THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EM-<TEX>$200^{TM}$</TEX> GAS-FILLED AFFF FIRE EXTINGUISHER FOR AUTOMATIC FIRE SUPPRESS10N SYSTEMS IN THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILES

Jung,Ki-Chang,Kim,Hong,Kang,Young-Goo 한국화재소방학회 1997 한국화재소방학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1997 No.-

In recent years, the number of vehicle fires, as well as the number of motor vehicles, has been increasing rapidly. Therefore, several types of automatic fire suppression systems for the engine compartment of automobiles have been developed to extinguish automobile fires, and most of these systems use halon 1301 as a fire extinguishing agent. Due to environmental concerns, the phase-out of halons has been announced, so now there is a need to replace halon 1301. For this, a 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptaflouropropane (HFC-227ea, FM-<TEX>$200^{TM}$</TEX>) gas-filled Aqueous Film- Forming foam (known as AFFF) extinguisher was devised even though air foam extinguishers could be used. This is because the air in the foam bubbles is a source of oxygen required for the combustion reaction. It can be surmised that it is possible to increase the fire extinguishing efficiency of AFFF by filling in foam bubbles with a gaseous extinguishing agent. The best choice is the FM-<TEX>$200^{TM}$</TEX> gas-filled AFFF, Which has the maximum expansion ratio of 62:1. This makes it possible for the expanded foam to rapidly fill the engine compartment.

한국인의 항파상풍 항체 역가

구홍두,최옥경,장석준,정구영,이정운,김승호 대한응급의학회 1993 대한응급의학회지 Vol.4 No.2

Inspite of immunization, TETANUS remains a disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. Tetanus has been still occurred more frequently in developing countries where immunization programs are inadequate. In Korea, there is a routine immunuzation schedule with diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus(DPT) vaccines at 2,4,6 month after birth at 18 month. But further prophylactic programs are not exist. Moreover, we have usually used only passive immunization, tetanus antitoxin, as a prophylactic regimen for injured patients instead of guidelines of Center for Disease Control. The purpose of this study was to assess the baseline tetanus immunity state and to suggest the proper immunization schedule and adequate prophylactic guideline for injured patients in Korea. One hundred thirty one trauma patients from emergency department of Severance hospital from September to November of 1993 were included. Antietanus antibody titers of the patients were analyzed by ELISA assay. The mean antitetanus antibody titer was 0.728 ±0.236IU/mL. The titers were diminished rapidly with age. In pediatric group(age under 15), the mean titer was 3.251 ±0.426 IU/mL and in geriatric group(age over 64), the mean titer was 0.007 ±0.002 IU/mL which was below the minimal protective antibody titer(0.01 IU/mL). While all of the pediatric patients have protective antibody titer, only 69.2% of young adults(15-39, n=65), 56.7% of adults(40-64, n=30), and 57.2% of geriatrics(>65, n=14) have protective antibody titer. Our results suggest that tetanus prophylaxis is unnecessary in the age under 14. In other age groups, however, our data strongly support the need of prophyulaxis.

생약제제인 이공산(異功散)의 Cisplatin 유도 신장독성 보호 및 항산화 효과

Lee, Kyung-Tae,Ahn, Kyoo-Seok,Chang, Sung-Goo,Oh, Soo-Myung,Jung, Jee-Chang 경희대학교 동서의학연구소 1999 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON EAST-WEST MEDICINE Vol.1999 No.1

