복잡성 이론(Complexity Theory)과 특수교육

권정민 이화여자대학교 특수교육연구소 2009 특수교육 Vol.8 No.2

복잡성 이론은 교육을 포함한 사회과학 분야에서 새롭게 소개되는 이론이다. 이 연구의 주요 목적은 복잡성 이론을 특수교육 전문가들에게 소개하고 특수교육을 재조명하기 위함이다. 복잡성 이론은 현대 물리학에서 시작된 이론으로 퀀텀의 세계에서 입자들은 이전의 모든 논리성을 무시하고 모든 자연과학적 법칙을 벗어나 행동한다는 관찰에서 비롯되었다. 복잡성 이론은 시스템 이론과 카오스 이론으로 설명될 수 있는데, 시스템 이론은 시스템의 복잡함에 초점을 맞추고 카오스 이론은 그 복잡한 시스템의 예측 불가능한 관계와 영향에 대하여 논한다. 이를 특수교육에 적용하면, 우리는 결함보다는 가능성에 초점을 맞추고, 학생이 속한 모든 환경이 학생의 학습에 주는 영향을 인식하고, 학생을 다양한 각도에서 이해하며, 공유하는 비전을 가져야 한다. 학생과 학생이 속한 환경의 복잡성을 이해할 때, 교사는 새롭고 창의적인 방법을 찾아낼 수 있을 것이고, 이를 이용하여 학생이 진정으로 의미있는 학습을 할 수 있도록 도울 수 있을 것이다. Complexity theory is an emerging new idea in the fields of social science. The purpose of this research is to introduce complexity theory to special education professionals and refocus on the practices of special education. Complexity theory has its roots in contemporary physics. In quantum physics, the scientists have found that the elements moved outside traditional rationality and expectations. Complexity theory can be explained in systems theory and chaos theory. Systems theory focuses on the complexity of the systems whereas chaos theory focuses on the unexpectable-ness of the systems. When the theories are applied to special education, we can focus on the possibilities of the students rather than deformity, understand the student in the context of the surrounding environment, and acquire shared visions of the classroom and society. Through complexity science, we may be able to find new and creative ways to help students learn in meaningful ways.

교육에서 복잡성 이론의 함의

배재학 ( Jae Hak Bae ) 한국교육철학회 2015 교육철학 Vol.55 No.-

The purpose of this paper explores the complexity theory as a philosophy of education is to look at the possibility of applying sought. In this paper I show how complexity theory has challenged the idea of representation and we explore possibilities for an alternative understanding of knowledge in its relationship to reality. The start of modern science in Europe, has been developed on the basis of mechanistic thinking. According to the Descartes, the operation of bodies, ranging from the grass that grows all the phenomena of the Universe can be expressed in exact formulas, and mathematics to indicate that a given phenomenon to check the analytical methodology is needed. The knowledge gained from the mechanistic view of the world predictions were possible for the unknown. Its core is determinism and reductionism. What is determinism, all that happens in the world can be changed from the beginning so determined and selected according to the laws of dynamics, so undoubtedly goes inevitably evolves. I considers questions of continuity and change in education from the perspective of complexity theory, introducing the field to educationists who might not be familiar with it. Given a significant degree of complexity in a particular environment (or "dynamical system````), new properties and behaviours, which are not necessarily contained in the essence of the constituent elements or able to be predicted from a knowledge of initial conditions, will emerge. This turn derives from developments over the past two decades or so within physics, biology, mathematics, ecology, chemistry and economics, from the revival of neo-vitalism in social thought et a1.and from the emergence of a more general ````complex structure of feeling" that challenges some everyday notions of social order. Within these scientific disciplines, an array of transformations took place, loosely known as chaos, complexity, non-linearity and dynamical systems analysis. There is a shift from reductionist analyses to those that involve the study of complex adaptive matter that shows ordering but which remains on the edge of chaos. Developed principally in the fields of physics, biology, chemistry and economics, complexity theory arises in some senses out of chaos theory, and before that, catastrophe theory, in that it shares chaos theory`s focus on the sensitivity of phenomena to initial conditions that may result in unexpected and apparently random subsequent properties and behaviours. Jones points out that the term <``complexity" is frequently used in a manner which suggests that it is a unified concept, which may contribute to a neglect of tl1e range of different theories that deal with the implications of complexity. The concepts of complex systems include multi-scale hierarchical organisation, emergent patterning, agent-based modelling, dynamical tractors and repellors, information flows and constraints, system-environment interaction, developmental trajectories, selectional ratchets, fitness landscapes, interaction across timescales, and varieties of self-organisation. I suggests that the language, concepts and principles of complexity are central to the development of "a new science of qualities" to complement "the science of quantities" that has shaped our understanding of the physical and social worlds. Complexity offers a theoretical framework for acknowledging and helping to sustain the self-organising capacity of fully embodied systems that are realised through the intra- and inter-actions of agents within the boundary that those activities help to generate and sustain. For educators, complexity thinking points to structural conditions that one can implement to help students become aware of how self-consciousness does not precede or follow pedagogical encounters.

