삼매(三昧)에 대한 분석적 고찰

백도수 사단법인 미래융합기술연구학회 2022 아시아태평양융합연구교류논문지 Vol.8 No.8

This Study deals with meaning, names, numbers of Dhamma and development(bhāvanā) of Concentration(Samādhi) analytically. Samādhi should be translated into concentration, right concentration of mind, concentration of mind etc. Samādhi could be said one pointedness of skilled mind and the subject of concentration is called good mind, mind or belonging to mind and concentration established in one point. The method is samely, perfectly, calm down and not distracted. Samādhi, Samatha, Jhāna and Samāpatti are both the same meaning and different meaning. Therefore we should interpret the meaning of the word samādhi differently according to contexts. Compounds of the word samādhi consists of three parts, connected in before or end of a word samādhi and the both of the word. According to the analysis by number of Dhammas, in two Dhammas, Samādhi has a symmetry structure in threefold dhammas has a stage structure, in over fourfold Dhammas has a elemental structure. And Samādhi related with and belongs to the category of buddhist practices of every Dhamma. It is known that the samādhi has also subcategory. The first meditation involved with the concentration which has initial and sustained application, the concentration which has only sustained application without initial application. The lower stages of concentration helps make the higher concentration. It should be considered that there is the difference of the concentration’s meaning according to the stages of buddhist practice like as in content of buddhist practice appeared in the first and second meditation. There are differences among concentration of the Buddha, Arhan, the learned and normal person. As a result, we need to study and analysis the aim, benefit and stages of the concentration in detail. 본고는 삼매(三昧 Samādhi)의 의미, 명칭, 법수(法數)와 수행에 대해 분석적으로 다룬다. 삼매는 학자에 따라 concentration, 바른 정신집중, 정(定), 삼매(三昧), 마음집중, 집중으로 번역되었다. 삼매는 한 대상에 전념하는 것이며, 방법은 고르게 완전히, 혼란하지 않으며 흩어지지 않는 것이다. 삼매와 사타마와 선, 정은 동의어로 사용할 수도 있지만 주로 구분하여 사용된다. 그래서 각각의 용어는 내용에 따라 해석을 달리 해야 한다. 삼매의 복합어는 전, 후, 전후로 연결된 단어로 분석할 수 있다. 삼매는 세 가지 복합어 형식으로 구성되어 있다. 또한 법수별 분석에 따르면 삼매는 2법수는 대칭적 구조로, 3법수에서 단계적 구조 그리고 4법수 이상은 주로 요소로 구성되었다. 그리고 삼매는 다른 제법의 수행범주에 속하는데 수행과 관련되어 상세한 내용을 포함하는 하위체계를 갖는 경우도 엿볼 수 있다. 한편 낮은 단계의 수행삼매는 높은 단계의 삼매형성을 돕는다. 또한 제1선과 제2선에서 생긴 삼매의 수행내용이 다른 것처럼 수행단계마다 삼매차이를 고려해야 한다. 아울러 붓다의 삼매, 아라한의 삼매, 유학의 삼매, 범부의 삼매도 차이가 있으며 삼매의 목적과 이득에도 차이를 보이고 있다. 이상에서 본 바처럼 삼매를 이해하고 적용하는 과정에서는 삼매의미와 삼매수행단계의 다양성을 고려하여 분석하고 이해해야 할 것이다.

