The Molecular Architecture of the Cerebellum

Richard Hawkes 대한수의학회 2003 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2003 No.-

Golf and Skin Health: A Narrative Review

Allan G. Matthews(Allan G. Matthews ),Hannah Preston(Hannah Preston ),Andrew Murray(Andrew Murray ),Roger Hawkes(Roger Hawkes ) 사피엔시아 2018 Exercise Medicine Vol.2 No.-

Objectives: Recent studies have reported that playing golf has overall physical and mental health benefits. Through being placed in the sun for extended periods of time, the golfing population faces an increased risk of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) associated skin problems, most importantly skin cancer. Our aim was to collate and summarise current literature on the relationship between golf and skin cancer. Methods: We searched multiple web-based, health-focused databases (Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Web of science, Scopus, Sportdiscus, UK clinical trials, Current controlled trials and Prospero) to identify records. Relevant papers were critically appraised and reported using a descriptive analysis. Results: A total of 11 studies are included in the review. Golf is associated with relatively more UVR exposure than other outdoor activities such as fishing, tennis, pool swimming, cricket, gardening, ‘sun-worshipping’ and sailing. Calculated relative risk of non- melanoma skin cancer, based on cumulative UV exposure, is higher in golfers than non-golfers. Mid morning tee-times or playing golf between 11am -3pm associated with highest UVR exposures. Golfers can be exposed to potentially harmful levels of UVR during play in winter at some latitudes. Vertex (scalp), shoulders, back, back of neck and posterior arms exposed to more UVR than front of body during play. Common golf attire is of limited value in protecting the neck. Targeted skin cancer skin cancer prevention and early detection campaigns are well received among the golfing population. Conclusions: Overall, playing golf is associated with longevity and both physical and mental health benefits. Studies to date indicate that golfers (professionals > recreational players) are exposed to potentially harmful levels of UVR during play, but the true morbidity/mortality associated with this exposure is not known. Playing golf should be encouraged in all age groups, though golfers, the golf industry and policy makers should act to minimize the harmful effects of UVR exposure, and have they have ability to also be hugely influential on an important public health message.

Response of flame thickness and propagation speed under intense turbulence in spatially developing lean premixed methane–air jet flames

Sankaran, Ramanan,Hawkes, Evatt R.,Yoo, Chun Sang,Chen, Jacqueline H. Elsevier 2015 Combustion and Flame Vol.162 No.9

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Direct numerical simulations of three-dimensional spatially-developing turbulent Bunsen flames were performed at three different turbulence intensities. The simulations were performed using a reduced methane–air chemical mechanism which was specifically tailored for the lean premixed conditions simulated here. A planar-jet turbulent Bunsen flame configuration was used in which turbulent preheated methane–air mixture at 0.7 equivalence ratio issued through a central jet and was surrounded by a hot laminar coflow of burned products. The turbulence characteristics at the jet inflow were selected such that combustion occured in the thin reaction zones (TRZ) regime. At the lowest turbulence intensity, the conditions fall on the boundary between the TRZ regime and the corrugated flamelet regime, and progressively moved further into the TRZ regime by increasing the turbulent intensity. The data from the three simulations was analyzed to understand the effect of turbulent stirring on the flame structure and thickness. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the thermal preheat layer of the flame was thickened due to the action of turbulence, but the reaction zone was not significantly affected. A global and local analysis of the burning velocity of the flame was performed to compare the different flames. Detailed statistical averages of the flame speed were also obtained to study the spatial dependence of displacement speed and its correlation to strain rate and curvature.</P>

Doubly conditional moment closure modelling for HCCI with temperature inhomogeneities

Salehi, Fatemeh,Talei, Mohsen,Hawkes, Evatt R.,Bhagatwala, Ankit,Chen, Jacqueline H.,Yoo, Chun Sang,Kook, Sanghoon Elsevier 2017 Proceedings of the Combustion Institute Vol.36 No.3