행정학연구에서 복잡계의 연구동향과 과제

강성남 한국거버넌스학회 2011 한국거버넌스학회보 Vol.18 No.2

최근에 행정학의 연구대상에서 초점이 되는 관료제 현상을 ‘하나의 복잡계(a complex system)’로 인식하고 이에 대한 이론적 자원으로서 복잡계 이론 및 방법론의 지원을 받은 연구 성과들이 나오고 있다. 여기에는 행정현상의 동학이 복잡해지면서 이를 분석할 필요성이 자리하고 있기 때문이다. 이 논문은 한국행정연구의 적실성과 과학성에 대한 평가 작업의 토대를 마련한다는 관점에서 복잡계 연구동향을 분석하고 향후 연구패러다임을 모색하는 것이 필요하다는 인식에 기초하고 있다. 복잡계 이론은 인식론, 분석대상, 개념의 포괄범위, 분석방법, 분석결과의 해석에서 특징을 지니고 있다. 이 논문에서는 한국 행정학 연구에서 복잡계 이론에 관한 연구동향을 크게 연구지향성, 연구 분야(대상) 및 연구방법에 따라 정리하고 있다. 이러한 동향분석과 정리를 토대로 새로운 연구패러다임을 위한 과제를 제시하고 있다. 주제와 관련한 과제 및 방향은 체제의 비선형성, 자기조직화, 공진화, 창발성의 개념 적용을 통한 연구주제가 좀 더 다루어져야 한다는 것이다. 이 밖에도 복잡계 이론의 핵심적인 개념들에 대한 조작화 문제를 비롯하여 복잡계 연구방법의 활용과 관련된 문제를 제시했다. 결론에서는 복잡계 연구의 전망과 함께 최근에 나타나는 행정체제 변동에 관한 분석 ‘틀’로서의 유용성을 강조하고 그것의 한계를 언급하고 있다. Recent administrative studies have recognized bureaucracy as a complex system and many of studies have been produced that are supported by the theory of complex system and its methodology. As administrative dynamics has become complex, there are increasing needs of analysis of it. This thesis analyzes a trend of the theory of complex system to prepare a foundation of relevancy and scientific aspects of Korean studies of public administration. Moreover, this thesis is based on a realization of a necessity of future research paradigm. The theory of complex system has features in the aspects of epistemology, the object of analysis, range of concept, analytic methods, and interpretation of results of research. This thesis characterizes the trend of Korean administrative studies of the complex theory according to research orientation, and the object of studies. This thesis suggests tasks for future research paradigm based on analysis of research trends. This thesis also suggests that more research themes be dealt by applying the concept of nonlinearity, self-organization, co-evolution, and emergence phenomenon. This thesis proposes an advanced application of the complex theory and manipulation of core concepts of the complex theory. In conclusion, this thesis comments the prospect of the study on the complex system, the usefulness of the theory of complex system as an analytic framework related to administrative system changes and also mentions its limitations.