아동 · 청소년 대상 주의 집중 능력 검사 개발 및 타당화

이명경,김아름 한국상담학회 2011 상담학연구 Vol.12 No.4

Despite the high interest in attention-concentration ability, there are few tools to measure this ability objectively. In this study, based on information processing, attention-concentration ability is divided into four factors; visual attention, auditory attention, learning concentration and continuing concentration. Finally, it was developed a total of 50 items of attention-concentration ability test for children and adolescent. It was conducted this test of 1,626 students from 4th to 9th grade nationwide. Through the result of exploratory factor analysis, five factors were found in this test. Learning concentration which is no level of difficulty is single factor, whereas visual-auditory attention and continuing concentration which is existed level of difficulty are classified according to level of difficulty; visual-auditory attention: high level, visual-auditory attention: low level, continuing concentration: high level, continuing concentration: low level. The amount of explanation of high level in visual, auditory attention and continuing concentration are larger than low level of them. Confirmatory factor analysis proved the validity of this test. The result of this study indicated that attention-concentration ability is affected by level of difficulty than the kind of stimulus and this ability is needed to learning ability. In addition, it is found that attention-concentration ability is clearly measured by responses to a high level of tasks utilizing memory strategies than those to a low level of simple tasks. Thus, it is needed to use appropriate learning strategies for concentrating complex information over short-term memory capacity. In this study, it is expected that attention-concentration ability test would be able to not only measure selective response ability for simple stimulus, but problem solving ability performing complex tasks. 주의 집중 능력에 대한 높은 관심에도 불구하고 이를 종합적, 과학적으로 측정하는 도구는 많지 않다. 본 연구에서는 주의 집중 능력을 정보처리과정을 근거로 시각 주의력, 청각 주의력, 학습 집중력, 지속적 집중력 4개 요인으로 구분하였고, 아동 · 청소년을 대상으로 하는 전체 50문항의 주의 집중 능력 검사를 개발하였다. 전국의 초등학교 4학년부터 중학교 3학년까지의 학생 1,626명을 대상으로 주의 집중 능력 검사를 실시한 후 탐색적 요인 분석을 한 결과 5개의 요인이 발견되었다. 문항별 곤란도 차이가 없는 <학습 집중력>은 하나의 요인으로 묶인 반면, 문항별 곤란도 차이가 있는 시각 주의력, 청각 주의력, 지속적 집중력의 경우 문항의 곤란도에 따라 <시청각 주의력; 높은 수준>, <시청각 주의력; 낮은 수준>, <지속적 집중력; 높은 수준>, <지속적 집중력; 낮은 수준>로 나뉘었고, 시청각 주의력과 지속적 집중력 모두 낮은 수준보다는 높은 수준의 설명양이 컸다. 확인적 요인 분석 결과 본 검사의 타당성이 입증되었다. 본 연구는 주의 집중 능력이 자극의 종류보다는 과제 곤란도의 영향을 더 받으며, 학습 능력을 필요로 한다는 것을 입증하였다. 또한 주의 집중 능력은 낮은 수준의 단순한 과제에 대한 반응보다는 기억 전략을 활용해야만 더 잘 수행할 수 있는 높은 수준의 과제에 대한 반응을 통해 더 잘 측정되는 특성을 발견하였다. 즉, 단기 기억 용량을 벗어나는 복잡한 정보에 주의 집중하기 위해서는 적절한 학습 전략을 활용할 수 있어야 하는 것이다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 주의 집중 능력 검사는 단순 자극에 대한 선택적 반응 능력뿐만 아니라 복잡한 과제를 지속적으로 수행하며 문제해결에 이르는 능력까지 측정할 수 있는 종합적, 과학적 주의 집중 능력 측정 도구가 될 것으로 기대된다.

