에 대한 구전은 전달자의 태도형성에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 반면, 일관성 욕구가 낮은 소비자는 고객 관련 요인으로 만족하여 구전을 할 때 더욱 호의적인 태도를 형성하였지만, 기업 관련 요인으로 만족한 구전은 태도형성에 유의한 영향을 발휘하지 않았다. 또한, 일관성 욕구가 높은 소비자가 기업 관련 요인으로 만족한 경험에 대하여 보상된 구전을 하는 경우, 자연적 구전보다 서비스에 대한 태도가 덜 호의적으로 나타났다. 즉, 추천보상을 자신의 구전행동에 대한 외적인 동기요인으로 지각함으로써 정당화가 어려워지고, 그 결과 구전의 태도강화 효과도 감소되었다. 반면, 일관성 욕구가 낮은 소비자는 보상된 구전에 대해서 차별적인 반응을 보이지 않았다. 본 연구결과는 기존의 공개선언 효과를 확장하고, 구전 및 귀인문헌에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓히며, 기업의 구전관리와 관련하여 실무적인 시사점을 제공한다. Word-of-mouth(WOM) has long been known to play important and various roles in the marketing and consumption process, and it started gaining more popularity among firms and scholars due to the recent emergences of new technologies like social network services. Although a substantial amount of knowledge has been accumulated regarding antecedents and consequences of WOM, we know much less about its impact on the communicator herself. It appears quite apparent to predict that it will affect her own attitudes or feelings about the product if a customer talks about her opinions or experiences of a product. Psychologists have already demonstrated these possibilities through public commitment effect -communicating one’s attitude in a verbal or written format makes it more extreme - and emotional recovery effect -expressing one’s emotions about negative experiences lessens negative feelings. In the marketing literature, Garnefeld, Helm, and Eggert(2011) show that the positive effect of WOM transmission behavior and the communicators’ brand loyalty is stronger for consumers with a low level of product knowledge, and Park and Ryu(2011) find that the emotional recovery effect of WOM varies by the motives of WOM. Understanding the effects of WOM participation on communicators also provides significant implications for the firms that pay attention to Customer Lifetime Value and Customer Relationship Management, which emphasizes the value of existing customers as well as new customers. In this research, the authors examine the roles that consumers’ need for consistency and attribution of satisfaction(i.e., locus of control) play in determining the relationship between WOM transmission and own attitude change, and study both traditional natural WOM and new rewarded WOM - a reward is offered in exchange for referral. Need for consistency is one of the most basic human motives; People desire to pursue a balance among their cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses. Individuals with a high level of need for consistency place greater weights not only on consistency but also justifiability of their and others’ responses. This tendency becomes stronger in public. In contrast, individuals with a low level of need for consistency consider self-enhancement motives more important. Among the three dimensions of Weiner’s(2000) attributional causes, the authors suggest that locus of control - whether company-related causes or customer-related causes -be closely associated with the different motives which individuals emphasize. That is, company-related causes of satisfaction will be perceived to be more legitimate and valid, and thus will provide easier justifications for one’s responses. On the contrary, customer-related causes are likely to be perceived to be more subjective and self-serving, and will be harder to justify the responses. Therefore, Hypothesis 1 posits that consumers high in need for consistency will show a more favorable attitude toward service after they engage in WOM transmissioner about their satisfying experiences attributable to company-related causes(vs. no WOM), whereas they will show no difference in the customer-related attribution condition. On the other hand, individuals low in need for consistency will formulate a more favorable attitude toward service after engaging in WOM transmission about their consumption experiences attributable to customer-related causes (vs. no WOM), whereas they will show no difference in the company-related attribution condition. Hypothesis 2 compares the impact of rewarded WOM with that of natural WOM. Since referral rewards will work as an additional extrinsic motive or elicit situational attributions for WOM, consumers will perceive it to be less legitimate and justifiable engaging in rewarded WOM behavior. This condition will be relevant only to consumers high in need for consistency, and their attitude will be become less favorable after WOM in the rewarded WOM compared to the natural WOM condition when they make company-related attributions for satisfaction. The authors conducted an experiment with 2(need for consistency: high vs. low) x 2(satisfaction attribution: company-related vs. customer-related) x 3(WOM type: natural WOM vs. rewarded WOM vs. no WOM) between-subjects design. The main dependent variable was communicator’s attitude toward service, and general emotion that the communicator experienced during WOM transmission was also measured for exploratory analysis. 293 college students participated in the experiment, and they were randomly assigned to one of the 12 conditions. Planned-contrasts were performed to test the hypotheses. As to Hypothesis 1, participants high in need for consistency showed a more favorable attitude when they had engaged in WOM about company-attributed satisfaction(vs. no WOM)(3.75natural WOM vs. 2.53no WOM; F(1, 281) = 8.82, p < .01), whereas engaging in WOM did not have any influence in the customer-attributed satisfaction condition (3.06natural WOM vs. 2.64no WOM; F(1, 281) = 1.03, p > .30). On the other hand, participants low in need for consistency showed a more favorable attitude when they had engaged in WOM about customer-attributed satisfaction(vs. no WOM)(3.68natural WOM vs. 2.91no WOM; F(1, 281) = 4.23, p < .05), whereas engaging in WOM had no effect in the company-attributed satisfaction condition (3.40natural WOM vs. 3.61no WOM; F(1, 281) = .25, p > .60). As for Hypothesis 2, participants high in need for consistency showed a less favorable attitude when they had engaged in rewarded WOM about company-attributed satisfaction(vs. natural WOM)(3.75natural WOM vs. 2.82rewarded WOM; F(1, 281) = 5.40, p < .05), whereas there was no difference in the responses among other conditions(high in need for consistency -customer-attributed satisfaction: 3.06natural WOM vs. 2.64rewarded WOM, F(1, 281) = .97, p > .30; low in need for consistency -company-attributed satisfaction: 3.40natural WOM vs. 3.46rewarded WOM; F(1, 281) = .02, p > .85; low in need for consistency -customer-attributed satisfaction: 3.68natural WOM vs. 3.52rewarded WOM; F(1, 281) = .17, p > .65). In addition, the result of emotion showed a similar pattern to that of attitude. In conclusion, the research findings make significant contributions to the literature by extending the public commitment effect to WOM domains with new moderators and by introducing indirect effects of attributions, and also offer insights to firms for their WOM strategy.