Kyung-Tae Lee, Kyoo-Seok Ahn¹, Sung-Goo Chang², Soo-Myung Oh²and Jee-Chang Jung²¹College of Pharmacy, ²Oriental Medicine and ³College of Medicine, and East-West Medical Reserch Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea. Preventive and Antioxidative Effects of Crude Drug Preparation(E-kong-san) on Cisplatin Induced Nephrotoxicity. Proceedings of International Symposium on East-West Medicine, Seoul. 201-211, 1999. -Nephroprotective effects of a crude drug-prearation (E-kong-san) were determined from cisplatin on rabbit kidney proximal tubule and human renal cortical cells by MTT assays and sustained glucose consumption on ciplatin-induced human renal cortical tissue. Levels of creatinine and blood ure nitrogen(BUN) in serum after administration of cisplatin(0.75mg/kg,i.p.) to E-kong-san(0.75g/kg/day,p.o.)-pretreated rats were markedly lower compared to those of cisplatin-treated rats. Moreover, the administration of E-kong-san significantly inhibited the loss of body weight of cisplatin injected rts. These findings suggest that E-kong-san on the cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity led us to investigate whether the effect of this water extract was a result of anti-oxidation. E-kong-san showed strong free radical scavenger activities on 1,1-dipheny1-2picrylhydrazil(DPPH) radical and xanthine/xanthine oxidase(XOD) generated superoxide anion radical(O2-). We further studied the effects of E-kong-san on lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes induced by enzymatic and nonenzymatic methods. E-kong-san exhibited significant inhibition on both ascorbic acid/Fe2+and ADP/NADPH/Fe3+ induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. Based on these results, we suggest that-E-kong-san attenuate the cisplatin induced cytotoxicity and its mechanism can be eplained by antioxidant.

서울·경기지역 병원직원의 혈액매개 감염노출에 대한 다기관 조사연구

박미라,김정은,박은숙,최정실,정선영,송영구,홍성관,김준명,허애정,양동규,조영주 대한병원감염관리학회 2003 의료관련감염관리 Vol.8 No.1

일부 인쇄회로기판 납땜근로자들의 눈, 호흡기, 피부의 증상에 대한 조사연구

유재영,우극현,김진석,함정오,최태성,하봉구,정상재,박신구,김일룡 大韓産業醫學會 2001 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.13 No.4

목적 : 이 연구는 납점작업자를 대상으로 납점작업으로 유발될 가능성이 높은 눈, 호흡기, 피부 등의 증상호소율 및 노출강도에 따른 관련성을 파악하기위해 수행되었다. 방법 : 연구참가자 146명중 연구목적에 적합한 20명을 제외한 126명을 대상으로 '눈이 가렵고 충혈됨', '코가 가렵거나 파가움', '재채기', '콧물'. '코막힘' , '목이 따끔거림' , '목에 무언가가 걸려있는것 같음' , '갑자기 연속적인 기침을 함' , '운동 시에 다른 사람에 비해 숨이 가쁨', '숨을 쉴 때 쌕쌕하는 소리가 남', '가래가 끓음', '손이나 안면에 가려움을 느낌' , '안면에 여드름이 날' '손이나 안면에 붉은 반점이 남' 등 14가지 증상에 대한 경험유무와 혈중연농도, 납점작업의 건강위험요인에 대한 지식상태 등을 조사하였다. 결과 : 조사된 14가지의 증상 중, '갑자기 연속적인 기침을 함'이 하루 납점시간 4시간 이상인 군아서 4시간 미만인 군보다 유의하게 증상호소율이 높았으며, 다른 증상의 경우 하루 납땜시간에 따라 유의한 결과를 보이지 않았다. 납땜작업의 건강위험요인에 대한 질문에 12.8 %가 플럭스에 의한 건강위험을 지적하였다. 전체 대상자의 평균 혈중연농도는6.05 rg/dL였으며, 히고치는 15.50 rg/dL이었다.결론 : 납땜작업자에게 호흡기 증상의 위험이 높을 가능성이 있으며, 납땜작업의 건강위험에 대한추가적인 연구와 납점작업자들을 대상으로 납점작업에 의해 유발될 수 있는 건강장해에 대한 적극적인교육 및 홍보활동을 필요로 한다. Objectives : This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of ocular, respiratory and skin symptoms among solderers and to investigate the relationship between symptom prevalence and exposure intensity. Methods : We analyzed 126 eligible participants out of a population of 146 male solder-ers who completed the symptom questionnaires. Fourteen symptoms including 'itchy and red eyes', 'itchy or prickly nose', 'sneezing', 'rhinorrhea', 'blocked nose', 'prickly throat', 'foreign body sensation in throat', 'sudden bouts of coughing', 'exertional breathlessness', 'wheezing', 'sputum production', 'itchy face or hands', 'acneiform erup-tions on the face' and 'red spots on the face or hands' were contained. Blood lead levels of all the 126 participants were tested and the participants' own assessments of the health risk of soldering were collected. Results : Of the 14 investigated symptoms, 'sudden bouts of coughing' was significantly more prevalent in solderers who worked 4 hours or more a day than those who worked less than 4 hours a day, as for the other symptoms, there were no significant differences in the prevalences related to daily soldering hours. 2.8% of the solderers considered the risk of flux exposure to be serious. The mean blood lead bevel was 6.05 μg/dL (maximum 15.50 μg/dL). Conclusions : Soldering may increase the risk of respiratory symptoms. Further invert tigations on the hazards of soldering processes are warranted and solderers should be educarted on these hazards.

