자궁경부암의 생체내 수소핵 자기공명분광상에 관한 연구

김종혁,목정은,김용만,김영탁,남주현,조경식,나준희,이정희 대한산부인과학회 1998 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.41 No.4

저자 등은 1995년 3월부터 1995년 8월까지 울산대학교 의과대학 서울중앙병원 산부인과학교실에서 조직학적으로 확인된 침윤성 자궁경부암 환자 11명과 정상인 3명을 대상으로 하여 생체 국소 수소핵 자기공명분광법(localized in vivo 1H MRS)을 시행하여 이들의 자기공명분광상(MR spectrum)의 특성을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 자궁경부암 환자에서는 특징적인 분광정점이 0.9, 1.3, 3.0, 그리고 3.2 ppm 부근에서 나타났으며, 이들은 각각 중성 지방(triglyceride)의 CH3- 그룹, C H2- 그룹, creatine, 그리고 choline containing residue 를 나타낸다. 2. 특히 0.9∼1.3 ppm에서의 확연한 정점은 중성 지방 내의 acyl chain의 CH3-와 CH2- 그룹 나타나 는 것으로, 자궁경부암 환자 모두에서 나타났다. 3. 정상인에게서 얻어진 수소핵 자기공명분광상에 서는 16배까지 확대하여도 0.9∼1.3 ppm의 범위에서 여하한 공명정점(resonance peak)을 발견할 수 없었다. 즉, 이들 자궁경부암 환자들에게서 얻어진 국소 생체 수소핵 자기공명분광상은 이전의 체외절편경검 법(ex vivo biopsies)에 의한 MRS 연구들과 잘 일치함 을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 본 연구자들은 최초로 1.5T 전신 장비 내에서 질 표면 코일을 이용한 국소 수소핵 자기공 명분광기법으로 생체내(in vivo) 상태에서 세포 내의 화학적 분석에 기초하여 자궁경부암의 진단에 유용 함을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 자기공명분광기법이 내포하는 무한한 가능성의 일부를 제시하였으며 앞 으로의 계속적인 연구는 부인종양학 전반에 걸쳐 무 수한 발전을 가져다 주리라 믿어 의심치 않는다. MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) is a recently introduced technique to the gynecologic field which can assess the chemical composition and the metabolic status of tissues of interests. It can identify and quantify the metabolites in the cells and tissues in vivo and in vitro. Its non-invasive nature in the technology attracts clinicians from many fields of medicine; owing to its non-invasiveness, it can be used repeatedly on the same site, which can particularly be useful for monitoring therapeutic response. Additionally, the analysis of MR spectrum is relatively straitforward with high accuracy. The aim of this study is to develop a set of protocol for MR spectroscopy to characterize cervical cancer. Localized 1H in vivo NMR spectra of the human uterine cervix were acquired from 11 patients with invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma and 3 normal subjects. Image guided PRESS-spectra were obtained on a GE 1.5T SIGNA system equipped with shielded gradients (General Electric Medical System, Milwaukee, USA). Body coil was used for transmitting the signal and an endovaginal surface coil (homebuilt) was placed in the posterior fornix of the vagina. Extent of the cancer invasion was examined prior to the MRS measurement by T1 and T2-weighted surface coil spin-echo MR images. Localized 1H in vivo MR spectra of normal cervix and cervical carcinoma were shown. The spectra were in good agreement with the previous reports of 1H ex vivo NMR studies of cervical biopsies. In the spectra of the cervical carcinoma, the resonance peaks at 0.9, 1.3, 3.0 and 3.2 ppm are from CH3- and CH2-groups of mobile lipid (e.g., triglycerides), creatine and choline containing residues, respectively. The resonance peak at 1.3 ppm which is from CH2 groups of acyl chains in triglyceride is characteristically intense and seen in all the cancer spectra at TE=20 and 135 msec. In contrast, the spectra of the normal cervix did not show any resonance peaks. In conclusion, localized 1H in vivo MRS can be useful to discriminate the cervical carcinoma from normal cervix. The resonance peak at 1.3 ppm which is known to be from CH2 groups of triglycerides can be a marker for the cervical carcinoma.