일관성법칙을 적용한 산업용 장비 디자인개발 사례연구 -디자인 언어 시스템 구축을 중심으로-

권민성 ( Min Sung Kwon ) 한국기초조형학회 2015 기초조형학연구 Vol.16 No.5

일관성 법칙에는 내부적 일관성, 기능적 일관성, 외부적 일관성, 미학적 일관성 이렇게 크게 4 가지로 분류되는데 내부적, 기능적 일관성은 사용자로 하여금 하나의 브랜드 아래의 다양한 시리즈제품을 효율적이고 직관적으로 사용할 수 있도록도와주어 소비자의 제품 사용성을 높일 수 있도록 도움을 주는 일관성이다. 이와 달리 외부적, 미학적 일관성은 외형적인통일성을 통한 가족형태(family look)를 완성하여 충성도 높은 소비자 그룹을 만드는 일관성이다. 이러한 일관성 법칙들은‘디자인 언어 시스템’이라는 디자인 과정을 통하여 제품 디자인에 반영되어 사용자가 제품을 사용할 때에 필요한 편의성 향상은 물론 향후 개발 되어질 미래의 시리즈 제품 개발에도 적용 되어질 디자인 요소들로 정리된다. 이번 연구는2012 년도부터 2014 년도 까지 순차적으로 진행하였던 일관성 법칙에 입각한 산업 및 의료용 시리즈 제품 디자인을 개발하는 과정에 관한 사례연구이다. 시리즈로 개발되었던 두 제품들은 하나의 모기업에서 기획, 개발되어 생산이 진행된산업용 장비이다. 이 제품들은 유사한 공학기술이 적용되었다는 공통점이 있었던 반면 사용 환경, 사용자, 사용방식이 전혀 다른 장비라는 차이점이 있다. 이러한 공통점과 차이점이 분명한 제품들을 하나의 브랜드 이미지로 표현 시켜야 하였고 동시에 통일된 직관적인 사용성을 소비자에게 제공함으로써 충성도 높은 소비자 그룹을 만들어야 했고 이것이 시리즈제품 개발 과정에서 요구되었던 핵심과제였다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해서‘일관성 원칙’이라는 디자인 방법론 적용이 필요하였고 일관성 법칙이 적용된 ‘디자인 언어 시스템’이라는 디자인 툴을 만들어 두 개의 제품 개발에 사용하였고 향후 개발되어질 일관성 법칙이 구현된 시리즈 제품에도 적용될 것을 기대한다. The consistency principle is the core design method used in design processes. Consistency is classified under four heads and these are internal consistency, functional consistency, external consistency, and aesthetic consistency. Internal and functional consistencies can be used for making a product and brand more efficient and intuitive. On the other hand, external and aesthetic consistencies are more related to the making of product and brand look as if they are in a ‘family’ of some sort. This would provide a chance to make loyal customers. For this reason, I tried to create a ‘design language system’under the consistency principle and that is the goal from this study. This case study is a series of the developments of product design processes based on the principle of consistency from 2012 to 2014. This series of developments were industrial products and were planned, developed, and manufactured by two branch branded products under mother company. These products share similar engineering technology but still have big differences between brands which are their business environments, users, and using methods. Even though they have very identical differences, we had to make these two branded products designed under a corporation brand image and to also have them be produced with a consistent and intuitive usability in order to create loyal customers in the future. In order to achieve the above goal, ‘the consistency principle’is used under a design process‘Design Language System’

