노화의 기전과 예방

김재식,Kim, Jay Sik 대한면역학회 2001 Immune Network Vol.1 No.2

Aging is a senescence and defined as a normal physiologic and structural alterations in almost all organ systems with age. As Leonard Hayflick, one of the first gerontologists to propose a theory of biologic aging, indicated that a theory of aging or longevity satisfies the changes of above conditions to be universal, progressive, intrinsic and deleterious. Although a number of theories have been proposed, it is now clear that cell aging (cell senescence) is multifactorial. No single mechanism can account for the many varied manifestations of biological aging. Many theories have been proposed in attempt to understand and explain the process of aging. Aging is effected in individual by genetic factors, diet, social conditions, and the occurrence of age-related diseases as diabetes, hypertension, and arthritis. It involves an endogenous molecular program of cellular senescence as well as continuous exposure throughout life to adverse exogenous influences, leading to progressive infringement on the cell's survivability so called wear and tear. So we could say the basic mechanism of aging depends on the irreversible and universal processes at cellular and molecular level. The immediate cause of these changes is probably an interference in the function of cell's macromolecules-DNA, RNA, and cell proteins-and in the flow of information between these macromolecules. The crucial questions, unanswered at present, concerns what causes these changes in truth. Common theories of aging are able to classify as followings for the easy comprehension. 1. Biological, 1) molecular theories - a. error theory, b. programmed aging theory, c. somatic mutation theory, d. transcription theory, e. run-out-of program theory, 2) cellular theories - a. wear and tear theory, b. cross-link theory, c. clinker theory, d. free radical theory, e. waste product theory, 3) system level theory-a. immunologic/autoimmune theory, 4) others - a. telomere theory, b. rate of living theory, c. stress theory, etc. Prevention of aging is theoretically depending on the cause or theory of aging. However no single theory is available and no definite method of delaying the aging process is possible by this moment. The most popular action is anti-oxidant therapy using vitamin E and C, melatonin and DHEA, etc. Another proposal for the reverse of life-span is TCP-17 and IL-16 administration from the mouse bone marrow B cell line study for the immunoglobulin VDJ rearrangement with RAG-1 and RAG-2. Recently conclusional suggestion for the extending of maximum life-span thought to be the calory restriction.

노화불안이 성공적 노화에 대한 기대와 은퇴준비에 미치는 영향

정석식 ( Seok Sik Jeong ),박상범 ( Sang Beom Park ) 한국생산성학회 2015 生産性論集 Vol.29 No.2

In this study, we analyzed the direct and indirect effects of expectant retirees’ psychological causes of aging anxiety and expectation for successful aging to retirement preparation using structure equation model. The first analysis result that expectant retirees’ expectation for successful aging has positive significant effect indicates if one has the higher expectation for successful aging he or she prepares for retirement more thoroughly, which shows expectation leads to preparation. The second analysis result show that expectation of expectant retirees’ expectation for successful aging influences significantly to retirement preparation. The third analysis result shows that aging anxiety affects not negatively to the expectation for successful aging but positively. The first two results do not deviate from to some extent what we can expect in general. However, the third result is somewhat different from our expectation. The result can be explained this way. That is, among the respondents to the questionaire more than half (63.4%) are the age of 40’s. Aging anxiety influences to expectant retirees in terms of successful aging differently according to the age. That is, in their 40’s, people view aging anxiety more of positively than negatively. This result implies that aging anxiety should be analyzed from the different perspective regarding retirement preparation, and comparison studies between early 40’s and impending expectant retirees and retirees should be conducted. This result is important because in this country the speed of aging is the fastest over the world, the so-called baby-boomers are just started to retire without enough preparation, individuals as well as the government is not prepared for the situation of aged society. Therefore every possible means should be adopted and executed to reduce problems rising from the situation. But the means should be elaborate to be effective and efficient as this study results show.