자궁경부암의 조직학적 형태에 따른 생체내 수소핵 자기공명분광상의 분석

김종혁,목정은,김용만,김영탁,남주현,조경식,나준희,이정희 대한산부인과학회 1998 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.41 No.6

저자 등은 1995년 2월부터 1996년 2월까지 울산대학교 의과대학 서울중앙병원 산부인과에서 조직학적으로 확인된 침윤성 자궁경부암 환자 36명을 대상으로 하여 생체 국소 수소핵 자기공명분광법(localized in vivo 1H MRS)을 시행하여 이들의 자기공명 분광상(MR spectrum)의 특성을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 자궁경부암 환자에서 얻어진 수소핵 자기공명 분 광상에서는 분광 정점(resonance peak)이 0.9, 1.3, 3.0 및 3.2 ppm에서 특징적으로 보였으며, 이들 분광 정점은 각 각 중성지방(triglyceride)의 CH3-와 CH2-그룹들, creatine 그리고 choline containing residue에서 기인한다. 2. 1.3 ppm에서 확연히 나타나는 분광 정점은 중성지 방 내의 acyl chain에서 기인하는 것으로, 29예의 편평세 포암 환자 중 25예에서 나타났으며, 나머지 4예에서는 중성지방의 분광 정점 없이 creatine 그리고 choline containing residue에 의한 분광 정점만을 나타내었다. 따라서 자궁경부암 환자에서 1.3 ppm에서 중성지방의 분광 정점이 인지될 때를 편평세포암이라고 진단할 시의 민감도 및 특이도는 각각 86.2%, 66.7%이며, 정확도는 82.9%로 나타났다. 3. 총 6예의 선암 중 4예에서는 2.0 ppm에서 새로운 분광 정점을 확인할 수 있었으나 1.3 ppm에서 중성지방의 분광 정점을 전혀 나타내지 않았다. 1예에서는 1.3과 2.0 ppm 모두에서 분광 정점을 나타내었으며, 또다른 1예에 서는 1.3 ppm에서만 분광 정점을 관찰할 수 있었다. 따라서 자궁경부암 환자에서 2.0 ppm에서의 분광 정점이 인지될 때를 선암이라고 진단할 시의 민감도 및 특이도는 각각 83.3%, 96.6%이며, 정확도는 94.2%로 나타났다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서는 국소 생체내 수소핵 자기 공명분광법이 자궁경부암의 진단 및 조직학적 유형의 감별에 이용될 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다. 아직까지는 이러한 기법들이 고가의 의료비용 등의 문제로 인하여 활발히 임상에 적용될 수 없으나 임상과 연계되는 앞으로의 연구는 자궁경부암의 진단 및 치료에 걸쳐 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있으리라 기대된다. Most of cervical cancers are squamous cell type and the majority of the remaining 10% to 15% are adenocarcinoma. The clinical features of these two histological types of cancers are known to be often quite different. The diagnosis depends on the histological examination via biopsy procedures, however it could be possible in some part by in vivo 1H MRS which presents the chemical composition and molecular dynamics by means of identification and quantification of metabolites and the metabolic status in cells and tissues. Unlike the histological examination and ex vivo MR spectroscopy whose results depend on where the biopsy specimens are excised, and therefore, which require the specimens from multisites, an in vivo MR spectroscopy can be performed covering a global lesion or a number of discrete lesions in the cervix noninvasively. Repetitive examinations at the same location over a period of treatment time, which are particularly useful for monitoring the progression of the disease after treatment such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can be performed by localized in vivo spectroscopy. The aim of this study was to investigate and characterize the patterns of 1H MR spectra of cervical cancers according to the histologic types. Localized in vivo 1H MR spectra of 36 patients diagnosed as invasive cervical cancer were acquired on a GE 1.5T SIGNA system equipped with shielded gradients(Milwaukee, WI, USA, version 5.4). Homebuilt endovaginal coils were used for a localized images for spectroscopy. The FIGO stages of these patients were IA to IIIB. Among 36 patients, 29 cases were squamous cell carcinoma and 6 were adenocarcinoma, 1 was adenosquaadenosquamous cell carcinoma. In MR spectra of cervical cancers, the resonance peaks at 0.9, 1.3, 2.0 and 3.0, 3.2 ppm were detected, which represents CH3 groups of triglycerides, CH2 groups of triglycerides, N-acetyl neuraminic acid and creatine and choline containing residues, respectively. The triglyceride peak at 1.3 ppm is characteristically intense and observed in 25 cases of the total 29 squamous cell carcinoma(sensitivity 86.2%; specificity 66.7%; overall accuracy 82.9%). Prominent peak at 2.0 ppm which was tentatively assigned N-acetyl neuraminic acid for human prostatic cancers was noted in 5 cases of adenocarcinoma, but no case of squamous cell carcinoma(sensitivity 83.3%; specificity 96.6%; overall accuracy 94.2%). In conclusion, this study demonstrated the feasibility of localized in vivo 1H MR spectroscopy to categorize the spectra according to the histological types.