THE CONSISTENCY OF CEO’S FASHION STYLE AND PERCEIVED TRUST

Jacob Chaeho Lee,MinChung Kim 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2017 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2017 No.07

The present research examines how a CEO exposed to the public through social media (e.g., Facebook) influences the trustworthiness of the CEO and his/her firm. In particular, we focus on and measure the consistency of a CEO’s fashion style across different occasions, and test the impact of the ‘fashion’ consistency on respondents’ perception on the CEO’s trustworthiness. Based on the previous literature on impression management, we define the consistency of a CEO’s fashion style as how similar (rather than different) the style of his/her clothes across multiple media exposures. We then manipulate the similarity of a CEO’s fashion style, which is the focal independent variable, and measure the subjects’ trust toward the CEO, which is the focal dependent variable. Study 1 is a scenario-based study in which participants read the description of either a fashion-consistent or -inconsistent CEO, and indicated the CEO’s perceived trustworthiness. We find that perceived trust is higher for the fashion-consistent CEO. Study 2 is an experiment in which participants read four news articles of a CEO featured on a social media (i.e., Facebook). Unbeknown to participants, fashion consistency was manipulated such that half of participants saw the news on a fashion-consistent CEO whereas the other half saw the news on a fashion-inconsistent CEO. Interestingly, the interaction between CEO gender and fashion consistency becomes significant, suggesting that for a male CEO, fashion consistency increased trust whereas for a female CEO, fashion inconsistency increased trust. The present research complements to the literature on the roles of fashion of employees including top managers on impression management. We also discuss other interesting and important implications of the results on the mechanism of the ‘fashion consistency’ effects.