복잡계이론 관점에서 본 축구재능발달 단계

강지훈 ( Ji-hun Kang ),윤영길 ( Young-kil Yun ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2021 체육과학연구 Vol.32 No.1

[목적] 본 연구는 복잡계이론을 토대로 축구재능발달 단계를 해석할 목적으로 진행하였다. [방법] 본 연구는 문헌연구와 심층면담을 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 문헌연구에서는 복잡계이론을 주제로 한 연구를 대상으로 복잡계이론의 특징을 추출하였으며, K리그 선수 5명을 대상으로 심층면담을 진행하였다. 수집된 자료는 주제분석을 진행하였다. 축구재능발달의 초기코드와 잠재주제, 복잡계이론의 구성개념과 잠재주제는 은유적 분석으로 해석하였다. [결과] 문헌연구 결과 복잡계이론의 분석 틀은 환경복잡성, 환류구조, 자기조직성, 임계조건, 창발현상으로 구성되었다. 문헌연구를 토대로 축구재능발달 단계를 해석하여 축구재능발달 단계를 잠재된재능, 수월성기반재능계발, 축구화된재능, 축구재능도약, 축구재능자기화 단계로 구획하였다. 구체적으로 잠재된재능 단계는 신체조건, 신체활동 선호와 환경변화로, 수월성기반재능계발 단계는 기술숙달, 축구생각과 주요타자와의 관계로, 축구화된재능 단계는 기술분화, 축구몰입과 성장경험으로, 축구재능도약 단계는 위기극복경험, 비계환경과 경기력 도약으로, 축구재능자기화 단계는 경기력 자기화의 발현, 경기력 진화와 컨디션 자기조절로 구체화하였다. [결론] 복잡계이론을 토대로 해석한 축구재능발달 단계는 잠재된재능 단계, 수월성기반 재능계발 단계, 축구화된재능 단계, 축구재능도약 단계, 축구재능자기화 단계로 구분된다. 본 연구가 축구재능발달 단계에 대한 이해를 증진시키는 동시에, 축구재능발달 프로그램의 기초자료로 활용되기를 기대해본다. [Purpose] This study was aimed at interpreting the football talent development stages based on complexity theory. [Methods] The data for this study was gathered through literature review and in-depth interviews that were analyzed by thematic analysis. Literature review of the studies regarding complexity theory revealed the features of complexity theory and five football players participating in the K-league were interviewed. Gathered materials were analyzed by the thematic analysis. Initial codes and potential themes of football talent development stages, the conception and potential themes of the complexity theory were interpreted by metaphorical analysis. [Results] Results of literature review were as follows: analysis frame of complexity theory were organized environment of complexity, feedback structure, self-organization, critical condition and emergent phenomenon. The football talent development stages, interpreted as a result of literature review, were divided into Potential Talents, Excellence based Talents Development, Footballizational Talents, Football to Takeoff and Personalization of Football Talents. The stages were specifically materialized as follows: Potential Talents was materialized into physical condition, physical activity preference and change of environment. Excellence based Talent Development was materialized into skill mastery, thoughts about football and relationship with significant others. Footballizational Talents was materilized into skill fractionation, football flow and growth experience. Football to Takeoff was materialized into overcoming crisis experience, performance scaffolding and performance takeoff. Personalization of Football Talents was materialized into manifestation of performance personalization, performance evolution, condition maintenance. [Conclusions] Football talent development stages, interpreted by means of complexity theory, were divided into Potential Talents stage, Excellence based Talent Development stage, Footballizational Talents stage, Football to Takeoff stage and Personalization of Football Talents stage. Utilization of this study as a fundamental resource of football talents development programs and as a means to understanding football talents development is looked forward to.