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This paper presents a doubly conditional moment closure (DCMC) as an <I>a posteriori</I> predictive modelling tool for ignition of mixtures with large thermal stratification in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) conditions. Double conditioning is applied on enthalpy and its dissipation rate. The performance of the DCMC model is evaluated using a number of previously reported direct numerical simulations (DNSs) with various fuels. The DNSs modelled ignition of various lean homogeneous mixtures with a high level of temperature inhomogeneities. The selected cases exhibit a prevalence of deflagration mode of combustion as opposed to a spontaneous ignition-front mode, which has proven challenging for previous singly CMC. In all simulations, DCMC solver is run in a stand-alone mode with certain terms, such as the probability density functions of enthalpy and dissipation rate, being provided using the DNS input. The DCMC results are in a very good agreement with the DNS data, and are significantly improved compared with a singly conditional moment closure. A set of <I>a posteriori</I> DNS-DCMC tests is also performed to demonstrate importance of various terms in the doubly CMC equations. These tests first reveal that the effects of the cross dissipation and sources of enthalpy and dissipation rate (which lead to convective terms in conditional space) are insignificant and these terms can be safely neglected from the DCMC equations. The significance of this result is that the main unclosed models that would be needed for satisfactory results in a practical simulation of an engine would be the joint probably density function of enthalpy and its dissipation rate and the dissipation rate of dissipation rate.</P>

Different approaches towards fuzzy database systems A Survey

Rundensteiner, Elke A.,Hawkes, Lois Wright Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 1993 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.3 No.1

Fuzzy data is a phenomenon often occurring in real life. There is the inherent vagueness of classification terms referring to a continuous scale, the uncertainty of linguistic terms such as "I almost agree" or the vagueness of terms and concepts due to the statistical variability in communication [20] and many more. Previously, such fuzzy data was approximated by non-fuzzy (crisp) data, which obviously did not lead to a correct and precise representation of the real world. Fuzzy set theory has been developed to represent and manipulate fuzzy data [18]. Explicitly managing the degree of fuzziness in databases allows the system to distinguish between what is known, what is not known and what is partially known. Systems in the literature whose specific objective is to handle imprecision in databases present various approaches. This paper is concerned with the different ways uncertainty and imprecision are handled in database design. It outlines the major areas of fuzzification in (relational) database systems.

Conditional moment closure modelling for HCCI with temperature inhomogeneities

Salehi, F.,Talei, M.,Hawkes, E.R.,Yoo, C.S.,Lucchini, T.,D'Errico, G.,Kook, S. Elsevier 2015 Proceedings of the Combustion Institute Vol.35 No.3

This paper presents an approach for modelling combustion in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) conditions based on the first order conditional moment closure (CMC) method. The model is implemented into the open source C++ computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code known as OpenFOAM. Direct numerical simulations (DNSs) are used to evaluate the performance of the CFD-CMC solver. In the two-dimensional (2D) DNS cases, ignition of a lean n-heptane/air mixture with thermal inhomogeneities is simulated for nine cases, with two different mean temperatures and several different levels of thermal stratification. Results from the CFD-CMC solver are in excellent agreement with the DNS for cases which exhibit a spontaneous sequential ignition mode of combustion whereas for the cases in which a mixed mode of deflagration and spontaneous ignition exists, the CMC underpredicts the ignition delay. Further investigation using the DNS data demonstrates that this discrepancy is primarily attributed to the first order closure assumption. Conditional fluctuations are found to be more significant in the case with deflagrations. Further analysis of the DNS shows that scalar dissipation fluctuations are the cause of conditional fluctuations.

