The changing face of peer review

Irene Hames 한국과학학술지편집인협의회 2014 Science Editing Vol.1 No.1

It is a time of great innovation in peer review. Traditional models are being adapted and completely new ones introduced. Independent peer-review services are also starting to be offered by organizations outside the traditional journal ecosphere. In both new and established systems, the importance of increasing openness, transparency, and interaction between peer-review participants is being recognized, and these are being introduced to varying degrees. Concern with the ‘wastage’ of review effort in traditional peer review, where manuscripts often go from journal to journal, being reviewed afresh at each, before being accepted for publication, is also being addressed. Reviews are being transferred (‘cascaded’) and shared between some journals. The separation of the two basic functions of peer review—critical review and selection—as originally introduced by the journal PLOS ONE has been a major innovation, leading to the publication of sound work irrespective of its perceived novelty, interest, or importance. Post-publication review is also becoming more important and is another growth area. The concept of ‘portable’ reviews has been introduced, where authors can take reviews with them—either after they have obtained them from a peer-review provider in return for a fee or had their manuscript reviewed and declined at some journals—and include them with submissions to journals. The dynamics of publication are changing alongside, with journals able to ‘bid’ for papers that have been reviewed by independent organizations and make publishing offers to the authors. A number of innovations and ‘alternative’ peer-review models are described. They all, however, face many of the same issues as traditional peer review, and the same basic principles of good and ethical practice apply.

기술사의 자율규제와 이익충돌 -외국의 기술사 윤리강령 분석을 중심으로-

이창규(Lee, Chang Kyu) 충북대학교 법학연구소 2017 과학기술과 법 Vol.8 No.2

Professional Engineer(PE) is the term for registered or licensed engineers in some countries including the United States. A PE is a person engaged in the technical field work which has high expertise. As a PE is the best expert in that technical field, it is influenced by high professional ethics. This is a representative example of the Code of Engineer Ethics Code is a “Code of Ethics for Engineers for the National Society of Professional Engineers”. Korea has formulated a code of ethics for engineers based on technical judiciary. The Korean engineer ethics principle sets the highest philosophy of protecting public safety, health, welfare and the environment for the development of specialized nations and society. The Korean engineer ethics code is similar to the code of ethics for the United States, Germany and France. Korea is not managed by the Ethics Review Committee. Therefore it is necessary to consider schemes that the Ethics Review Committee can mediate. This ethical review committee is a mechanism for the protection of the rights of engineers and a reasonable dispute resolution.In Korea the board of ethical review committee is not actively managed. So it is necessary to consider schemes that can be operated by the board of ethical rview committee in Korea. The board of ethical review committee shall provide assistance for the protection of the technician s rights on this.

한국간호사의 윤리풍토 관련변인에 대한 체계적 고찰

노윤구 ( Yoon Goo Noh ),이외선 ( Oe Seon Lee ) 한국보건정보통계학회(구 한국보건통계학회) 2020 보건정보통계학회지 Vol.45 No.3

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify relevant factors in ethical climate of Korean nurses by systematically reviewing previous studies. Methods: The studies were searched through COre DB recommended by NECA (National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency), which includes KoreaMed, KMBASE, KISS, NDSL, KISTI, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE. We analyzed studies published by December 2019. The searched studies were organized using Zotero program and Excel. The Checklist for Analytical Cross Sectional Studies was used to assess the quality of the studies. Results: Ten studies were carefully selected according to inclusion criteria for systematic review. These were 9 quantitative studies and 1 mixed study. The ethical climate factors highly recognized by Korean nurses were laws and codes, company rules, and social responsibility. The variables related to ethical climate were more commonly found in job and organizational areas than in personal and nursing areas. The ethical climate factors were positively correlated with variables such as organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and supervisor trust, while negatively correlated with job stress, intention to quit, and moral distress. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the nurse’s ethical climate is important in areas such as job and organization, individual competency, and quality of nursing in Korea. Nursing managers should try encourage ethical climate related to positive variables and block ethical climate related to negative variables.