거래집중도가 연구개발집중도에 미치는 영향

김종호,송영조 한국산업조직학회 2019 産業組織硏究 Vol.27 No.1

This research aimed to analyze the impact of transaction concentration of buyer companies on R&D concentration of supplier companies in transaction relationship amongst small and medium sized companies, especially focusing on manufacturing SMEs, by utilizing the panel data from Korea Enterprise Data Corporation DB between 2009 and 2016. According to the result of empirical study on total suppliers, transaction concentration could not cause any significant impacts on R&D concentration. However, if the exclusiveness of supplier companies is defined in accordance with the criteria of 50% out of total sales on one specific buyer company, the transaction concentration of exclusive subcontractors showed statistically significant positive. Moreover, adjusting exclusiveness criteria range into 30~60%, the research could also observe significant impacts of transaction concentration on R&D concentration. On the other hand, no significant correlations have been found between transaction concentration and R&D concentration from nonexclusive subcontractors whose the portion of total sales on specific buyer company comprise below 50%. In line with the observations above, the research emphasized that buyer companies accelerate the R&D of cooperative companies in their transaction, however, this has been only observed in exclusive subcontractors. This clearly shows that the amount of transaction exceeded the certain level of transaction scale leads the increase of dependency on buyer companies, therefore, the R&D investment of supplier companies can be affected by buyer companies. However, the fact that transaction concentration has a positive influence on R&D concentration of exclusive subcontractors does not mean that the R&D concentration of exclusive subcontractors is higher than that of nonexclusive subcontractors. 본 연구는 한국기업데이터(주)의 2009~2016년 패널 자료를 바탕으로 대ㆍ중소기업 간 거래관계에서 수요기업에 대한 거래집중도가 공급기업의 연구개발집중도에 미치는 영향을 제조중소기업을 대상으로 분석하였다. 전체공급기업에 대한 실증분석 결과에 따르면 거래집중도는 연구개발집중도에 유의미한 영향을 주지 못했다. 그러나 1개 수요기업에 대한 매출 비중50%를 기준으로 공급기업의 전속성 여부를 결정할 경우, 매출 비중이 50% 이상인 전속공급기업에서는 거래집중도가 연구개발집중도에 유의미한 양의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 전속성 기준을 30~60%로 적용하여도 연구개발집중도에 대한 거래집중도의 유의미한효과가 관찰되었다. 반면 특정 기업에 대한 매출 비중이 50% 미만인 비전속공급기업에서는거래집중도와 연구개발집중도 사이에 유의미한 상관관계가 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구가 갖는 시사점은 다음과 같다. 전속공급기업에 한정되지만 대ㆍ중소기업 간 거래관계에서 수요기업은 공급기업의 연구개발투자를 추동하고 있다는 사실이 확인되었다. 이것은 수요기업과의 거래비중이 일정 규모를 넘어서면 수요기업에 대한 의존성이 높아져 공급기업의 연구개발투자가 수요기업과의 관계에 영향을 받는다는 것을 보여준다. 단, 거래집중도가전속공급기업의 연구개발집중도에 양의 영향을 미친다는 사실이 전속공급기업의 연구개발집중도가 비전속공급기업보다 높다는 것을 의미하지는 않는다.

주의집중력 훈련으로서 뇌교육 명상의 주의집중기제 탐색

고건영 ( Ko Geon-young ),신혜숙 ( Shin Hye-sook ) 국제뇌교육종합대학원대학교 뇌교육연구소 2017 뇌교육연구 Vol.20 No.-