하버마스와 루만의 이론논쟁과 새로운 사회이론에의 도전

노진철(Rho, Jin-Chul) 한국이론사회학회 2018 사회와 이론 Vol.33 No.-

하버마스와 루만은 체계이론이 사회이론이냐 사회공학이냐는 주제를 놓고 이론논쟁을 벌였다. 현대사회에 대한 체계이론의 설명력이 가지는 과학적 타당성 문제를 두고 다툰 이 이론논쟁은 사회학은 물론 인문·사회과학 일반에서 유례없는 공명을 일으켰다. 이 논쟁에서 두 학자는 기존의 사회학과 달리 사회이론은 전체 사회를 연구 대상으로 하는 사회학연구를 주장했다. 사회학이 사회공학이어야 한다는 데 동의한 학자는 없었다. 이 논쟁으로부터 하버마스는 소통적 행위이론을 발전시켰고, 루만은 자기준거적 체계이론을 발전시켰다. 후기의 발전된 사회이론들에 견주어 두 학자의 초기 이론논쟁을 탐구하는 것은, 비서구사회의 학자인 우리들이 자기 사회를 관찰하고 기술하는 새로운 사회이론을 구축하는 데 자극을 받기 위함이다. 사회이론의 기본개념이 언어인지 의미인지? 사회이론의 대상이 합리성 문제인지 복잡성 증가 문제인지? 문제의 해결 방식이 담론인지 자기준거적 생산인지? 사회의 구조변동이 해방인지 진화인지? 이런 문제제기들은 사회이론에 대한 하버마스와 루만의 견해 차이를 규명하는 데 도움을 준다. 이 연구 작업의 이론적 함의는 비서구 사회에서 새로운 사회이론에 도전하는 데 있다. Habermas and Luhmann argued about the subject of system theory as society theory or social technology. The debate over the question of the scientific validity of the explanatory power of system theory on modern society has raised unprecedented resonance in sociology as well as general humanities and social sciences. In this debate, the two scholars, unlike the contemporary sociology, advocated sociological research in which the society theory was the subject of the whole society. None of the scholars agreed that sociology should be social technology. From this debate, Habermas developed the theory of communicative action, and Luhmann developed the theory of selfreferential systems. Exploring the early theoretical debate of two scholars in contrast to the later developed society theories is for the scholars of the non-western societies to be stimulated to build a new society theory that observes and describes their societies. Does the basic concept of society theory mean language or meaning? Is the subject of social theory a matter of rationalization or increased complexity? Is the solution of the problem a discourse or a discussion system? Whether social change is liberation or evolution? These questions help us to differentiate Habermas’s and Luhmann’s view of society theory. The theoretical implications of this work are in challenging new society theories in non-western societies.

Complexity and Early Childhood Education

( Jung Hye-young ),( Kim Byung-man ),( Kim Mi-jin ),( Seo Bo-soon ),( Son You-jin ) 한국유아교육학회 2017 정기학술대회 논문집 Vol.2017 No.1

The purpose of this study is to examine the implications of complexity system theory for early childhood education. Increasing complexity and strengthening dynamics are evident in early childhood education, and this study was carried out because of limitations in describing early childhood education as a system of modern education. Human activities have a very complex context. Human learning and knowledge formation processes such as culture, knowledge, and language presuppose actual complexity within the network of life. However, even learning experiences and learning processes in early childhood classrooms are placed in a simple and very clear form. For infants, learning and knowledge are contextual, tacit, practical, and complex. In this study, we proposed the main contents of complex system theory, collective intelligence, network system, normality, feedback loop recursive elaboration, power function and emergence. Introducing complex theories to early childhood education is an attempt to pursue the essence of early childhood learning and knowledge formation beyond the effort to clarify, simplify and individualize the theory.

Gitt’s Information Theory and Linguist Chomsky’s Fallacies

Sungkyun Shin 한국중원언어학회 2015 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.34

According to Gitt (1996; 2007), new information cannot originate through mutations, but mutations can only cause changes in existing information with no increase in information, and with injurious results. On the observation of this fact, Chomsky’s assumption that UG has happened to human beings through mutation(s) shows a fallacy. I rather support, with reference to Gitt’s information theory, Behe‘s (1996: 39) irreducible complexity, and Dembski’s (1999: 47) specified complexity based on intelligent design. Language is just a good example of irreducible complexity and specified complexity, showing the working together of speech anatomy, intelligence, and Chomsky’s internal system, which together consist of language use ( the internal system, intelligence, the sensory motor system, and externalization). Humans have a built-in brain capable of learning and conveying abstract ideas, faculty of language (Gitt’s information), and the physical anatomy (mouth, throat, flexible tongue, descended larynx, etc.) to produce a wide range of sounds. Language shows irreducible complexity and specified complexity based on intelligent design conforming to Gitt’s information theory.