새로운 의료시술의 도입과 임상적용 시의 윤리적 절차

강명신,이윤성,최보문,이동수,이상무,이선희,구영모,박재현,이일학,박지용,고윤석 한국의료윤리학회 2013 한국의료윤리학회지 Vol.16 No.1

Medical care largely depends on developments of medical sciences and technologies. Development of innovative medical procedure have to be based on medical evidence. And ethical climate among individual physicians, academic societies, specialists' organization, and healthcare institution which applies the procedure is as much critical as the ethical stance of the developer. Therefore, it is necessary to make decisions on clinical application and evaluation, social costs and benefits, reimbursement through rational procedure and standards taking into account issues like medical evidence and conflict of interests. Especially, in the case of innovative surgical and surgico-medical procedure, the adoption has almost been up to non-formal studies until recently. Formal review process based on basic principles of biomedical research ethics and evidence-based medicine, is to be proposed for development of innovative surgical and medical procedures. And this process is to be an integral part of biomedical technology assessment and ethical regulation. This paper suggests an ethical guideline for ethical review and evaluation of a new medical procedure from its initial attempt to clinical application. Though focused on innovations, this suggested guideline is also applicable to a new medical procedure. The paper consists of four parts. Firstly, it outlines the general discussion about surgical innovations from the ethical viewpoint. Secondly, prior researches about the need of guideline are reviewed. Thirdly, under this background, basic principles for process of review and evaluation, and fourthly, the very process is proposed. Lastly, the further suggestions in connection with health care policy are given.

어린이 그림책 서평에 내포된 윤리적 속성

현은자 ( Hyun Eun-ja ) 한국어린이문학교육학회 2017 어린이문학교육연구 Vol.18 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 어린이 그림책 서평에 내포된 윤리적 속성을 밝히는 데 있다. 그림책 서평을 내용 분석한 선행 연구들은 바람직한 서평의 조건으로 그림책 매체의 특성에 대한 이해와 더불어 평론자의 전문적 판단과 가치 평가에서의 객관성을 강조하고 있다. 그러나 현대의 포스트모던 사회에서 무엇에 대한 객관적 태도 혹은 가치 평가를 주장하기 위해서는 존재론적, 인식론적, 윤리적 차원의 숙고가 필요하다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 세 가지 논제, 즉 텍스트에 대한 평론자의 태도, 평론에서의 가치 평가의 문제 그리고 그림책 서평의 내용을 구성하는 묘사, 해석, 판단에서의 윤리적 요소를 다루었다. 논제를 다루기 위한 논거들은 그림책의 스토리텔링 연구와 더불어 문예 비평(문학, 미술, 문화)과 해석학에서 가져왔다. 텍스트를 존중하는 독서 태도는 성실하고 충실한 묘사를 위한 선행조건이 되며 묘사는 합리적이고 일관성 있는 해석을 이끌고 이는 그림책의 가치 판단에 대한 근거와 기준을 제공할 수 있다. 이 결과는 그림책 서평이 어린이의 복지를 위한 실천 윤리적 규범을 따를 것을 제안하는 동시에 Michael Sandel이 주장한 것과 같이 모든 공적 영역에서의 도덕적 기초의 필요성을 확인하는 데에도 그 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다. The purpose of this study was to reveal the ethical attributes of children`s book reviews. Preceding studies analyzing the contents of picture book reviews have emphasized the objectivity of professional judgment and the value of critics as well as understanding the characteristics of the picture book media as a criterion of desirable book review. However, in modern postmodern society, it is necessary to consider the ontological, epistemological, and ethical dimension to assert an objective attitude or to valuate something. Therefore, this thesis deals with three issues, namely, the attitude of the commentator on the text, the problem of valuation in the critique, and the ethical elements in the description, interpretation, and judgment which constitute the content of the book review. The arguments for dealing with the thesis came mainly from literary criticism (literature, art, and culture) and hermeneutics. A reading attitude that respects text is a prerequisite for a sincere and faithful depiction, and the description leads to a rational and consistent interpretation, which can provide a basis for judging the value of a picture book. This result suggests that the book review should follow practical ethical norms for the welfare of children, and at the same time, Michael Sandel`s assertion is of significance in confirming the necessity of moral foundation in all public spheres.

침구임상시험 가이드라인 개발과정에서 IRB의 윤리적ㆍ과학적 지적사항 사례 조사 연구

임정태,이승훈,한가진,김은정,서병관,김태훈,이승덕,김종욱,유아미,남동우,이준희 대한침구의학회 2015 대한침구의학회지 Vol.32 No.2

Objectives : To improve quality of clinical research for acupuncture and moxibustion, a guideline for clinical research protocol is needed. While developing a guideline for acupuncture and moxibustion clinical research, we reviewed the ethical and scientific aspects of protocols pointed out by the institutional review board. This will offer practical assistance to the researchers. Methods : Ethical and scientific aspects of acupuncture and moxibustion research protocols reviewed by Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital Institutional Review Board were gathered and reviewed. Results : Ethical and scientific aspects of protocol review was reported. Conclusions : The example of review will be helpful for new researchers when developing acupuncture and moxibustion clinical research protocol.