The model for aging well: understanding Daily Life Activity (DLA)

( Kyoung Tae Kim ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: Despite the importance and prevalence in the use of the term “aging well,” there has been an absence of an empirically valid aging well model for conceptualization and measurement of the phenomenon. The purpose of the study was to conceptualize and test a model for aging well. The study also provided a concept of Daily Life Activity (DLA) that could examine the everyday activities of older people. Method: The instrument for the study was a comprehensive questionnaire compiled for investigating aging well in the United States, Aging Well: A Study of Adult Well-Being. The study used secondary data from Aging Well: A Study of Adult Well-Being, which was part of the Global Aging Initiative (2004). It included five components of aging well. Each domain of aging well was measured using existing and well-established instruments with demonstrated validity and reliability. The parent study developed a sample of 554 non-institutionalized individuals ranging in age from 50 to 92 years. This study used structural equation modeling to test the relationship between leisure involvement and aging well. Result: This study confirmed a five-factor structure of aging well including (a) daily life activity, (b) social resources and supports, (c) mental efficacy, (d) physical health and functional status, and (e) material security. Although all five dimensions strongly contribute to the aging well construct, the statistical results have shown that Social Resources and Support (SRS) is the most important in explaining aging well. Material Security is the weakest latent variable in the model. The model for Daily Life Activity was specified and supported as a second- order factor model with three first order latent variables representing different activity types, which are a) productive activity, b) social network based activity, and c) leisure activity. Conclusion & Discussion: The study indicates the model for aging well is a single, holistic, and multidimensional framework with a strong theoretical and empirical base. From a practical viewpoint, assessment and detailed information regarding the extent to which they are aging well are very important for older adults and agencies serving them to improve their quality of life and well-being. The model for aging and the questionnaire in this study could be useful to practitioners and the older adults they serve in several ways. The conceptual model of aging well with its five dimensions can help both groups understand the notions of a positive concept of aging and of aging well, which in turn enable them to know what they should focus on in order to improve well-being in old age. Recommendations for future study based on findings and limitations of the study are considered.

중장년 발달장애인 노화 관련 국외 문헌 분석

이정은,김유리,이종민 한국발달장애학회 2022 발달장애연구 Vol.26 No.4

As we enter the aging era, the interest toward aging of adults with disabilities is increasing, however, research on aging of older adults with developmental disabilities is relatively poor. The purpose of this study is to provide practical and policy implications to the field by examining foreign studies that address the aging of people with developmental disabilities in line with the aging era. To this end, a total of 33 studies were analyzed which were published overseas from 2012 to 2021 on the topic of aging with developmental disabilities. Specifically, the following parts were analyzed: the publication year, location, participants, research method, and results. With respect to the results, the studies were analyzed based on the meaning and emotion toward aging, aging-related functional changes, aging-related correlates, positive and negative perception of aging, and coping strategies. Based on the results, future research directions for aging of developmental disability and practical supports in the field were discussed. 고령화 시대로 진입하며 장애인의 노화에 대한 관심도 증대되고 있으나 발달장애인에 대한 노화 연구는 상대적으로 매우 빈약한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 고령화 시대에 맞춰 발달장애인의 노화를 다룬 국외 연구를 살펴봄으로써 국내 현장에 실천적 및 정책적 시사점을 제공하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 2012년부터 2021년까지 발달장애 노화를 주제로 국외에서 발표된 총 33편의 논문들을 분석하였다. 구체적으로 출판연도, 연구 참여자, 연구장소, 연구방법, 연구결과를 중심으로 분석되었으며, 연구결과의 경우 연구주제에 따라 노화에 대한 의미 및 감정, 노화로 인한 기능 변화, 노화 관련 변인, 노화에 대한 긍정적 인식, 노화 과정에서의 걱정 및 우려, 노화에 대한 대처전략으로 나누어 분석되었다. 연구 결과에 기초하여 추후 발달장애 노화 연구 방향 및 현장에서의 지원방안이 논의되었다.

고령사회와 액티브에이징 고찰 연구

한동희 한국노인복지학회 2014 노인복지연구 Vol.0 No.64

Purpose: Aging is too fast in Korea. Population ageing is unique challenges to every society. The attention of aging should be aimed on the very issues that arises from this process. Method: This study overview Active Aging policy framework for Korean society. According to Active Aging frame from World Health Organization(2002), Active Aging Consortium in Asia Pacific(2005-2013) and EU Active Aging, this study was analyzed background, concepts and component theories and best practices active aging in actions. Result: It was lead productive and positive aging, the process optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age with aged friendly community. We all should make active aging environment for our aged society and develop community bases concept of active aging. 인구의 고령화는 사회인구구조의 변화와 부양책임 그리고 생산연령인구의 감소라는 사회구조적 문제를 야기시키고 있다. 따라서 긍정적이고 생산적 노년의 구체적 대응전략이 요구되고 있다. 액티브에이징 정책은 무엇보다도 길어진 노년을 생산적이며 긍정적으로 보낼 수 있는 가이드라인을 제시한다. 따라서 본 연구는 세계보건기구(WHO), 아시아태평양 액티브에이징 컨소시엄(ACAP), 유럽연합(EU)에서 전개된 다양한 액티브에이징 아젠다의 지료를 분석하여 액티브에이징의 개념과 구성요소를 제안하고 고령사회에 액티브에이징 정책이 필요한 이유와 이를 통한 긍정적 노년을 만들 수 있는 방안과 정책을 제언을 하고자 한다.