체계이론과 정의

이동희 ( Lee Dong-hee ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2019 법학논총 Vol.43 No.4

이 연구는 법의 이념인 정의를 체계이론의 입장에서 논의하는 것을 통해 현대자연법론의 새로운 전망을 시도하려는 것이다. 이를 위해 법의 일반이론으로서의 체계이론에 대해 개관하고, 체계이론에 있어서 정의가 어떤 위치를 차지하고 있으며 어떻게 작용하고 있는가에 관해 고찰한 다음, 자연법론의 입장에서 현대 정의론의 전망을 모색하였다. 최근 법의 이념인 정의의 공신력이 현저하게 저하했다. 이는 법이 가지는 사회적, 정치적 질서효과에 대한 신뢰가 눈에 띄게 낮아졌다는 것을 의미한다. 루만의 체계이론은 그 원인을 다수의 가치가 존재하여 그것을 보편타당한 것으로 정서하는 것이 불가능하게 된 것에서 찾는다. 체계이론은 사회를 가능적 상호관계의 네트워크로 보고, 법을 행위의 예측을 용이하게 하는 일반화된 규범적 행위기대로 정의한다. 그리고 정의를 최고의 법규범이 아니라 법체계의 적절한 복잡성을 표현하는 것으로서, 즉 수미일 관한 결정과 서로 일치할 수 있는 한도에 있어서의 복잡성을 높이는 명령으로서 파악한다. 그러나 체계이론은 전통적인 의미에서의 진리나 정의의 존재를 부정하기 때문에, 그 기준이 사회적 기준에 일치(사회체계 적합성)한다고 하더라도 그것만으로는 충분한 구체성을 획득할 수 없다. 따라서 현대에는 지금까지보다 새로운 초월론적 가치가 인간성의 요청으로서 모색되어야 한다. 이러한 가치의 공동화는 체계 합리성에 의해서가 아니라 역설적 존재자인 인간의 존엄성의 성찰에 의해서만 극복되는 것이기 때문이다. 그렇게 함으로써 권리와 자유의 주체인 인간의 법으로서의 자연법의 새로운 전망을 열 수 있을 것이다. This study tried to find a new perspective on modern natural law through discussing justice as the ideology of law from the standpoint of system theory. To this end, it looked over the system theory as the general theory of the law, considered what position justice holds in the system theory and how it works, and then sought the prospect of modern justice from the point of view of natural law. Recently, the public confidence in justice, one of the ideology of the law, has been declined significantly. This means that confidence in the social and political order effects of the law has become significantly reduced. Luhmann’s theory of systems finds the reason for the existence of many values, making it impossible to interpret them as universally accepted. System theory views society as a network of possible interrelationships, and defines the law as a generalized normative mechanism that facilitates the prediction of actions. And it identify the justice not as the top legal code but as an order that increases complexity in the extent to which it can be matched to coherent decision expressing the appropriate complexity of the legal system. However, because system theory denies the existence of truth or justice in the traditional sense, even if the criteria are consistent with social standards (suitability with social systems), the system theory alone cannot achieve sufficient specificity. Thus, in modern times, a new transcendental value than ever should be sought as a request for humanity. This commonality of values is not overcome by system rationality, but only by reflection of human dignity, which is a paradoxical being.