On [m,C]-isometric operators

Chō,, Muneo,Lee Eun, Ji,Motoyoshi, Haruna National Library of Serbia 2017 Filomat Vol.31 No.7

In Praise of Spring (Sangch’un-gok)

Ch?ng K?k-in,Lee Sung Il(번역자) 한국학중앙연구원 1990 Korea Journal Vol.30 No.9

항원 흡입에 의한 비특이적 기관지과민성: II. 화분

김미경,엄재호,이동호,조명찬,이상도,윤세진,궁성수,김승택,이복희 충북대학교 의과대학 충북대학교 의학연구소 1992 忠北醫大學術誌 Vol.2 No.1

피부단자검사, RAST 및 항원 기관지유발검사(allergen bronchial provocation test, ABPT)결과 쑥, 잔듸, 나무화분에 감작된 기관지 천식 환자 13명을 대상으로 이들 화분이 비특이적 기관지과민도(non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness, NSBR)에 미치는 영향을 알아보고, ABPT시의 조기 및 후기 천식반응(early, late asthmatic response, EAR, LAR)이 NSBR 생성에 관여하는지와 각각 화분의 항원성을 비교하고자, 감작된 화분으로 ABPT를 시행하고, 이를 전후하여 메타콜린 기관지유발검사(methacholine bronchial provocation test, MBPT)를 시행하여 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 기저 폐기능상 기도 폐색을 보인 환자는 없었으며, 알레르기성 비염만을 호소하였던 환자 11명 중 4명(31%)은 MBPT에 양성반응을 나타내었으나, ABPT에는 11명 모두 양성반응을 보인 천식 환자였다. ABPT상 3명은 EAR, 2명은 ILAR, 8명은 LAR이였다. EAR만을 나타낸 경우는 ABPT 24시간 후 PC20이 감소하지 않고, 오히려 다소 증가하였으나, ILAR을 나타낸 환자들은 24시간 후 PC20가 감소하여 3일 후 기저치로 환원된 반면, LAR에서는 24시간 후 PC20가 현저히 감소하여, 2주 내지 6주 후에야 기저치로 환원되었다. LAR을 보인 환자들 중 쑥에 감작된 환자들이 목초 화분에 감작된 환자에 비해 Pc20의 감소기간이 유의하게 길었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 화분 흡입에 의한 LAR에 의해 NSBR이 악화되며 지속기간이 상당히 긴 것을 알 수 있다. 또한 화분 중 쑥의 항원성이 목초보다 상당히 강한 것도 알 수 있다. 더불어 화분에 감작된 알레르기성 비염 환자들의 대부분에서 천식이 잠재해 있음도 알 수 있다. 그러므로 향후 천식의 증상이 없는 화분에 감작된 비염환자라 할지라도 MBPT 및 ABPT를 시행하여 정확한 진단을 해야겠다. 본 연구에서 종래의 다른 연구 결과들과는 달리 쑥의 경우 ILAR의 경우도 NSBR을 악화시킴을 관찰하였는데, ILAR과 LAR의 차이가 단순한 기도폐색의 정도 차이인지, 기도 내에서 염증반응에 차이가 있는지는 향후 기관지 페포세척이나 조직 검사등을 통해 밝힘으로써, ABPT에 의한 NSBR의 발생 및 악화의 기전을 보다 확실히 규명할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness is a fundamental characteristics in bronchial asthma. The pathogenesis of bronchial hyperreactivity has not been clearly understood, yet. We studied non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness with methacholine inhalation sequentially afterallergen provocation in pollen such as, alder, grass and mugwort-sensitzed allergic asthma and/or allergic rhinitis to investigate if there is any relation between allergen exposure and bronchial hyperreactivity, and compare the allergenicity of each pollen. 3 of 13 study subjects showed early asthmatic reaction, but 8 of them showed late(dual) asthmatic reaction, and the other 2 showed intermediate late asthmatic reaction. Non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity was not increased in early asthmatic responder, however, it was increased upto 45 days after allergen inhalation in all late asthmatic responder and in intermediate late reactor, upto 3 days. In mugwort-sensitized late asthmatic responder NSBR decreased much longer than any others. Taken together, pollen-induced late asthmatic reaction is one factor which contributes NSBR in pollinosis patients.

