A Confidence-Building Framework for the Korean Peninsula

( James Macintosh ) 한국국방연구원 1995 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.7 No.1

Due to its primary success in the CSCE, confidence building is seen to be an attractive security management option, one with a relevant history of success, apparent technical (i.e., transparency) value, and little obvious risk. As security relations on the Korean peninsula enter a new and dynamic period, interest in confidence building is greater than ever. However, if analysts and policy makers are to employ the confidence-building approach to its greatest effect, they will need to have a sound understanding of what confidence building actually is and how it works. Unfortunately, conventional confidence-building thinking can lead to limited or distorted understanding of the phenomenon and how it functions. This may lead policy makers (1) to exaggerate what specific confidence-building measures can accomplish in the short-term; (2) to under appreciate some modest risks if conditions are not appropriate; and, perhaps most important, (3) to overlook the importance of some less-well-appreciated aspects of the confidence building process. This article provides an introduction to a more conceptually-oriented understanding of the confidence-building process. Contrary to more modest (conventional) conceptions of the phenomenon, this article argues that confidence building is a potentially powerful security management approach that, when employed successfully, can facilitate-and perhaps even initiate-fundamental transformations in perceptions of threat and hostility in security relations. The transformation view argues that confidence building-that is, the processes of exploring, negotiating, and implementing a confidence-building agreement-ean, by its very nature, help to alter the way leaders, policy makers, and publics see potentially hostile neighbors. However, the initial conditions primarily broad fatigue, uncertainty, and all enduring concern about the material and moral costs of maintaining security-must be right for this to occur. Ideally, these fundamental changes in security perceptions come to be institutionalized in a genuine security regime reflecting the content of CBM agreements and the implicit rules of behavior associated with them and their negotiation. Efforts to develop confidence building agreements when the initial conditions are inappropriate and/or when the nature of the process is imperfectly understood can lead to disappointing or even dangerous results. Without the possibility of transformation, confidence building efforts can, at best, achieve modest increases in "transparency" but also risk exaggerating existing suspicions or masking hostile acts. The logic of the article`s position is quite straightforward. Although generating increased transparency-the essence of many conventional understandings of confidence building can be valuable, the actual process of developing, negotiating and implementing a confidence-building arrangement constitute an equally--or perhaps even more-important component of the over-all confidence-building process. It is this collective, cooperative process that facilitates the fundamental positive transformation of a security environment. Process matters perhaps as much as content in confidence building, so a fascination with developing specific CBM solutions to tough security problems may not be as important as is assumed conventionally. The actual process of developing a confidence-building agree-ment can be at least as important in helping to change the way participants see each other as can the transparency and constraint that result from the implementation of the agreement.

Understanding Young Athletes’ Learning at the Youth Olympic Games: A Sport Development Perspective

Eric W. MacIntosh,Milena M. Parent,Diane Culver 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2022 Journal of Global Sport Management Vol.7 No.1

This paper examines young athletes’ experiences, perceptions, and learning derived from participating in the Youth Olympic Games (YOG). We draw from Lillehammer 2016 YOG Games-time field notes, observations, and interviews with 36 young athletes to demonstrate young athletes learning about important aspects of the Olympic Movement through first-hand experience. Young athletes focused on their competition and performance, while benefitting from their interactions with other athletes and with the context, as they engaged in formal and informal learning activities. Findings demonstrate progressive degrees of young ath- lete learning particularly from a development of sport, but also a development through sport perspective. Our study contributes to the examination of Games-time activities, logistics, and processes experienced by the athlete who benefits from a sport (athletic) and social (lifelong) development perspective.

A COLD NEPTUNE-MASS PLANET OGLE-2007-BLG-368Lb: Cold neptunes are common

Sumi, T.,Bennett, D. P.,Bond, I. A.,Udalski, A.,Batista, V.,Dominik, M.,Fouqué,, P.,Kubas, D.,Gould, A.,Macintosh, B.,Cook, K.,Dong, S.,Skuljan, L.,Cassan, A.,Abe, F.,Botzler, C. S.,Fukui, A.,Fu IOP Publishing 2010 The Astrophysical journal Vol.710 No.2

<P>We present the discovery of a Neptune-mass planet OGLE-2007-BLG-368Lb with a planet-star mass ratio of q = [9.5 +/- 2.1] x 10(-5) via gravitational microlensing. The planetary deviation was detected in real-time thanks to the high cadence of the Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics survey, real-time light-curve monitoring and intensive follow-up observations. A Bayesian analysis returns the stellar mass and distance at M(l) = 0.64(-0.26)(+0.21) M(circle dot) and D(l) = 5.9(-1.4)(+ 0.9) kpc, respectively, so the mass and separation of the planet are M(p) = 20(-8)(+7) M(circle plus) and a = 3.3(-0.8)(+1.4) AU, respectively. This discovery adds another cold Neptune-mass planet to the planetary sample discovered by microlensing, which now comprises four cold Neptune/super-Earths, five gas giant planets, and another sub-Saturn mass planet whose nature is unclear. The discovery of these 10 cold exoplanets by the microlensing method implies that the mass ratio function of cold exoplanets scales as dN(pl)/d log q alpha q(-0.7+/-0.2) with a 95% confidence level upper limit of n < -0.35 ( where dN(pl)/d log q alpha q(n)). As microlensing is most sensitive to planets beyond the snow-line, this implies that Neptune-mass planets are at least three times more common than Jupiters in this region at the 95% confidence level.</P>

