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미국 공적연금(Social Security) 수급구조 개혁방안들의 소득재분배효과
홍백의 한국사회복지연구회(서울대학교 사회복지연구소) 2001 사회복지연구 Vol.18 No.1
In recent years, Social Security is under scrutiny for reform due in part to fiscal imbalance projected in the near future. In this circumstance, many experts on the program proposed various reform options based an their own perpectives. This study investigates redistributive effects of six reform options which has a direct or indirect impact on taxes and benefits This study utilizes the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), in which the 26 single-year family files are merged with the cross-year individual files for the years 1968 to 1993. The sample is comprised of 1,506 individuals who have remained in the PSID sample for the entire period and whose relationship to head of households is either husband or wife for the entire period. Multiple imputation method is used to impute earnings for the years beyond the sample period. Also, this study utilizes the Gini decomposition technique to examine redistributive impact of various reform options in the three plans. The results indicate that in terms of moneys worth, changing the benefit formula yields the largest reduction of net transfers, followed by the cost-of-living adjustments, and increasing the normal retirement age. Meanwhile, increasing payroll tax and extending the computation period have little impact on the amount of net transfer. In terms of the extent of progressivity, changing the spouse and survivor benefits show the most desirable properties, since the extent of progressivity sustains after this reform, whereas all other reform options make the pattern of income distribution less progressive by reducing the amount of net transfers. In terms of redistributive effects, changing the spouse and survivor benefits, the cost-of-living adjustments, and adjusting the benefit formula involve horizontal inequity in favor of low income families, whereas other options have quite substantial proportion of horizontal inequity in favor of high income families. Thus, it seems necessary for researchers to consider these three aspects together in evaluating reform options. Finally, this study concludes with a summary on its findings and policy implications.
Trends of Income Inequality Among the Elderly in Korea
홍백의,김혜연,이해영 한국사회복지학회 2012 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.6 No.1
This study investigates the overall trend of inequality among the elderly in Korea and toexamine what the most influential factor is for these changes. Although inequality amongthe elderly is far greater than it is for any other group, little attention has been given tohow inequality changes over time. Used are data from the Urban Household Survey withfive-year intervals from 1986 to 2006. The results show that inequality within a cohortincreases over time and that earnings and benefits from occupational retirement plansare the most influential factors on overall inequality changes. In addition, the impact ofpublic transfers has gradually increased during the past twenty years. The results implythat our society needs to enact a social policy for lessening earnings inequality in thelabor market and to increase public transfers for the elderly.