매스미디어의 발달로 인한 끊임없이 발생하는 자극은 주의집중력 결핍을 초래하는 원인이 되어 주의집중력의 중요성이 더욱 커지고 있다. 기존의 주의집중력훈련은 인지능력 중심의 특정기법을 주로 활용하였으나, 최근에는 뇌과학의 발달로 명상이 뇌의 전반적인 기능 향상을 가져온다는 연구결과가 발표되면서, 주의집중력 훈련에 명상을 활용하는 흐름이 있다. 이에 본 연구는 뇌교육 명상의 주의집중 기제 탐색을 통해 다중작업을 요구받는 환경에서, 자가훈련(self-training)이 가능한 인간능력향상에 기반한 통합적 개념의 주의집중력 훈련법을 제시함을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 주의집중의 개념 및 요소를 살펴보고, 뇌교육 명상을 포함한 명상을 활용한 주의집중력 훈련법에 대한 선행연구를 고찰한 후, 뇌교육 명상경험에서 축적된 연구자의 실천지를 분석하여 뇌교육 명상의 주의집중기제를 확인하였다. 그 결과 뇌교육 명상이 기 에너지를 활용한 이완된 집중을 통해 쉽게 내부의식으로 들어가고, 신체와 정서, 인지의 상호작용을 통하여 뇌의 전반적인 기능을 향상시키며, 집중명상과 통찰명상의 순환구조를 가지고 있어 반복적인 실천이 용이하며, 크고 가치 있는 꿈을 통한 몰입을 유도하는 특징을 확인하였고, 이는 주의집중에 어려움을 겪는 사람들에게 자가훈련(self-training)이 가능한 통합적 주의집중력 훈련이 가능함을 시사한다고 하겠다. The constant irritation caused by the development of the mass media has caused the lack of concentration, this has made concentration more important. Although the existing concentration training mainly uses specific techniques based on cognitive abilities, recently research on the development of brain science has shown that meditation brings about improvements in the overall function of the brain. There also is a flow of use of meditation in concentration training. The purpose of this study, through the search of the concentration mechanism of brain education meditation. is to present an integrated conceptual a concentration training method based on the improvement of human mental ability capable of self - training in an environment requiring multiple tasks. For this purpose, after considering the concept and elements of concentration, examined the precedent study of the concentration training method of meditation including brain education meditation, and analyzed practical knowledge of brain education meditation, and then the concentration mechanism of brain education meditation was investigated. As a result, the following characteristics were confirmed, it easy to go into the inner consciousness through relaxed concentration using the energy, improve the general function of the brain by utilizing the interaction of the body, emotion, and cognition, and have a cyclic structure of concentrative meditation and insight meditation, induces immersion through a large and valuable dream. This suggests that it is possible to train integrative concentration training which can provide self-training to those who have difficulty in concentration.

Review of Scaling Factors and Average Radioactivity Concentration Application Methods

Jieun Park,Jungi Yeom,Hang-rae Cho,Seongjin Maeng,Wook Sohn 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.2

To evaluate the inventory of radionuclides for the disposal of waste generated from nuclear power plants, indirect assessment methods such as the scaling factor method or average radioactivity concentration method can be applied. A scaling factor represents the average concentration ratio between key radionuclides and difficult-to-measure (DTM) radionuclides, while the average radioactivity concentration refers to the average concentration of DTM radionuclides, regardless of the concentration of key radionuclides or within specific ranges of key radionuclide concentrations. These indirect assessment methods can be statistically derived through the analysis of representative drums. This study will address how to apply these scaling factors and average radioactivity concentrations. Firstly, the concentration of gamma-emitting radionuclides will be analyzed using a drum radionuclide analyzer, and the concentration of DTM radionuclides will be determined by applying scaling factors specific to each DTM radionuclide. In the case of using the average radioactivity concentration method, the average concentration of DTM radionuclides will be applied independently of the concentration of gamma-emitting radionuclides. It is crucial to perform radioactive decay correction based on the date of generation or disposal when applying scaling factors or average radioactivity concentration. Additionally, for repackaged 320 L drums, determining which drum among the two 200 L drums inside should serve as the reference is of utmost importance