MASSES AND ORBITAL CONSTRAINTS FOR THE OGLE-2006-BLG-109Lb,c JUPITER/SATURN ANALOG PLANETARY SYSTEM

Bennett, D. P.,Rhie, S. H.,Nikolaev, S.,Gaudi, B. S.,Udalski, A.,Gould, A.,Christie, G. W.,Maoz, D.,Dong, S.,McCormick, J.,Szymań,ski, M. K.,Tristram, P. J.,Macintosh, B.,Cook, K. H.,Kubiak, M.,P IOP Publishing 2010 The Astrophysical journal Vol.713 No.2

<P>We present a new analysis of the Jupiter+Saturn analog system, OGLE-2006-BLG-109Lb,c, which was the first double planet system discovered with the gravitational microlensing method. This is the only multi-planet system discovered by any method with measured masses for the star and both planets. In addition to the signatures of two planets, this event also exhibits a microlensing parallax signature and finite source effects that provide a direct measure of the masses of the star and planets, and the expected brightness of the host star is confirmed by Keck AO imaging, yielding masses of M(*) = 0.51(-0.04)(+0.05) M(circle dot), M(b) = 231 +/- 19 M(circle plus), and M(c) = 86 +/- 7 M(circle plus). The Saturn-analog planet in this system had a planetary light-curve deviation that lasted for 11 days, and as a result, the effects of the orbital motion are visible in the microlensing light curve. We find that four of the six orbital parameters are tightly constrained and that a fifth parameter, the orbital acceleration, is weakly constrained. No orbital information is available for the Jupiter-analog planet, but its presence helps to constrain the orbital motion of the Saturn-analog planet. Assuming co-planar orbits, we find an orbital eccentricity of epsilon = 0.15(-0.10) (+0.17) and an orbital inclination of i = 64 degrees(+ 4 degrees)(-7 degrees) The 95% confidence level lower limit on the inclination of i > 49 degrees implies that this planetary system can be detected and studied via radial velocity measurements using a telescope of greater than or similar to 30 m aperture.</P>

여성학의 미래

페기 매킨토시 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 2000 여성적 가치의 지성공동체 Vol.2000 No.

여성적 가치의 지성공동체

페기 메킨토쉬 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 2000 여성적 가치의 지성공동체 Vol.2000 No.

Empathy and Emotion in Computer Animation

John McIntosh(존 매킨토시) 한국만화애니메이션학회 2018 만화애니메이션연구 Vol.- No.53

기술의존적인 창작 매체로서 컴퓨터 그래픽은 본질적으로 내러티브 영화의 진정한 감정을 표현하기가 어렵다. 하지만 훌륭한 애니메이션 연출과 전통적인 영화 원리를 잘 결합하면, 특히 조명, 사운드, 제스처, 표현, 캐릭터 연출 등과 더불어 애니메이션의 감성적 파워가 진정성과 힘을 발휘할 수 있으나, 여전히 연기의 깊이와 자연스러움의 측면에서 훌륭한 실사 연기에는 비할 수 없다. CG 캐릭터와 능숙한 메소드 배우의 동기부여 이슈를 논하다 보면 컴퓨터 그래픽의 핵심적인 문제에 다다르게 된다. 바로 캐릭터에 감성적 깊이가 없다는 것이다. 사실, CG 캐릭터는 와이어 프레임 껍데기(wire-framed shell)에 지나지 않는다. 캐릭터의 표면은 외양 그 이상이 아니다. 진정한 감성적 연기를 위해 캐릭터가 참고해야 할 경험이나 감정이 없다. CG 캐릭터는 인형이며 애니메이터는 그 인형을 조종하는 사람일 뿐이다. 공감과 감성이 CG 캐릭터를 통해 어떻게 전달되는가? CG 애니메이터는 공감과 감성을 묘사하는 장면을 창조해 내는 감독이자, 촬영기사이자, 인형 조종자이자 배우 역할을 한다. 배우의 훌륭한 연기와 애니메이션의 장면들을 비교함으로써, 애니메이터가 CG 캐릭터에게 생기를 불어 넣을 수 있는 기법과 관찰한 바에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. As a technically dependent creative medium, computer graphics is inherently difficult to portray genuine emotion in narrative films. Yet when an outstanding animated performance is married to classic cinematic principles the emotive power of animation particularly in synthesis of lighting, sound, gesture, expression and character performance can be genuine and powerful but, still not yet comparable to a brilliant live action performance in terms of the depth and apparent spontaneity of a performance. The idea of motivation for a cg character verses a skilled method actor speaks to the central issue of computer graphics. Namely, that there is no emotional depth to the character. In fact, the cg character is nothing but a wire-framed shell. The surface of the character is less than skin deep. There are no experiences or emotions for the character to draw from to create a genuine, emotive performance. The cg character is a puppet and the animator the puppeteer. How is empathy and emotion conveyed in through a CG character? The CG animator becomes the director, cinematographer, puppeteer and actor as they create a scene in which empathy and emotion are portrayed. Through comparison of great performances and animated scenes we will discuss the techniques and observations that allow an animator to give life to a cg character’s performance.

綜合討議

박영혜(사회자),김종의(토론자),주정일(토론자),권영자(토론자),이동원(토론자),이희숙(토론자),조혜정(토론자),김근화(토론자),김애실(토론자),방은령(토론자),최영환(토론자),김명자(토론자),맥킨토시(토론자) 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 1986 아시아여성연구 Vol.25 No.-