회계일관성의 추정과 그 효과: 투자효율성에 미치는 영향을 중심으로

배길수,최승욱,김정택 한국회계학회 2020 회계저널 Vol.29 No.3

This paper measures accounting consistency and examines its effects on corporate investment efficiency. Despite its importance, there exists limited research on accounting consistency. By leveraging the mechanism from the prior research that uses earnings and stock returns as proxies of accounting information and economic events, respectively, we propose a firm-year proxy of accounting consistency. Specifically, we estimate the coefficients of a linear equation that converts a firm’s economic performance (i.e., stock returns) to accounting numbers (i.e., earnings) using returns and earnings in the previous periods. If a firm’s accounting system is consistent, the same economic performance of a firm in different periods should be converted into the same accounting numbers. We next calculate the expected earnings for a given economic event with the regression coefficients and compare them with the actual earnings. The absolute value of the difference between the reported and expected earnings is our proxy of accounting consistency. We multiply negative one to make our proxy increases as consistency increases. Using listed firms in the Korean stock market, we show a positive association between accounting consistency and investment efficiency. Furthermore, we find that both over- and under-investment decrease as accounting consistency increases. In addition, we find that accounting consistency is still associated with higher investment efficiency after controlling for accounting comparability. Lastly, to address endogeneity concerns, we conduct a change test and a lead-lag regression test and find the similar results. 본 연구는 그 중요성에도 불구하고 아직까지 조사가 거의 이루어지지 않은 회계일관성을 측정하고 그 효과를 실증 조사한다. 본 연구에서 사용하는 회계일관성의 측정은 경제적 사건과 회계정보를 각각 주가수익률과 회계이익으로 대용한 선행연구과 그 맥락을 같이한다. 즉, 회계시스템을 과거분기 주가를 이익으로 전환하는 계수를 통해 추정하고, 이 계수와 당기의 주가를 곱해 기대되는 예상 당기 회계이익과 실제 당기의 회계이익의 차이를 비교해 회계일관성을 측정한다. 해당기업의 회계시스템이 과거와 현재 사이에 일관성이 있다면 예상이익과 실제이익이 유사할 것이다. 경영자가 투자의사결정을 할 때 여러 사항을 고려하겠지만 미래의 수요와 성과에 대한 예측이 가장 중요한 사항의 하나일 것이다. 과거 성과추세에 대한 이해가 일관성을 결여한 시계열 자료에 기초한다면 이는 진정한 성과추세를 왜곡할 것이며, 미래의 성과를 예측하는 것에 어려움으로 작용하여 투자의사결정이 왜곡될 가능성이 존재한다. 그러므로 성과추세에 대한 명확한 이해를 위해서는 상이한 기간의 회계추정치를 결정하는 데 사용한 회계시스템 사이에 일관성이 필수적인 전제조건이다. 분석결과, 예상한바와 같이 회계일관성은 투자효율성과 양의 관계를 가지고 있다. 또한 비효율적 투자를 과잉투자와 과소투자로 구분하였을 때, 일관성은 과잉·과소투자를 모두 줄이는 효과가 있다. 추가분석으로, 회계일관성과 투자효율성의 여러 대용치를 사용한 결과도 이와 유사하였다. 또한 회계일관성과 투자효율성 사이에 존재할 가능성이 있는 내생성을 완화하기 위해 변화량 분석과 당기-전기 분석을 하였으며, 이 분석에서도 역시 질적으로 유사한 결과를 발견하였다. 마지막으로, 회계일관성이 비교가능성과 밀접한 관련이 있을 수 있으므로 이 둘의 양의 관계를 실증하고, 또한 비교가능성을 통제한 후에도 회계일관성과 투자효율성의 관계는 여전히 유의하다. 본 연구는 회계일관성을 분석 가능한 기업-연도 수준의 대용치로 측정하였다는데 그 의의가 있다. 이를 이용하여 후속연구들은 회계일관성에 영향을 미치는 요인과 회계일관성의 효과, 자본시장의 반응 등을 탐구할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 일관된 회계처리가 기업의 투자효율성에 영향을 미친다는 것은 경영자와 투자자 및 정책입안자과 규제자에게도 중요한 시사점을 제시한다.

양형기준제도와 양형기준준수율: 영국과 한국의 사례를 중심으로

이재방 ( Jae Bang Lee ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2015 홍익법학 Vol.16 No.3

To enhance sentencing consistency, sentencing guidelines were introduced in England and Wales(recently revised in 2010) and Korea in 2007. The article compares sentencing guidelines and compliance rates for England and Wales and Korea. The reason for comparison of both systems even in different criminal justice systems is that sentencing guidelines for both jurisdictions are individual offence specific guidelines in contrast with the comprehensive systems of the U.S. federal sentencing guidelines. Sentencing guidelines compliance rates in 2013 are 97 percent in England and Wales and 89.6 per cent in Korea. However, the high compliance rates do not show the consistency in sentencing. This article explores that sentencing guidelines compliance rate is a limiting indicator to show sentencing consistency. The definition of departure from sentencing guidelines is different in both jurisdictions. In England and Wales it is defined broadly as departure from ``offence range`` under the Coroners and Justice Act of 2009. Thus, the departure rates is lower in comparison of the rates defined from the ``category range`` in the period before 2009. In contrast, in Korea it is considered as departure from each ``recommended sentencing range``. The departures seems to be more narrowly defined in Korea than in England and Wales. In Korea, some maintain that the scope of each recommended sentencing range is too broad and thus starting points should be introduced. However, the scope in Korea is not as large as the one in England and Wales. Considering the limits of departure rates for showing consistency in sentencing, the article maintains that departure rates should be equally defined when comparing the degree of consistency in different sentencing guidelines jurisdictions. In conclusion, sentencing consistency completes not only from ``consistency of outcome`` but also from ``consistency of sentencing process.`` Thus, to enhance sentencing consistency, more clearly articulated steps for sentencing guidelines should be established.