감사시장 집중도와 감사품질 - 산업별 시장점유 1위 감사인을 중심으로 -

조태현,김병호 한국공인회계사회 2016 회계·세무와 감사 연구 Vol.58 No.4

Policy makers have expressed concern about the risk posed by the auditor concentration. In this paper, we examine whether concentration in Korean audit market affects the auditor's tolerance for earnings management by audit clients. Auditor concentration could result in a more lenient and less skeptical approach to audits, and accordingly lower audit service quality. Concentration also could have a beneficial effect on audit quality due to reduced fear of being replaced by a more compliant auditor. Some prior studies suggest a positive association between audit quality and concentration while the others, including a recent Korean study, indicate a negative association. Hence, the relation between auditor concentration and audit quality remains an empirical question. The results of previous empirical studies on differential audit quality of Big 4 auditors and industry specialized auditors are mixed in Korea. Accounting scandals have repeated in spite of the internationally recognized Big 4 auditors operating in Korea. Demand for enhancement of audit quality in Korea has also continued. In Korea, each Big 4 auditor has one engagement office; four engagement offices of Big 4 auditors cover the entire country; the biggest market share auditor is outstandingly notable; and auditor concentration by industry is varying. Concentration could have more negative effect to the biggest industry market share auditors on audit quality due to the fear of loosing market share in Korea. To examine the effects of audit market concentration on audit quality in Korea, we focus on the biggest market share auditor by industry. This paper investigates whether the biggest industry market share auditors are associated with audit quality in connection with the degree of concentration by industry. Our sample covers the 1996-2013 time period and consists of 18,407 firm-year observations. We also examine a sample of 9,936 firm-year observations where the clients are audited by Big 4 auditors. Following prior studies, we use accrual-based earnings quality as a proxy for audit quality. Our primary measure is absolute value of performance matched discretionary accruals by Kothari et al. (2005). Our results indicate that higher concentration (as measured by the Herfindahl index) is associated with the likelihood of the client having higher absolute value of performance matched discretionary accruals, only if the auditor is the biggest market share auditor by industry. We are unable to detect a relation between auditor concentration and audit quality in Korean audit market, which is different from the previous study. This implies that auditor concentration itself does not have an effect on audit quality. Instead, audit quality of the biggest market share auditor by industry is lower than quality of the other auditors. As a matter of primary interest, audit quality of the biggest industry market share auditor becomes lower as the auditor concentration by industry becomes higher. Our results hold across alternative measure of Herfindahl index based on sales as well as on total assets. Specifically, audit quality is lower as auditor concentration becomes higher, but only for firms audited by the biggest market share auditors. In the absence of stricter investor protection, the biggest market share auditors simply do not have incentives to enforce high quality earnings and risk dismissal by their client in Korea. Thus our findings refute the view audit quality of the biggest market share auditors is higher as a industry specialist auditors. Our results also hold across the sample clients audited by Big 4 auditors. This paper explains why audit quality of the big size auditors and industry specialized auditors are not higher than audit quality of other auditors in Korea. The biggest market share auditor by industry is unable to provide higher quality audit due to the fear of loosing market share in Korea. 본 연구는 감사시장 집중도가 감사품질에 미치는 영향을 산업별 시장점유 1위 감사인을 중심으로 분석하였다. 산업별 시장점유 1위 감사인은 산업전문성을 가진 감사인으로 가정되지만 시장점유를 상실할 경우에 잃게 되는 혜택이 크기 때문에 시장점유의 상실을 우려하여 감사품질의 하락을 감수할 유인을 가질 수 있으며, 그 유인은 감사업무를 수행하는 오피스의 수효가 적은 시장에서 집중도가 클수록 증가할 수 있다. 감사시장 집중도는 허핀달 지수를, 감사품질은 성과조정 재량적 발생액의 절댓값을 이용하였다. 자료는 1996년부터 2013년까지 18년간 유가증권 및 코스닥 시장 상장기업 중 금융업을 제외한 12월 결산법인을 표본으로 18,407 기업-연도를 분석하였다. 실증분석 결과, 시장점유 1위 감사인의 감사품질은 다른 감사인보다 낮았으며, 감사시장 집중도가 높아질수록 시장점유 1위 감사인의 감사품질이 하락하였다. 이 현상은 전체표본기업에서는 물론 Big 4 감사인의 감사기업에 대하여도 유사하게 나타났으며, 국내 감사시장이 정상적인 시장원리에 따라 작동되지 아니하고 있음을 시사한다. Big 4 감사인은 총 4개의 오피스가 경쟁하면서 국내에서 모든 산업을 감사하므로 시장점유 1위 감사인은 산업전문성으로 감사품질을 높이기에 앞서 시장점유 상실을 우려한다. 선행연구에서는 국내감사시장에서 감사시장 집중도가 높아지면 감사인이 나태하고 안주하게 되어 감사품질이 저하된다고 보았으나, 본 연구에서는 시장점유 1위 감사인이 시장점유 상실을 우려하여 감사보수의 실질적인 인하와 감사품질 저하를 감내한다고 예상하였고 실증하였다. 본 연구는 국내에서 지속적으로 제기되는 감사품질에 관한 문제의 원인을 새로운 가설에 의하여 밝히는 점에서 의미를 갖는다.