노화사실인지정도와 노화불안에 대한 연구

김화선,양정남,최은정 한국정신건강사회복지학회 2009 정신보건과 사회사업 Vol. No.

The purpose of this study is to examine the degree of aging anxiety, knowledge about aging and the influencing factors on aging anxiety. For this study, the data was collected using a structured questionnaire which included Aging Anxiety Scale: AAS from Lasher & Faulkender (1993) and Kyung san scale, knowledge of aging. The data was collected from 335 University students and adults from Gwangju and Junnam area. The data was analysis using SPSS 12.0. The results of this study was analyzed as follows; First, the average score of the participants for knowledge on aging was 58.9% The participants were an adult group whose score was lower than the social workers(65.3%) and nurses group(65.5%). Second, the average score of the participants for aging anxiety was 2.80 out of 5.00. The sub score shows that fear of elderly among participants was 2.77, fear of loss was 3.11, fear of psychological instability was 2.2, fear of physical appearance was 2.98. Third, the result showed that differences between aging anxiety and general characteristics was that sex, age, level of education, education on aging, volunteering experience of working with elderly. Fourth, the study revealed that there was a negative correlation between aging anxiety and knowledge on aging. This fact implied that the greater ones knowledge on aging the lower the aging anxiety. Fifth, this study showed that knowledge on aging and volunteering experience working with elderly was a most influential factor towards participant's anxiety about aging. In conclusion, an integrated education programmes which included lectures and volunteer activities should be developed to reduce anxiety about aging and improve quality of elderly care. 본 연구의 목적은 대상자의 노화불안 수준과 노화사실인지정도를 파악하여, 노화불안에 영향을 미치는 요인을 규명하기 위함이다. 연구 대상자는 광주 ․ 전남지역에 거주하는 대학생과 일반성인 335명으로, 수집된 질문지 중 312부를 최종분석에 사용하였다. 본 연구에서 사용한 도구는 Lasher & Faulkender(1993)의 노화불안 척도(Aging Anxiety Scale: AAS)의 20문항 중 19문항과 윤진 ․ 조석미(1982)의 경산노화사실인지척도 24문항을 수정하여 사용하였다. 연구결과를 정리하면, 첫째, 대상자의 노화사실 인지정도의 정답률은 58.9%로 선행연구에서 나타난 사회복지사(65.3%), 간호사(65.0%)보다 낮게 나타났다. 둘째, 대상자의 노화불안은 5점 만점 척도에서 2.80점으로 나타났고, 하위영역별로는 노인에 대한 두려움이 2.77점, 상실에 대한 두려움이 3.11점, 심리적 불안정이 2.20점, 신체적 외모에 대한 두려움이 2.98점으로 나타났다. 셋째, 대상자의 일반적 특성에 따른 노화불안의 차이는 성별, 연령, 학력, 노인복지 관련 과목 이수경험, 향후 노인관련 업무 희망 여부, 노인대상 자원봉사 경험 유무에 따라 총노화불안이나 하위영역별로 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 넷째, 노화사실인지정도와 노화불안 사이에 부적상관관계가 나타났고, 이를 통해서 노화사실인지정도가 높을수록 노화불안이 낮아짐을 알 수 있다. 다섯째, 노화불안에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석한 결과, 노화사실인지정도와 자원봉사경험이 가장 큰 영향 요인으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 노화불안을 감소시키기 위한 노화사실인지 교육의 필요성과 자원봉사 프로그램 개발을 위한 논의를 시도하였다.