英語 語形成의 生産性

李杜澈 상명대학교 어문학연구소 1993 語文學硏究 Vol.1 No.-

This paper aims to survey children's acquisition of English word-for-mation and search for some principles which they apply to their acqui-sition of word-formation. Clark and Berman (1984) assumes that English native children learn word-formation by using four principles. Here in this paper are the four principles analyzed and clarified in the view-point of adquacy of each principle. Four principles are as follows: 1. Principle of transparency of meaning: Known elements with one-to-one matches of meaning to form are more transparent for constructing and interpreting new words than elements with one-many or many-one matches. 2. Principle of formal simplicity: simple forms are easier to acquire than more complex ones, where simplicity is measured by the degree of change a form. The less a word form changes, the simpler it is. 3. Principle of productivity: those word-formation devices used most often by adults in word innovations are preferred in the language for constructing new word forms. 4. Principle of convention: for certain meanings, a conventional word or word-formation device exists that should be used in the language community. This paper attempts to clarify whether or not each principle is ad-equate in terms of Aronoff(1976), Bauer(1983), and Chomsky(1970)'s theory and verify their generality.

英語 語形成 制約 小考

李杜澈 상명대학교 어문학연구소 1994 語文學硏究 Vol.2 No.-

This paper aims to survey (1) what rules should be necessary in English word-formation, (2) what kinds of constraints the rules should be accompanied by so that the rules might be productive in word-formation, and (3) how the rules should be ordered if they are ordered. The henceforth summary is quoted in Aronoff(1976:l03-4): the notion of a word-fromation rule is developed as an operation on a base, accompanied by various constraints on the base. The base is a word, a member of a major lexical category. Each word-formation rule specifies the unitary syntacticosemantic class of which its base must be a member. The base is also a fully specified phonological entity of unique form. The operation is both syntacticosemantic and morphophonological. It specifies the semantics of its output as a compositional function of the meaning of the base, and assigns the output to a specific major lexical category in a specific subcategorization. The morphophonological operation is phonologically unique, and takes place at one of these levels in the phonological derivation of the base: the input to the phonology, between the cyclic and word level rules, or the output of the phonology. The operation also assigns a boundary to the affix it produces. This boundary is dependent on the level of the phonoloy at which the morphophonological operation applies. Constranints, both morphological and phonological, may be specified on the form of the base. Phonological constraints may be either negative or positive, and they are absolute: only items which meet the constraints may serve as bases for the word-formation rule in question.