학교 음용수 내의 플루오린 이온 농도의 조사 연구 -안성,평택시 지역을 중심으로-

정하정 ( Ha Jeong Jeong ),권효식 ( Hyo Shik Kwon ) 충북대학교 과학교육연구소 2011 과학교육연구논총 Vol.27 No.1

The purpose of this study was to examine fluoride ion concentration from 106 random samples of tap water, ground water in the school of Pyeongtaek-si and Anseong-si. And this study examines about the relation between the preventive effect for dental caries and fluoride ion concentrations in drinking water. The obtained results were as following: Fluoride ion concentration of drinking water of the schools where were supplied from Anseong Filtration Plant with fluoridation was found to be average 0.892ppm. Fluoride ion concentration of drinking water of the schools where were supplied from tap water with non-fluoridation in the Anseong-si and Pyeongtaek-si was found to be average 0.720ppm. Fluoride ion concentration of drinking water of the schools where have used the ground water in Anseong-si was found to be average 1.136ppm. Fluoride ion concentration of drinking water of the schools where have used the ground water in Pyeongtaek-si was found to be average 0.747ppm. The average concentration of fluoride ion in drinking water in Anseong region`s schools was higher 0.208ppm than Pyeongtaek. The average incidence of dental caries at elementary school students in Pyeongtaek region was higher 23.9% than Anseong. The average incidence of dental caries at middle school students in Pyeongtaek region was higher 15.1% than Anseong. According to the research, most of Anseong and Pyeongtaek region`s schools have the permissible fluoride ion concentration levels. But the schools which have used the ground water have the result as over permissible fluoride ion concentration level. Therefore, the study suggests that the schools will have to check continuously the permissible level and convert the tap water to more safely for optimum amount of fluoride ion concentration. When the students have drunken the water with titer fluoride ion concentration under the permissible level, the incidence of dental caries have decreased. Therefore, the study focuses on needs permissible of titer fluoride ion concentration and the continuous measure for prevent dental caries. The study of the drinking water with the titer fluoride ion concentration will have been enough safely and utility before fluoridation, in considering that the fluorine exposed the factitious or spontaneous. In addition, the authorities concerned have to set the fluoridation plan for increase the preventive effect for dental caries without the mottled teeth.

Physicochemical effects of different processing temperatures on 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde and the volatile flavor of domestic honey

최석호,남명수 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2021 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.48 No.4

This study was performed to suggest concentration methods leading to the production ofhoney with an excellent flavor by examining the effects of the concentration temperature and method on changes in 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (5-HMF) levels and the flavor components of honey. The 5-HMF contents of honey samples concentrated in a tray concentrator at 45, 50, 60, and 70℃ were 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, and 3.1 mg·kg-1, respectively, demonstrating that the 5-HMF contents increased as the concentration temperatures were increased. The honey vacuum-concentrated at 70℃ showed a higher 5-HMF content than that at 60℃, similar to the tray-concentrated honey at different temperatures. The main and other minor flavor components of the honey were volatilized and significantly reduced after vacuum concentration. In the tray concentration, all of the honey samples concentrated at 40, 50, 60, and 70℃ showed flavor component patterns similar to each other, and most of the main and other minor flavor components in the honey were volatilized and significantly reduced after tray concentration. As such, most of the main and other minor flavor components of the honey were mostly removed at 70℃ after both the vacuum concentration and tray concentration processes. The effects of the concentration method and temperature on the viscosity, 5-HMF level, and flavor components of the honey were found to be significant in this study. Given that the components of honey were shown to undergo significant physicochemical changes depending on the concentration method used and temperature during laboratory-scale production, the concentration methods devised in this study can be applied industrially.