위의 유암종과 선종의 병발 1례

장재식,강혁주,이중현,서영범,윤병구,김용섭,이구,서정일,양창헌,이창우,김정란,윤환중 東國大學校醫學硏究所 2000 東國醫學 Vol.7 No.-

유암종은 전신에 퍼져 잇는 장크롬친화성 세포에서 기원하는데 위의 유암종은 비교적 드문 질환으로 모든 유암종의 1.9~2.2%에 해당하며 위에 발생하는 종양의 1% 미만에서 보고되고 있다. 유암종은 일반적으로 증상이 비특이적이고 면역조직화학검사에 의해서 진단되기 때문에 과거에는 드물게 발견되었으나 최근 내시경 기기 및 술기의 발전과 검사 빈도의 증가 및 면역조직화학검사의 발달로 진단율이 증가 추세에 있으며, 드물지만 유암종에서 선암과 공존하는 예들이 보고되고 있다. 저자들은 심와부 동통을 주소로 내원한 70세 남자 환자의 상부위장관내시경 검사에서 위체상부의 대만곡에서 0.4×0.4 cm 크기의 중간 함몰을 가진 Yamada 1형의 용종과 함께 전정부의 전벽에서 0.8×0.5 cm 크기의 융기된 점막 소견을 보여 조직학적으로 각각 위유암종 및 위선종임을 확진한 후 내시경적 용종 절제술로 치료한 1예를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. Carcinoid tumors are arisen from enterochromaffin cells, which are scattered throughout the body. These tumors are composed of variable numbers of cells that contain endocrine granules in their cytoplasm, which can be identified by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Gastric carcinoid tumors are relatively rare tumor, the reported incidence being 1.9~2.2% of all carcinoid tumors and less than 1% of all gastric tumors. Sometimes, composite carcinoid tumors and adenocarcinoma is reported. We experienced a case of the coincidence of carcinoid tumor and adenoma at the other site of the stomach in a 70 year old male patient. Gastrofiberscope showed 0.4×0.4 cm sized Yamada type I polyp with central depression on the greater curvature of the proximal body and 0.8×0.5 cm sized focal slightly elevated mucosa on the anterior wall of the antrum. The endoscopic biopsy specimens revealed carcinoid tumor and tubular adenoma with moderate atypism, respectively. The carcinoid tumor and adenoma were removed by endoscopic polypectomy. According to the follow-up gastrofiberoscopy after 7 month later, both lesions were nearly normal mucosa except whitish atrophic change after polypectomy.