주요업무계획의 전략방향 진술형식과 일관성 분석

박홍윤(Hong Yun Park) 한국공공관리학회 2007 한국공공관리학보 Vol.21 No.2

본 연구는 다음 두 가지 목적을 가지고 연구되었다. 첫째는 중앙행정기관의 연차별 주요업무계획을 대상으로 각 기관의 위임사항, 임무, 비전, 목적, 목표가 어떻게 표현되고 있는가 하는 어휘를 분석하고, 둘째는 첫 번째의 분석을 기초로 하여 위임사항, 임무, 비전, 전략목적, 전략목표간의 계층적 일관성과 시간적인 일관성을 어느 정도 확보하고 있는가를 분석하여 전략적 기획 입장에서의 발전적 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 분석 결과 법적 위임사항은 전통적인 행정개념인 집행중심으로 진술되어 부의 전략방향 설정에 크게 기여하지 못하고 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 부 평균 전략목적의 수는 6.06개, 전략목표는 21.83개로 1개의 전략목적을 달성하기 위하여 평균 3.61개의 전략목표가 제시되고 있다. 표현 형식에서는 전략 방향설정의 하위계층(법적 위임사항 →임무→비전→전략목적→전략목표)으로 갈수록 명사 및 숫자의 활용빈도가 많은 것으로 나타났다. 전략방향의 일관성은 계층적인 일관성과 시간적인 일관성 두 개의 차원에서 분석하였다. 일관성은 문서에 대한 어휘분석을 하여 중복단어의 사용빈도로 계산하였다. 2007년을 대상으로 한 분석에서 위임사항과 임무간의 일관성은 부 평균 14.08%, 임무와 비전은 17.02%, 비전과 전략목적은 2006년 9.21%, 2007년 7.51%, 전략목적과 전략목표간에는 18.74%의 일관성을 보이고 있다. 시간적으로 비전과 임무의 일관성이 낮게 평가되고 있다. 전략목적의 경우 2003~2007년 동안의 일관성은 63.85%, 전략목표는 47.07%로 나타나고 있다. 전체적으로 시간적인 일관성이 계층적 일관성 보다 높게 나타나고 있다. A performance-oriented management system seeks to shift government's focus from activities to results or outcomes. The result-oriented strategic plan requires the linkages between long-term strategic goals and annual performance goals. This study examines the expression form of the mission, vision and goal statement, and analyzed the consistency of goal systems. This research used a vocabulary analytical technique. Analysis revealed that most of the Ministries' Annual Plan did not adequately consistency between elements in the goal hierarchy. The use frequency of the noun and number is shown to be higher in the lower level of goal hierarchy. The number of strategic goals averages 6.06, strategic objectives 21.83. The average character number of mission statement is 41.41 and vision statement is 18.61. This research analyzed a consistency from two dimension; the hierarchical consistency(mandates→mission→vision→goal→objective→strategy), the time consistency. The hierarchical consistency of goals is shown to average : mandates and missions, 14.08%, missions and visions, 17.02%, visions and strategic goals, 7.51(2007), and strategic goals and strategic objectives 18.74%. The time consistency of goals is shown to average : strategic goals 63.85%, strategic objectives 47.07%. Overall, the time consistency is shown to be higher than hierarchical. This research it discovered the necessity which will secure a hierarchical consistency between components of strategic goal systems in Ministries' Annual Plan.

성 일치성이 브랜드확장 평가에 미치는 영향

여준상(Jun Sang Yeo),송환웅(Hwan Woong Song),윤태섭(Tai Sub Yoon) 한국마케팅학회 2010 마케팅연구 Vol.25 No.3