공정거래법상 경제력집중 억제시책과 일반집중의 문제

이황 ( Hwang Lee ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 2021 法學硏究 Vol.31 No.1

공정거래법상 출자총액제한제도가 2009년 폐지되면서 순환출자제한제도 등 종래경제력집중 억제시책들이 갖는 일반집중 규제제도로서 실효성이 약화되었다. 과거 대기업집단들의 불합리한 경영관행에 대응한 제도였는데, 상당수 규제는 이미 목표를 달성한데다 상당수 대기업집단들이 지주회사로 전환하여 경영관행 자체가 바뀌었기 때문이다. 소유집중 내지 지배집중(소유와 지배 간 괴리 문제)과 관련된 기업지배구조 개선은 일반집중 내지 시장집중과 최소한의 복합적 관련성이 인정되어야 비로소 공정거래법 규율범위 내에 편입될 수 있다고 보아야 한다. 그런데 공정거래위원회가 최근 집중하는 부당지원행위 및 사익편취 금지 규제는 일반집중과 최소한의 관련성을 배제한 상태에서 소유(지배)집중 내지 기업(집단)지배구조 개선을 직접 목적으로 삼는 둣한 인상을 주고 있다. 이러한 정책방향은 일반집중의 우려를 배제하고 소유 집중 내지 지배집중, 또는 기업지배구조 문제만 부각시키는 것으로, 공정거래법의 목적과 체계에 부합한다고 보기 어렵다. 한편 미국에서는 GAFA 등 디지털 플랫폼의 독점력이 커지면서 과도한 시장집중과 민주주의 위협에 대한 경계감이 커지고 있다. New Brandeis School은 GAFA 등에 의한 경쟁제한적 기업결합과 시장독점에 대한 적극적 규제를 요구하고, 독점금지 당국과 의회 역시 규제에 나서고 있다. 이는 1970년대 이래 소비자후생과 경제적 효율성 증진에 몰두해온 독금법이 시장집중 규제논리를 확장하여 일반집중에 대한 관심을 키우는 것으로, 온라인 플랫폼 기업들의 급속히 성장해가는 우리나라도 종래규제체계를 재설계하는등 참고할 필요가 있다. 근래 극소수 최상위 대기업집단의 규모와 GDP 대비 비중이 급속히 커져 일반집 중의 폐해가 우려될 수 있다. 따라서 시장구조론적 관점에서 일반집중 차원의 규제를 적극 검토할 필요가 있다. 시장집중에 대한 규제를 강화하거나 유럽식 특별책임을 부과하는등 유연한 방법을 강구해야 한다. 국내 온라인 플랫폼에 대해서는 특성에 맞도록 과거 규제를 재설계하는 동시에 시장집중에 대한 감시를 강화할 필요가 있다. As the regulation of the “ceiling on total amount of shareholding in other domestic companies” had been removed from Korea’s Competition Law in 2009, remaining regulatory tools of countermeasures over excessive economic concentration, e.g. limitation on cross-shareholding, became ineffective regarding the concerns of general concentration. Existing regulations that were designed to fit into the old management practices and/or corporate governance lost their target in the new business environment. Despite such institutional changes, the economic share of the top large business groups in national economy increased drastically. As a result, it is observed that the effectiveness of regulations over general concentration became weakened while concerns of general concentration continue. An interpretation of statutes suggests that the mission to improve corporate governance may belong to the power of Korea’s Competition Law only when it is relevant to general concentration and/or market concentration. However, the prohibition of unreasonable subsidy and tunneling which the KFTC has recently emphasized in enforcement seems to aim to improve concentration of possession or corporate governance at first hand, lacking appropriate relations with any concentration issues. It is argued that such an enforcement by the KFTC that deals with the concerns of concentration of possession and/or control in appearance without proper attention to general concentration may not be compatible with the purpose and structure of the present Competition Law. In the United States, growing awareness of the excessive monopoly power of digital platforms including GAFA raises the concerns of excessive market concentration and a potential threat to democracy. The New Brandeis School calls for aggressive regulation over anti-competitive M&A and monopolization by GAFA. The antitrust authorities and Congress echo with serious antitrust enforcement and discussion of legislational changes. It may suggest changes of enforcement direction that considers issues of general concentration seriously, as compared with the existing sole goals of consumer welfare and efficencies as directed by the Chicago School since 1970’s. Considering growing concerns of general concentration by a few top business groups, it is argued that we need to strengthen the regulation over general concentration in the perspective of market structure. We also need to consider the introduction of tougher antitrust enforcement or imposing special responsibilities as stated in the European Competition Laws. Regarding local digital platforms, restructuring existing regulations to fit into their characteristics and strengthening watches over their market dominance is required.