한국간호사의 윤리풍토연구: 주제범위 문헌고찰(Scoping Review)

노윤구,이외선 간호행정학회 2022 간호행정학회지 Vol.28 No.5

Objectives: This study aimed to understand the status of research on the ethical climate of Korean nurses through a scoping review. Methods: The research process was conducted to the five steps of Arksey and O'Malley. The data were searched based on the COre DB recommended by NECA. Studies published up to September 2021 were included. The selected 17 studies were organized using Zotero and Microsoft Excel. Results: The final 17 studies included 14 quantitative studies, one mixed study, one qualitative study, and one systematic literature review. The variables studied along with the ethical climate were empathy, moral sensitivity, moral anguish, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. When the variables were classified into individual, organizational, work, and patient perspectives, the individual perspective variable was the most common. The ethical climate of Korean nurses had an effect on related variables, with positive effects on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and retention intention, and negative effects on intention-to-leave and moral distress. Conclusions: This study presents the rationale for improving nursing outcomes based on the ethical climate. New leadership and revised business practices in an organization can change the ethical climate; improving it can lead to improvements in variables related to individuals, nursing work, organizations, and patients. 연구목적: 본 연구는 주제범위 문헌고찰로 한국간호사의 윤리풍토 연구의 현황을 파악하는 것이다. 연구방법: 연구방법은 Arksey와 O’Malley의 5단계에 따라 진행하였다. 자료는 NECA가 추천하는 COre DB를 기초로 검색하였다. 2021년 9월까지 발표된 연구를 대상으로 하였다. 선정된 17편의 연구는 문헌관리 프로그램인 Zotero와 엑셀로 정리하였다. 연구결과: 17편의 연구는 양적연구 14편, 혼합연구 1편, 질적연구 1편, 체계적 문헌고찰 연구 1편이었다. 윤리풍토와 함께 연구된 변수는 공감, 도덕적 민감성, 도덕적 고뇌, 직무만족, 조직몰입이 많았다. 변수들을 개인, 조직, 업무, 환자관점으로 분류하였을 때 개인관점 변수가 가장 많았다. 한국간호사의 윤리풍토는 관련 변수들에게 영향을 주었는데 직무만족, 조직몰입, 재직의도에는 긍정적인 영향을, 이직의도와 도덕적 고뇌에는 부정적인 영향을 주었다. 결론: 본 연구는 간호사들의 윤리풍토 개선을 위한 근거를 제시하였다. 조직의 새로운 리더십과 수정된 업무관행은 윤리풍토를 바꿀 수 있다. 윤리풍토를 향상시키기 위한 중재 연구를 계획할 때 다양한 선행요인을 고려해야 할 것이다.

텍스트네트워크분석 및 토픽모델링을 적용한 국내 간호윤리 연구 동향

박찬숙,박은준 한국간호윤리학회 2021 한국간호윤리학회지 Vol.1 No.2

This study aimed to explore research trends of nursing ethics in Korea applying text network analysis and topic modelling. 306 articles published in KCI journals from 1998 to 2021 were identified and 516 author-provided keywords were collected. A co-occurrence matrix with 123 keywords, which appeared at least in two articles, were developed based on the Jaccard coefficient. Degree centrality and betweenness centrality were calculated and LDA topic modelling were performed using NetMiner software. The largest number of the articles (70, 23%) were published in Korean Journal of Medical Ethics. The most critical core-keywords, defined as the top 30 keywords in degree centrality and betweenness centrality, were ‘nursing students’ and ‘moral sensitivity’. The other core-keywords included ‘attitude,’ ‘awareness,’ ‘professionalism,’ ‘knowledge,’ and ‘critical thinking.’ related to ethical competence, ‘death,’ ‘hospice,’ ‘euthanasia,’ and ‘research ethics’ related to bioethical issues, and ‘job satisfaction,’ ‘burn out,’ ‘stress,’ ‘organizational culture,’ ‘ethical leadership,’ and ‘ethical climate’ related to organization and leadership. Five topics were identified and named as a) bioethics education for nursing students, b) knowledge and attitudes for bioethical issues, c) awareness and values of bioethics, d) ethical conflicts of RNs, and e) nursing ethics education. This study found that bioethics was the main topics in Korean nursing ethics research and suggested nursing research should focus on ethical issues RNs frequently experience in patient care. Also, research gaps were inferred in multiple topics including nurse-to-nurse relationships, theoretical perspectives of virtue ethics and care ethics, or witnessing healthcare professionals’ unethical behavior.