하수오니 및 석회시용이 열무의 생육과 화학성분에 미치는 영향

정구복,김원일,이종식,김진호,윤순강 한국환경농학회 2003 한국환경농학회지 Vol.22 No.2

하수오니의 농경지 유입에 따른 작물의 생육상황, 피해증상 및 부위별 무기성분 함량에 미치는 석회의 개량 효과를 검토하고, 토양 및 식물체중의 화학성분이 식물생육에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 공단하수오니 및 석회를 조합 처리하고 3요소구를 대조구로 하여 열무의 생육상과 화학성분 함량을 분석 비교하였다. 시험 후 토양의 화학성은 하수오니구가 3요소구와 비교하여 EC, T-N 및 미량성분 함량은 높았고, Av. P₂O_(5) 및 치환성 양이온은 낮게 나타났다. 하수오니 사용구에서 열무의 피해증상으로 잎의 황백화 현상을 보였으나 석회처리구에서는 생육이 양호하였고 황백화 현상도 나타나지 않았다. 하수오니 시용구에서 석회의 개량효과로 열무 생육과 수량감소를 경감시키는 효과가 나타났으며, 특히 하수오니 50 Mg/harn에서는 무처리에 비해 잎과 뿌리의 수량이 각각 29%, 48% 증수되었다. 하수오니 사용구에서 3요소구와 비교하여 열부중의 유효성분인 P, K, Ca 및 Mg 함량이 낮았으나 석회처리로 열무에 흡수된 유효성분 함량이 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 토양 및 열무엽중의 Cu, Zn, Ni 함량은 열무 잎의 T-N과는 정의 상관, P 및 양이온과는 부의 상관을 보였다. 열무중의 Cu, Zn, Ni 함량은 잎과 뿌리 모두에서 열무 생체수량과 고도의 부의 상관을 보였다. 2차 회귀식에 의해 계산된 열무 엽중의 Cu, Zn에 대한 5% 수량감소 농도는 각각 22.4, 349 mg/kg이었다. Growth and mineral composition of young radish in soil amended with sewage sludge (ISS) with or without liming were investigated. Levels of EC, T-N, and micronutrients were increased in the ISS treatment (50 Mg/ha) compared to the NPK treatment, but those of available P and exchangeable cations were decreased. Chlorosis was appeared on the young radish leaf at the ISS treatment, but this phytotoxic symptom was corrected with line amendment (3 Mg/ha). Yields of young radish leaf and root in the combined treatment of ISS and lime were increased about 29 and 48%, respectively, compared with those in the ISS treatment. Contents of P, K, Ca, and Mg in young radish were higher in the combined treatment of ISS and lime, whereas those contents in the ISS treatment were lower than those in the NPK treatment. Contents of Cu, Zn, and Ni in soil and young radish leaf were positively correlated with total N content in young radish leaf, while contents of P, K, Ca, and Mg were negatively correlated. Contents of Cu, Zn, and Ni in leaf were negatively correlated with yield of young radish. Contents of Cu and Zn in leaf corresponding with a 5% yield reduction of young radish were 22.4 and 349 ㎎/㎏, respectively.

다중의문문과 비애매성의 결속원리

정구영 청주대학교 대학원 1997 우암논총 Vol.18 No.-

Epatein's(l992) Economy approach explains a peculiar restriction on the occurrence of WH-phrases in multiple questions in languages like English, the-fact that a wh-phrase normally may not undergo any kind of S-structure movement if it is to undergo LF-movement to a [+WH] position m a second step. However, we have seen that there are certain contexts where a WH-phrase can in fact optionally undergo S-structure movement, and subsequently move to its [+WH] scope position at LF, contrary to what is predicted by Economy. Such a situation occurs with partial WH-movement, WH-movement, WH-imperatives, WH-pied piping, WH-scrambling, and WH-reconstruction in languages as &verse as German, Korean, etc. Accordingly, we have suggested dispensing with the hypothesis that Economy restricts movement, and have advanced an approach in terms of the Principle of Unambiguous Binding(PUB). We have shown that the PUB accounts for all the data covered by the Economy approach - it rules out the pertinent constructions as improper movement configurations. At the same time, The PUB evades the objections raised against Economy. Furthermore, it sheds some new light on the classic issue of whether LF movement of WH-phrases may or may not apply successive-cyclically : WH-movement at LF can be successive-cyclic only if positions of the same type are involved, but not if movement mixes Spec-CP substitution positions and Spec-CP adjoined positions.