파욱 수행과 마하시 수행의 찰나삼매(刹那三昧) 비교

김관해 불교학연구회 2017 불교학연구 Vol.50 No.-

본 논문의 목적은 파욱 수행에서 찰나삼매와 마하시 수행에서 찰나삼매가 어떻게 다른지를 밝히는데 있다. 파욱 수행에서 찰나삼매는 두 가지로 나누어진다. 첫 번째 찰나삼매는 하나의 대상에 집중하여 근접삼매에 이르기 전 준비단계에서 나타나는 것이고 두 번째 찰나삼매는 선정에 들었다 출정하여 위빠사나를 진행할 때 나타나는 것이다. 한편 마하시 수행에서는 초보 수행자들의 집중력을 향상시키기 위해 명칭붙이기 등을 통해 집중력을 계발하여 찰나삼매에 도달한다. 선정에 들기 위하여 하나의 대상에 집중하지는 않지만 명칭을 붙이는 것으로도 개념을 통해 움직이는 대상에 머무는 역할을 하게 된다. 결국 수행자는 한 대상에 머물러 빛이 나타나게 되는 파욱의 사마타 수행과 유사한 개념적 현상을 활용하여 찰나삼매에 도달하게 되는 것을 볼 수 있다. 즉 사마타와 위빠사나를 함께 진행하면서 사마타 수행에서 경험하는 선지요소들을 갖추게 된다. 정리하면 파욱 수행은 선정에 들었다가 출정하여 찰나삼매로 위빠사나를 수행하는 것이고 마하시 수행은 선정에 들 수 있을 정도의 강력한 힘은 있지만 선정에 머무르지 않고 위빠사나를 진행한다는 것이다. 출발선은 사마타와 위빠사나로 각각 다르지만 양쪽 모두 선정이라는 정점에 이르게 되고 찰나삼매라는 집중의 힘으로 위빠사나를 수행한다는 유사한 결론에 도달하게 된다. 차이점은 파욱 수행에서 근접삼매 이전에 준비단계에서도 찰나삼매를 활용한다는데 있다. The purpose of this study is to clarify the difference of momentary concentration (khaṇika samādhi) between Pa-Auk method and Mahasi method. In the meditation way prescribed by Pa-Auk Sayadaw, momentary concentration can be attained in two ways. One is by focusing on single object. Momentary concentration emerges right before the access concentration as a preparatory sign. The other one is by exiting from aborption. Praticioners use this momentary concentration when proceeds the vipassanā practice. On the other hand, in the meditation method by Mahasi Sayadaw, practitioners achieve momentary absorption by developing concentration power through ways such as labeling objects etc. They are not focusing on one single object but labeling objects makes their mind staying on moving objects through conceptual way. Pratitioner can achieve momentary concentration by utilizing conceptual phenomenon. That is similar to Pa-Auk samatha practice where practioners use lights emerging when staying on a single object. Subsequently practitioners using the Mahashi method could develop elements of absorption by practicing not only vippasana, but also samatha. To sum up, practitioners of Pa-Auk method proceeds vipassanā using momentary concentration after exiting absorption, whereas those using Mahasi method proceed vipassanā without staying on absorption even though their concentration power is strong enough. Therefore, it could be concluded that regardless to the different starting point both methods share common elements; Helping practitioners to attain the absorption and practicing vipassanā with the power of momentary concentration. Difference is that Pa-Auk practice use momentary concentration from the preparatory stage before acccess concentation.