기관생명윤리위원회(IRB) 심의 미준수에 대한 관리 방안 검토

정은주,백수진 한국의료윤리학회 2020 한국의료윤리학회지 Vol.23 No.1

Since 2013, with the expansion of Institutional Bioethics Committees (IBCs), the ethical review and management of research on human subjects has greatly increased throughout South Korea. During this same time, a number of ethical lapses, including certain researchers failing to comply fully with the law or making false statements on their IBC applications, have attracted media attention. Although these scandals have helped to highlight the importance of ethical guidelines in research on human subjects, they have been quickly forgotten and have not led to any lasting changes or solutions. In order to prevent these incidents from occurring, new policy proposals are needed. Among these should be a plan to improve the IBC review/approval process in order to ensure that all research-related activities, from the beginning to the end of the research cycle, follow proper guidelines. Toward that goal, this article examines, and makes recommendations concerning the IBC review/approval process, which is the starting point of responsible research. The article examines the purpose and limitations of the Bioethics and Safety Act, reviews domestic and foreign laws and policies on IBC review duties, with a focus on 45CFR46 in the US, and finally suggests measures that could be adopted to better manage IBC non-compliance in Korea. On this last point, this article makes three recommendations: (1) a preventative measure for strengthening IBC education and related capacities through an IBC governance organization; (2) a measure to link and activate existing policies for research funding at academic institutions; and (3) a measure for registering and sharing research and IBC approval information. 2013년 이후 기관생명윤리위원회(IRB) 설치 의무 확대를 통해 연구에 대한 심의 및 관리가 제도화되었지만, 그 운영의 적절성에 대해 생각해 보게 하는 법률 미준수 또는 IRB 심의 관련 허위 기재 등의 연구윤리 문제가 사회적인 이슈가 된 바 있다. 일련의 스캔들로 연구의 윤리적 수행에 대한 중요성이 부각되고 있음에도 불구하고, 지금까지 이러한 사건·사고는 발생 이후 잠시 주목을 받고 관리 방안 필요성이 대두되다가 명확한 대안 없이 잊히는 과정을 반복해왔다. 사회 변화와 과학기술발전이 급격한 현재 연구 환경에서는 발생 가능한 윤리적 이슈가 지금보다 더 다양하고 위협적일 수 있으며, 과거의 과오를 되풀이하지 않기 위해서라도 연구 관련 발생 가능한 윤리적 문제와 이를 준수하지 않을 때 관리 가능한 정책적 대안이 고려되어야 한다. 이 중에서도 IRB 심의는 연구의 윤리적 시작과 안전은 물론, 진행과 종료를 담보하는 과정으로, 심의 관련 미준수를 제도적으로 관리하는 방안 마련은 중요하다. 심의 미준수에 대한 관리 체제의 결여는 연구의 윤리성과 신뢰성을 책임져야 하는 해당 기관과 기관위원회의 기반을 잃게 하고, 연구자의 불찰을 낳는 과정을 되풀이하도록 하기 때문이다. 이에 따라, 본 글은 책임 있는 연구의 시작점인 IRB 심의를 중점으로 연구자의 자율적 심의 및 연구 수행과 관리에 대한 생명윤리법의 취지와 한계를 살펴보고, 우리와 유사하게 기관 내 IRB를 설치·운영하고 있는 미국의 IRB 심의에 대한 법률과 관련 정책을 검토하였다. 그리고 국내에서 연구자의 심의 미준수를 예방하고 관리할 수 있는 방안으로 전담 관리 기구를 통한 상담 및 교육과 역량 강화를 지원하는 ‘예방적 관리’와 연구 및 학술 관리 기관의 정책 연계와 활성화를 통한 ‘정책적 관리’, 그리고 연구 및 승인 정보의 등록과 공유를 통한 ‘시스템적 관리’ 방안을 모색해 보았다. 본 글에서 제안한 방안이 향후 IRB 심의 준수 관리뿐 아니라 생명윤리 및 안전 관리 체계를 적절한 방향으로 확립하는 데 도움이 되기를 기대한다.

임상시험심사위원회의 임무와 운영

김용진 영남대학교 의과대학 2013 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.30 No.2

An institutional review board (IRB) should independently safeguard the right, safety, and well-being of all clinical trial subjects. It should consist of members who are qualified and experienced to review and evaluate the science, medical aspects, and ethics of the proposed trial. They have to pursue continuing efforts to improve the standards of review. The levels of review include the full board review, expedited review, continuing review, or exempt from review, while the levels of decision-making include approval, conditional approval, deferred approval, and disapproval. Investigators must follow the approved protocols and regulations honestly, and it is the IRB's mission to audit clinical trial sites as well.