영어 파생어의 형태변형과 음운변형

李杜澈 상명대학교 어문학연구소 1996 語文學硏究 Vol.4 No.-

This paper aims to survey how to transform, adjust or trim some word-forms which are not appropriate as a base to which a derivative affix can be added to derive a new word. With a view to make a decision whether or not to trim or adjust a word-form that is a base-word to which a derivative affix can be added, some points of veiw should be considered in English derivation before an affix is added to the word-form -- a base of a new word. Compounding has been very common in English wordformation, as in other Germanic languages as well, from earliest times. Old English has bli??heort 'blitheheart(ed),' eaxlgestella 'shoulder-companion, that is, comrade,' breostnet 'breast-net, that is, corslet,' leornungcniht 'learning retainer(knight), that is, disciple,' waerloga 'oath-breaker, devil(warlock),' worold-cyning 'world-, that is, earthly-king, 'fullfyllan' to fulfil,' and many other such compound words. Another type of creating derivatives is affixation, the use of prefixes and suffixes. Many affixes were at one time independent words, like the insignificant-seeming a- of aside, alive, aboard, and a-hunting which was earlier -on with the usual old loss of -n in this word when unstressed and followed by a consonant, and the -ly of many adjectives, like manly, godly and homely, which has developed from Old English lic'body'. In order to research word-forms which should be trimmed or adjusted by combining words and affixes, Morphological Adjustments are discussed in 2.1. and Phonological Adjustments are surveyed in section 2.2. Finally, Conclusion is drawn in 3.

정보기술이 정보이용자에게 미치는 영향

이영자,최달현 충남대학교 사회과학대학 문헌정보학과 1990 創立十周年 紀念論文集 Vol.6 No.-

Taking the present states and impacts of information technology on information users, some suggestions in relation to the technology can be extracted as follows: First, suggestions in association with economics in general are : ① to foster capable men coping with the information society, ② to improve the habitude of software industry, ( that is the emphasis should be laid on the ensurance of capable men as a group of brains and the independent development of software ) ③ to establish the countermeasures for the information and data protection. Second, suggestions in association with the access to and the use of information are : ① to design the comprehensive plan for education on the information technology, in order to narrow the gap between the professionals and the laymen, and to provide some materials for self-education. ② to develop the information systems which could transmit information in speed required between man and man, between machine and machine and between man and machine, and also which could transmit voice image and text data to international, national and regional institutes, ③ to develop some services which are not only profitable for all classes of people but also suited for operation, ④ to maintain the technical campatibility which permits to greatest flexibility and maximum use of information systems. Lastly, it is suggested that some administrative power which can formulate and recommend information policies to specific government department and to private industry should be established, and a not-for-profit institute with which information elements in the public and private sectors can voluntarily affiliate and which can steer information technology to the public benefits should be created.

自閉症兒의 集團適應을 위한 指導方案

이천세 안동대학 학생지도연구소 1984 學生指導硏究 Vol.6 No.1

In order to adjust the autistic child to group activities in the kindergarten and elementary school, teachers should do as follows: 1. Extinction of inadequate behavior, paying attention, imitation of simple movement, and making them present through individualized teaching according to the teacher's directions. 2. Playing with instruments, playing to rules, role-playing, coordinating through the subgroup teachin. 3. And listed precautions and problems in case the autistic in the school ages were taught in special class, emotional disturbed class, and mainstream. Conclusions derived from the results in teaching above can come to the following. 1. It is desirable that the earlier teaching for adjustment the autistic to group activities be continually done. 2. Teaching planning for adjustment them to group activities is that parents' education is more important than that just to them, so teaching at home is expected. 3. Coordination of home, society, and school must be centered into the therapeutist. 4. It is good to move from stable learning situations into complex learning situations gradually. 5. It is more significant to let them take part in subgroup activities with the mental retarded. 6. It is important to arrange the methods of teaching, person to person, ubgroup, mainstream according to their developmental level. 7. It is useful to move from special class, emotional disturbed class into mainstream according to his adjustment to group activities.