Different approaches towards fuzzy database systems A Survey

Elke A. Rundensteiner,Lois Wright Hawkes 한국지능시스템학회 1993 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.3 No.1

External irradiation effect on the growth and evolution of in-flame soot species

Wang, C.,Chan, Q.N.,Kook, S.,Hawkes, E.R.,Lee, J.,Medwell, P.R. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2016 Carbon Vol.102 No.-

<P>External irradiation-soot species interaction is a subject that is of great interest due to its existing and future use in research diagnostics, nanomaterial synthesis and energy generation applications. An assessment of the influence of broadband radiation (ultraviolet to infrared wavelengths) on the evolution of soot species within a laminar ethylene-air flame is therefore performed to improve the fundamental understanding of the interaction process. Radiation at an average flux value of 120 kW/m(2) is provided by a solid-state plasma light to the lower region of the flame. Soot samples are collected thermophoretically at flame positions that are close to and downstream from the irradiation location, to assess the effect of external irradiation on the evolution of in-flame soot species. The soot samples are imaged using normal-resolution and high-resolution transmission electron microscopes and the images obtained are analyzed. The application of an external irradiation source is found to increase the soot loading of the flame, and have a pronounced impact on the soot morphology, and influence the in-flame soot growth processes/mechanisms. The effects are also found to persist downstream from the irradiation location. The effects are mainly attributed to the coupling of the broadband irradiation with the soot precursors, for the configurations used. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

행동이상 Pogo마우스 솔기핵 Serotonin 면역반응 신경세포의 증가

김철태,한승연,정재현,윤대성,이서울,Richard Hawkes,이남섭,정영길 대한해부학회 2005 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.38 No.5

본 연구는 한국산 야생마우스(KJR/Mskist)에서 유래된 선천성 행동이상마우스인 pogo마우스 중간뇌솔기핵 serotonin 면역반응 신경세포의 발현양상을 면역조직화학적 방법으로 확인하여 pogo마우스에서 관찰되는 과도한 폄운동을 동반한 비정상적인 행동의 발생과의 상관관계를 밝히고자 계획되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 행동이상 pogo마우스 중간뇌 솔기핵의 serotonin 면역반응 신경세포가 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 증가되었음을 확인하였으며, 둘째 행동이상 pogo마우스 솔기핵의 serotonin 면역반응 신경세포의 증가는 솔기핵 전부위에서 관찰되지 않고 부위에 따라 상이하였다. 즉, 등쪽솔기핵의 등쪽세포군, 배가쪽세포군 및 정중솔기핵에서는 serotonin 면역반응 신경세포가 증가되었지만 등쪽솔기핵의 배쪽세포군과 다발사이세포군에서는 대조군과 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과는 pogo 마우스에서 관찰되는 비정상적 뒷다리 폄운동을 포함한 행동이상이 중간뇌 솔기핵의 serotonin 발현 증가와 상관관계가 있을 것으로 생각되며 궁극적으로 소뇌연구, 각종 신경활성물질의 기능연구를 위한 모델동물로 사용되기 위한 pogo 마우스의 뇌에 대한 중요한 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive neruons in the raphe nucleus of the ataxic pogo (pogo/pogo) mice derived from a Korean wild mice. Using by immunohistochemistry, we undertook to elucidate any correlation between the serotonin expression and behavior ataxia including abnormal hindlimb extension in the ataxic pogo mice. The present study has two important findings. First, serotonin immunoreactivity was increased in the raphe nucleus of the ataxic pogo mice. Second, serotonin immunoreactivity was different with the region of raphe nucleus. In the dorsal part of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRD), ventrolateral part of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRVL) and median raphe nucleus (MR), serotonin immunoreactivity was increased, whereas the ventral part of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRV) and interfascicular part of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRI) was similar with the control mice. Therefore, elevated expression of the serotonin in the raphe nucleus of ataxic pogo mice might be a source of behavior ataxia and may be related with the induction of the ataxic phenotype including abnormal hindlimb movements.

[지상 13] Patternal Difference on Hsp25 Expression in Cerebellum of Gerbil and Mouse

Seung-Yun Han,Chul-Tae Kim,Dae-Sung Yoon,Seoul Lee,Richard Hawkes,Nam-Seob Lee,Young-Gil Jeong 대한체질인류학회 2005 대한체질인류학회 학술대회 연제 초록 Vol.48 No.-