장기재배 시험에 의한 중금속 오염토양의 식물정화

정구복,김원일,이종식,김경민 한국환경농학회 2002 한국환경농학회지 Vol.21 No.1

중금속 오염토양에 대한 식물학적 복원에 적합한 식물종 탐색을 위하여 수목류 5종, 화홰류 2종 및 잔디를 대상으로 제련소인근 중금속 오염지 포장에서 3년간 재배하여 연차별로 식물중에 흡수된 중금속 함량을 조사하였다. 식물의 건물중은 양황철, 팽나무, 적단풍, 사철나무, 회양목 순이었고, 연차별 건물중의 증가도 팽나무, 양황철, 적단풍이 높게 나타났다. 식물의 중금속은 지하부가 지상부보다 높은 함량을 보였으며, 식물중 회양목은 뿌리에서 매우 높게 나타났다. 공시식물의 3년차 총 흡수량은 카드뮴이 양황철, 팽나무, 단풍나무, 구리가 팽나무, 양황철, 회양목, 납이 양황철, 팽나무, 단풍나무, 비소가 회양목, 단풍나무, 양황철 순으로 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과에서 식물의 건물중과 중금속 흡수량을 볼 때 양황철, 회양목, 단풍나무 및 팽나무 등이 중금속으로 오염된 토양에 대한 정화 식물로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각되었다. In order to select proper plants for phytoremediation at heavy metal contaminated areas, eight species of non-edible plants were cultivated at the heavy metal contaminated soils near a metal smelter. The content of the absorbed heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and As) at different part of the plants were analyzed. Plants included five tree species (Populus nigra x P. maximowiczii, Euonymus japonica, Acer palmantum, Celtis sinensis, Buxus microphylla), two flower species (Rhododendron lateritium, Calendula officinalis), and lawn (Zoysia japonica). Biomass yield of tree species was higher than those of flower or lawn species. Heavy metals were highly accumulated in roots compared to those in leaves and stems. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and As in Buxus microphylla were greater than those in other plant species. Total absorbed Cd and Pb contents, from high to low by each plant in experimetal plots were in the order of Populus nigra x P. maximowiczii, Celtis sinensis and Acer palmantum. They were Celtis sinensis, Populus nigra x P. maximowiczii and Buxus microphylla for Cu, and Buxus microphylla, Acer palmantum and Populus nigra x P. maximowiczii for As. It was estimated that among eight plant species used in the experiment Populus nigra x P. maximowiczii, Buxus microphylla, Acer palmantum, and Celtis sinensis were the most effective species for phytoremediation in the heavy metals polluted areas considering biomass yield and heavy metal uptake.

하수오니 시용토양에서 작물의 중금속 흡수이행에 미치는 석회의 영향

정구복,김원일,이종식,윤순강 한국환경농학회 2002 한국환경농학회지 Vol.21 No.1

공단 하수오니의 농경지 유입에 따른 토양의 중금속 함량과 작물체로의 중금속 흡수이행에 미치는 석회시용 효과를 조사하였다. 공단하수오니 및 돈분퇴비를 각각 25, 50 Mg/ha 시용토양에 석회를 3 Mg/ha 처리하여 함량을 분석하였다. 시험후 토양의 중금속 함량은 공단하수오니에서 대조구(NPK 처리구) 및 돈분퇴비보다 높았으며, 특히 공단하수오니 50 Mg/ha 시용구에서는 구리, 아연, 니켈 및 크롬함량이 대조구와 비교하여 12∼48배 높은 농도를 보였다. 공단하수오니 시용으로알타리무로 흡수 이행된 구리, 아연 및 니켈 함량은 증가하여 알타리무 엽중의 농도가 식물독성 피해농도를 초과하는 수준이였다. 공단하수오니 시용토양에서 석회시용으로 알타리무 엽과 뿌리중 구리, 아연 및 니켈 함량은 크게 감량되었으며, 시험후 토양의 pH와 알타리무중 구리, 아연 및 니켈 함량과는 고도의 부의상관을 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 석회시용이 중금속이 다량 함유된 하수오니 유입으로 인한 작물의 독성피해와 중금속 흡수 이행성을 경감시킬 수 있는 일시적인 개량방법으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각되었다. The effect of lime on plant availability of heavy metals in soils amended with industrial sewage sludge (ISS) or pig manure compost (PMC) was investigated. A pot experiment with Altari radish (Raphanus sativus) was conducted. Industrial sewage sludge and pig manure compost were added at 25 and 50 Mg/ha, and lime was added at 3 Mg/ha. Heavy metal contents of ISS treated soils after experiment were higher than those in control (NPK plot) and PMC treatment. Specially, the contents of copper, zinc, nickel and chromium in the 50 Mg/ha of ISS treated soils were higher 12~48 times than those in control. Copper, zinc, and nickel contents in Altari radish leaves cultivated at the ISS treated soil exceeded the critical levels of plant toxicity. Copper, zinc, and nickel contents in Altari radish leaves and roots cultivated at the ISS treated soil were reduced by the addition of lime. Copper, zinc, and nickel contents in Altari radish leaves were negatively correlated with soil pH after experiment. It concluded that liming would reduce the uptake of heavy metals by plants and be a temporary method of reclamation at the highly heavy metal accumulated soils by ISS.