본 연구에서는 브랜드의 성과 브랜드 확장이라는 두 가지의 핵심적 이론적 틀을 중심으로 연구를 진행하였다. 연구 1에서는 모브랜드의 지각된 성(남성성 브랜드 vs. 여성성 브랜드)과 확장제품의 사용자 성(남성용 제품 vs. 여성용 제품)을 사용하여, 확장제품 평가에 있어 모브랜드의 지각된 성과 확장제품의 사용자성이 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 보여주었다. 연구 결과, 확장제품 평가에 있어 모브랜드의 지각된 성과 확장 제품의 사용자 성 간의 `성 일치성(gender consistency)`이 높은 경우가 낮은 경우 보다 긍정적인 소비자 평가가 나타났다. 연구 2에서는 연구 1의 결과가 모브랜드-확장제품 간 유사성 수준에 의해 어떻게 조절되는지 살펴보았다. 모브랜드-확장제품간 유사성 수준이 높은 경우, 연구 1의 결과와 같이 확장평가에 있어 모브랜드의 지각된 성과 확장제품의 사용자 성 간의 일치성이 높은 경우가 낮은 경우 보다 긍정적인 소비자 평가가 나타났다. 그러나 모브랜드-확장제품 간 유사성 수준이 낮은 경우는 이러한 성 일치성 효과가 사라지는 것으로 나타났다. This research focused on two important literatures which are about brand extension and brand gender. We tried to highlight the gender consistency effect between parent brand and extended product and also find the moderating factor of that effect. According to Grohmann(2009), consumers utilize masculine and feminine personality traits associated with a brand to enhance their own masculinity or feminity when they use brands for self-expressive purposes. There are many brands which have a specific gender identity in the market place. They also can be stereotyped as either masculine or feminine. Gender stereotypes could influence the perception and judgement of any object, including consumer products and brands. Past studies in brand extension areas have found that the success of an extension depends on the perception of fit(similarity or consistency) between the parent brand and the extended product category. The greater the perception of fit between parent brand and extension, the more easily the positive associations of the parent brand are transferred to the extension. Therefore, greater fit perception will have a positive impact on consumers` evaluation of the extension. At this point, we tried to address the gender consistency effect that can be explained as fit influence between brand gender-perceived gender of parent brand and extension gender-user`s gender of extended product. Also we tried to propose a similarity between parent brand and extended product as a boundary condition of this gender consistency effect, which means the exploring a moderation of gender consistency. Throughout two experimental studies, we intended to show how gender consistency between perceived gender of parent brands and user`s gender of extended products influences on extended product evaluation in study 1. And then we tried to investigate on the moderating role of parent-extension similarity on these influences in study 2. In the concrete, study 1 showed that under gender consistent between perceived gender of parent brands and user`s gender of extended products(e.g., masculine brand and its men`s new product), consumers have more positive attitude towards the extension. While under gender inconsistent(e.g., masculine brand and its women`s new product), consumers had less positive attitude towards the extension. In study 2, we found the moderating role of parent-extension similarity on gender consistency as hypothesized that the gender consistency effect as showed in study 1 appears in condition of similar extension but disappears in dissimilar extension condition. Finally, we addressed theoretical and practical implications of this research and discussed about the limitations and future research directions.

Pre-operative Evaluation of Consistency in Intra-axial Brain Tumor with Diffusion-weighted Images (DWI) and Conventional MR Images

오문식,안국진,최현석,정소령,이윤주,김범수 대한자기공명의과학회 2011 Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Vol.15 No.2

Purpose : To retrospectively evaluate the usefulness of diffusion-weighted images,ADC maps and conventional MR images for determination of brain tumor consistency. Materials and Methods : Twenty-three patients with brain tumor underwent MR examinations with T1, T2 and diffusion-weighted images. Regions of interest (ROIs)were drawn in the tumors, and the measured signal intensities (SI) were normalized with the contralateral side. We evaluated the correlation between SI ratios from various images and tumor consistency assessed at surgery. In three patients with both cystic and solid components, each component was evaluated independently. Qualitatively observed SIs were also correlated with tumor consistency. Results : Statistical analysis revealed significant correlation between tumor consistency and ADC ratio (r = -0.586, p = 0.002), SI ratios on T2-weighted images (r = -0.497, p = 0.010), and observed SIs on T2-weighted images (r = -0.461, p =0.018). The relative ratio of ADC value correlated with tumor consistency most strongly. Conclusion : The measured ratio of ADC, SI ratio and observed SI grade on T2-weighted images can provide valuable information about the consistency of brain tumor.

High Efficient Consistency Maintenance Strategy of Real-time String Text Editing Systems

Liping Gao,Wenfeng Tang 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.8 No.10

The idea of address space transformation provides a new way for concurrency control. During concurrent processing, it retraces the document status back to the state when the operations are generated to maintain consistency. However the previous concurrency processes strategy is based on single characters, the transmission cost during processing is too high, especially when the network is unstable. Due to this problem, this paper presents a consistency maintenance strategy based on string editing operations, and proposes the string splitting mechanism combined with the idea of the address space transformation in order to maintain consistency.