노화의 개념, 진단 및 관리

배철영(Chul-Young Bae) 대한미병의학회 2023 대한미병의학회지 Vol.4 No.1

Anti-aging medicine is defined as ‘the newest clinical specialty, the optimum of wellness and longevity, and employs extensive therapies and treatment in the preventive health care field far beyond just cholesterol testing and mammogram, by American Academy of Anti-aging Medicine. Aging theories is dived into two main theories, genetic control theory and acquired theory. Though many aging theories have been developed, any single theory is not universally accepted. Aging is defined as a time-related decline in physiological functions and changes in morphology. Aging is usually evaluated by questionnaires (AGHDA), self-test, aging biomarkers tests, and biological age measurements. Biological age measurement is usually considered as the index to evaluate the overall health status and aging degree in clinical practice. The goal of aging management is not only to treat age-related diseases, but to improve the diverse function of body and improve quality of life. Five major methods for aging management are the elimination of risk factors, management of chronic diseases, caloric restriction with nutritional balance, medium-intensity regular exercise, and stress management. Many other methods, such as, anti-oxidant therapy, hormone replacement, smart drugs, immune boosters, detoxification, and alternative medicine have been tried for aging management.

노화와 관련된 정신사회적 이론 분석

이평숙 고려대학교 의과대학 1993 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.30 No.2

The purpose of this study is to explain and understand the phenomenon for successful aging through reviewing and analyzing several theories on aging, and then attempt to find usefulness on implication in nursing situation. 1. The aging phenomenon has been studied by many researchers, but due to lack of consensus and empirical support, its conclusions are still not clear. 2. From the psychobiological view, the aging phenomenon seems to be an inevitable, irreversible decline which appears as time passes, and the aging depends on physical age. Basic problems of the aging process consist of the loss of nerve cell, the degeneration of revival ability, and the gradual decline of physical ability and stress adaptability. In such a point, these elements can be a basis of understanding the disease process and the aging process. But, the gradual declining process focuses only on these negative aspects and there is not explains on individual variation in aging. 3. Judging from the psychosocial view, the aging phenomenon more emphasis on the emotional response than the aging process. Ego-integrity, that usefulness is recognized as a theoretical basis for psychosocial aspect, shows the final stage of life, in which reflects on one's life accomplishment and failures. According to Butler, it is normal that old men reminisce about past life events. Therefore, reminiscing about their past experiences, recognizing and reintegrating their unresolved conflicts can be a positive approach to aging. In such a point, the process of reminiscing and life reviewing of one's life can be suggested the possibility of psychotherapeutic nursing intervention as well as explain the result of aging. Social disengagement theory takes the position that it is nomal for old men to withdrawal from society and such a situation brings them a positive benefits. But scholars criticize this theory in many aspects. As a reaction to the negativistic perspective of disengagement developed activity theory which takes the position that old men who participate positively in social activities are healthier and happier. Though this theory is disputed by some critics, according to an empirical study, the support for this theory is more predominant than for the other. Rut the evaluation of successful aging cannot be disputed by the social disengagement theory or the social activities theory. From such a point, I think that more research on this issue should be conducted in the future.

나이듦과 지혜: 성공적 노화의 통합적 개념화

이수림,조성호 한국문화및사회문제심리학회 2007 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제 Vol.13 No.3

본 연구에서는 고령화 사회의 주요문제로 부각되고 있는 노인문제와 나이듦에 대한 이해의 틀을 마련하고자 성공적 노화의 통합적 개념화를 시도하였다. 이를 위해, 나이듦의 의미를 규명하고, 나이듦과 관련된 부정적 변화와 나이듦에 따른 성장과 발달 등 긍정적 변화를 구분하여 개관하였다. 특히, 긍정적 변화와 관련하여 지혜가 성공적 노화의 중요한 요인이 될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 기존의 성공적 노화 이론과 주요 연구 결과들을 제시하였고, 기존의 이론이 가지고 있는 한계에 대한 논의를 바탕으로 지혜를 포함하는 성공적 노화의 통합적 개념화를 제시하였다. 성공적 노화의 통합적 개념화의 주요내용 및 특징을 설명하고 성공적 노화의 통합적 개념화가 갖는 시사점에 대해 논의하였다. The objective of the study was to cast a frame for the integrating concept of successful aging together with for understanding both elderly problems and aging, which was one of the major issues in aging society. For this, the author reviewed the meaning of aging and also made a general survey of both affirmative change such as growth and development and negative change with regard to aging. Particularly, it was observed that wisdom is a key factor for successful aging. The existing theory of successful aging and major study results were reviewed. As a result, the author proposed an integrated conceptualization of successful aging under the general discussion of the limits of existing theory and also explained the characteristics and implications of an integrated conceptualization of successful aging in line with the discussion on the definition of the integrated concept of successful aging.