카오스이론의 특성을 적용한 패션디자인 연구

임민정(Im Min Jung),박문희(Park Moon Hee) 한국디지털디자인학회 2012 디지털디자인학연구 Vol.12 No.2

Modern fashion demands novel designing methods to satisfy a variety of creative individual sentiments as the complex of new science, technology, and art. The purpose of this study is architected to apply Chaos Theory in design in which complex and irregular orders and rules are scientifically explained within the unpredictable nature, and therefore, to provide creative novel designing methods that can fulfill a range of distinctive modern demands. The method of research analyzes the characteristics of Chaos Theory by literature study. As an empirical study, design cases were gathered to be analyzed of the characteristics and interrelationship with Chaos Theory. Based on the relationship between the principle of design and Chaos Theory, fashion design cases were collected and analyzed to identify the expression method of fashion design. The analyzed results were applied to fashion design. According to the results of this study, Chaos Theory potentializes the systematization of complex nature and art works made by human. The major concepts of Chaos Theory were analyzed to have characteristics of non-equilibrium, instability, irregularity, irreversibility, self-similar fractal structure, collapsed structure, and self-organization. Characteristics of Chaos Theory enabled application of design concept via design case analysis, which proved that it can be used as one of the principles of fashion design by fashion design case analysis. The application of Chaos Theory in fashion design would provide emergence effects and creative expression in fashion design being utilized as a method developing high value-added products. 현대 패션은 새로운 과학과 기술, 예술의 복합체로서 그 변화를 수용하고 개인의 가치와 신념을 표현하는 것으로 인식되면서 개인화되고 차별화를 위한 다양한 개인의 감성을 만족시킬 수 있는 새로운 디자인 방법이 요구되고 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 복잡하고 불규칙하며 비예측적인 자연에 내재하는 질서와 규칙을 과학적으로 설명하는 카오스이론의 특성을 디자인에 적용시킴으로서 현대의 개성적이고 다양한 요구에 부응할 수 있는 독창적이고 새로운 디자인방법을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법은 문헌연구를 통하여 카오스이론의 특성을 분석하였다. 실증연구로 디자인 사례를 수집하여 카오스이론의 특성과 디자인과의 연관성 분석하였다. 카오스이론과 디자인 원리와의 관련성을 토대로 패션디자인 사례를 수집 분석하여 패션디자인의 표현방법을 규명하였다. 분석된 결과를 패션디자인에 적용하였다. 본 연구 결과 카오스이론은 복잡한 자연물과 인간이 만들어낸 조형물을 체계화하는 것이 가능하다. 카오스이론의 주요개념은 비선형성, 비평형, 불안정성과 불규칙성, 비가역성, 프렉탈 구조와 자기유사성, 무산구조와 자기조직화의 특성을 가지는 것으로 분석되었다. 카오스이론의 특성은 디자인 사례분석을 통해 디자인 개념의 적용이 가능하였으며 카오스 이론의 조형적 특성은 패션디자인에서 패턴의 구조, 소재, 디테일에서 우연적이면서 다양한 형태의 표현을 가능하게 해 줄 뿐만 아니라 아이템의 상호유기적 결합과 개인화를 제공하는 패션디자인 방법으로 활용될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 카오스이론의 패션디자인의 적용은 창조적 디자인 개발방법을 제공함으로써 고부가가치 상품개발 방법으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Gitt’s Information Theory and Linguist Chomsky’s Fallacies

신성균 한국중원언어학회 2015 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.34

According to Gitt (1996; 2007), new information cannot originate through mutations, but mutations can only cause changes in existing information with no increase in information, and with injurious results. On the observation of this fact, Chomsky’s assumption that UG has happened to human beings through mutation(s) shows a fallacy. I rather support, with reference to Gitt’s information theory, Behe‘s (1996: 39) irreducible complexity, and Dembski’s (1999: 47) specified complexity based on intelligent design. Language is just a good example of irreducible complexity and specified complexity, showing the working together of speech anatomy, intelligence, and Chomsky’s internal system, which together consist of language use ( the internal system, intelligence, the sensory motor system, and externalization). Humans have a built-in brain capable of learning and conveying abstract ideas, faculty of language (Gitt’s information), and the physical anatomy (mouth, throat, flexible tongue, descended larynx, etc.) to produce a wide range of sounds. Language shows irreducible complexity and specified complexity based on intelligent design conforming to Gitt’s information theory.