고령자의 고용 장애 요인과 고령인구 활용에 관한 국가별 전략 연구

전상길,권혁남 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2009 국제지역연구 Vol.18 No.2

This study will be an objective analysis and evaluation on strategic approaches for the employment of the aged within advanced countries that are becoming aging societies. Aging society refers to the high portion of the population over the age of 65 and is a concept which refers to the abnormal age structure causing a great influence on societies, both socially and economically. It is not only the main factor which reduces participation in economic activities, but that impedes economic growth by reducing investments and national savings. In addition, an aging society increasingly weakens the financial index of a nation and increases the likelihood of social conflict by reducing the nation's tax revenue and social insurance income levels while causing added expenditures owing to(due to) increased elderly benefit-related costs. Based on the understanding of such problems, this study will investigate the strategic directions which Korea must implement as the nation becomes an aging society. The study seeks to propose directions for strategic development which will adequately respond to the changing environment and social conditions. This study will investigate the factors for socio-political⋅regulatory obstacles and factors for avoiding employment for the elder to show how such factors have been affecting our society as a whole. The strategic approaches of 10 different subject nations are categorized into four types for a comparative analysis in order to propose a comprehensive strategy model. Finally, this study will propose the strategic directions which the Korean government must implement in order to flexibly respond to the changing environment and actively utilize its aging population. The case studies of the 10 countries reveal that Denmark, Finland, Germany, and Japan were implementing an inclusive policy on the aged in order to respond to the society-wide problem of aging. In the case of Finland, it was found that the country was particularly unique for its inclusive public program which has its objectives in overall enhancement of the labor market in terms of its capacity and output. However, as can be seen from the existing case studies of relevant countries, the focus of policy on aging in general has not developed further than that of suppressing costs. Also, several countries strategically focus on and deal with the structural aspect of the issue only partially. For example, France directs attention more narrowly on labor capacity and reallocation while the Netherlands does the same for productivity and labor market flexibility. Still, the reality is that they have yet to draw up an inclusively strategic approach for the entire society/economy. Of course, one can not overlook the fact that this may be due to the distinctive environment in which each country find themselves, but even those countries that see the pressures of aging population permeating the society at large in a dominating way(Italy, Ireland, and Portugal) only seek solutions from the perspective of utilizing the aging population as a response to the phenomenon of aging or are unable to adopt a specific policy or a strategic approach to aging. If one looks at Korea, one can see that the country is progressively building a system for productive aging for the purpose of utilizing the elderly human resources, but this is only in its early stages. Further, it has not been adequately responding to the rapidly changing environment caused by an unprecedented rate at which the phenomenon of aging is transpiring. What is more, due to an absence of effective leadership and deficiency in collective policy making by the relevant government agencies, the country finds itself unable to implement a comprehensive strategic plan that has in its purview the society/economy at large. Recognizing these developments and related problems, the present study has analyzed the extent of aging and the level of strategy for utilization which are observable for each country.... 본 연구는 고령사회에 진입한 선진국들의 고령인구활용에 대한 전략적 접근 사례를 정성적으로 분석하고 평가하고자 한다. 고령화는 총인구 중 65세 이상 고령 인구의 비중이 높아 사회⋅경제적으로 많은 변화와 충격을 줄 만큼 기형적인 연령 구조를 지칭하는 개념으로, 경제활동 참가율을 저하시키는 주요 요인일 뿐 아니라 저축의 감소와 투자를 위축함으로써 경제성장을 둔화시킨다. 또한, 조세수입의 감소 및 사회보험료 세입의 감소와 동시에 노인복지와 관련된 예산 지출을 증가시켜 재정 수지의 악화와 사회적 갈등을 촉발할 가능성이 농후하다. 이러한 문제의식을 바탕으로 본 논문은 고령화 사회로 접어든 한국사회가 취해야 할 전략적 방향을 모색하고, 변화하는 환경에 적절하게 대처할 수 있는 전략 개발의 방향을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 고령자들의 고용과 활용을 가로막는 요인인 사회정책적⋅제도적 장애, 고령근로자에 대한 고용자의 고용기피 요인, 고령자의 고용 기피요인을 살펴보고 이러한 장애가 사회 전반에 걸쳐 작용하고 있음을 지적하였다. 그리고 이러한 장애를 극복하기 위해 연구대상 10개 국가들은 어떠한 전략적 접근을 시도하고 있는지를 네 가지 군으로 유형화하여 비교 ․ 분석함으로써 고령자 활용을 위한 통합적 전략 모델을 제시하였다. 또한 변화하는 환경에 유연하게 대처하며 적극적인 고령인구의 활용을 위해 취해야할 한국(정부)의 전략적 방향을 제시하였다.