새마을 運動에 있어서 問題的 狀況의 理解와 展望 : 地域社會開發事業으로서의 發展方向

최재원 한사대학 지역사회개발연구소 1980 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.3 No.-

It is very important to appraise reasonablly outcomes of the Sae-maul Undong. To understand moot point in the movement belongs to endeavouring to prosper the movement. That is to say, in order to expect better results of the movement, it is natural that the moot point must be understood in present time. The view that the movement is in need for exact criticizing and is faced with starting point for change, is raising it's head very powerfully. Generally speaking, the moot point of the movement are as follows: The first, in pulse of the movement it was based upon more of a political aspect or policy than a community development or organization theory. The second, there are a tendency to generallize process and method of the movement excessively. The exfort to individualize in case by case is in want. The third, the economic power of the nation was extended by the undertaking for increase of the income, but there are a tendency to overestimate the fruit. The forth, environmental improvement undertakings are propeled very unreasonably and unscientifically. The fifth, stream of the movement is cut off many stage because of concreteness of the goal. In the future, the movement shall are prosperous more and more. But the power of propullsion are not based upon government or public agency but community itself. It is expected to promote a spirit of cooperation through propulsion of the Sae-maul Undertakings, and regional residents shall want to develop the community in themselves.

協同的 地域開發에 關한 硏究

안태환 한사대학 지역사회개발연구소 1980 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.3 No.-

Regional Development is regarded as a comprehensive and planned endeavour, for better income and welfare improvement. Through these regional development, We could achieve three genral goal; efficiency, equity and sequrity in region. Among many smodels, There are reflecting two different perception of the problem of development planning; first downward planning at the national level, secondly upward planning at the local level. The incident problems of downward planning are following; first, The economic activity within region is not consistent with geographical region. secondly, Since growth pole is urban and periphery is runal, Structural gap between urban and rural has deepened along time. Therefore, growing pole links more tight with other city. Regional growth has stagged owtward from pole and income level of inhabitants lower and unfair. thirdly, Efficiency is more important factor than equity in most developing nations, because of scarcity of available resources. The limits of upward planning have various aspects; over-competition among villages, necessity of spatial integration, diseconomy of scale size, inter-regional coodination of public administration, …etc. It has been suggested a cooperative regional development strategies from discussing limits and problems of models. First, It is a upward and development from within method. It is a autonomous problem solving method with its own available resources. With these effort and strategies, We could achieve a ideal autarchy and highly self-sufficient economic system, Second, It is a cooperative method. It has been necessary that village integrate wider development unit for the efficiency. Thus middle-range unit is same self-autonomous agropolitan that reflect a basic need of inhabitants. Therefore, a cooperative policy correspond to autonomous method. Third, It is a exploitation method of latcnt resources. It is necessary that marginal resources as well as manifested resources mobilize for development goal.

「面」制度의 變遷과 現行 「面」行政 實態에 關한 硏究

김연기 한사대학 지역사회개발연구소 1981 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.4 No.-

The importance of the Myeon administration is stressed as it administers various national polioies ultimately and comprehensively and adjusts policies to each region's characteristics. While the improvement on the local administration system, as the terminal offices, is urgently needed, the purpose of this paper is to review our past local government system and develop it suited to our situation. Our Myeon system's history is as follows; 1. The Myeon system had developed as autonomous regional organization until the end of Lee dynasty and played a key role of government orders, public morals and maintenance of law and order. 2. In 1895 the Myeon meeting was adopted, in 1910 got the legal basis as the lowest office of local government, and in 1930 was recognized as the juridicial body. 3. After the independence of Japan, the self-government system of Myeon council was formed, but abolished by provisional orders pertaining to local government after the military revolution in 1961. It is now sustained just as a sub-administrative organization for County. Viewing the aforementioned facts, the Myeon system was under great change in the aspects of qualities and quantities. Among those changes are included as follows; 1. Development, production and welfare administration is necessarily demanded. Those contents are now much colorful. 2. The much authority of central government has been transferred to local government. 3. As the result of population increase and more demand from people, the function of public administration has been expanded. The problems of current Myeon system and the methods of improvement on those problems are as follows; 1. Compared with its over-burdened business, the Myeon office is lack of manpower and facilities. As a result, it gets stereotyped and its efficiency has lowered drastically. As soon as possible, proper reinforcement of manpower and modernized equipments are seriously needed. 2. Because of frequent supervision of the upper organization, the Myeon has low morale. It is desirable that the administrative area of province be sub-divided into smaller size. County be abolished Myeon system be readjusted and the function of the local administration be focused on it. For that readjustment, we should considere the economic area, community develoment area, population number and traffic network. 3. Introduction of computerized communication sostem is urgently required to exchange speedier message between the upper and the lower sides of public administration. 4. Even though Myeon system is established as an organ toward people, it is required that more residents participate in the activities of the system. The participation should be expanded for the realization of democracy and desirable public administration. In conclusion, for the activation of local government, local government should start from the self-sufficient areas such as larger cities and spread into another smaller cities and towns. I suggest that more attention be payed to local government, especially Myeon system for the normalization and activation of our local self-government system.

營農指導機關의 指導事業改善에 關한 硏究

최재원,김연기 한사대학 지역사회개발연구소 1981 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.4 No.-

For the enhancement of agricultural productivity, it is required that we strengthen technical education, provide production facilities, build up production basis and encourage the multiplication of livestock and gardening crops. The purpose of this paper is to study and develop effective farming guidance of the agencies. And another purpose is to promote the driving force for the guidance. As current farming guidance agencies, there are County, Myeon, agricultural co-operative unit and rural guidance center. Each agency has its own business. For example, Myeon is engaged in general matters of farming, rural guidance center takes care of education for farming techniques, agricultural co-operative unit supplies agricultural fund loan, agrucultural medicines and fertilizer. Through bringing up the resident's organizations, selecting these as objects, and individual direction, the guidnace is practised. Agricultural co-operative unit select Saemaul ladies meeting, joint working party and joint group for use of agricultural equipment from sub-organization of Saemaul farming gathering, rural guidance center pick 4H club and farming technician meeting and Myeon choose all of above mentioned meetings as their objects respectively. The organizations being organized as Dong unit, one farming house is easily included in several organizations. And even worse, the contents of direction are fragmented and stereotyped compared with desire of farmers. As a result, the effectiveness of farming direction is much low and weak. The reasons are these; 1. The lack of cooperation between farmers and guide. 2. Formalities of resident's organization. 3. Much demand from farmers compared with lack of money, direction and leadership. 4. the low qualities of rural guide and the lack of spirit of voluntary participation in the business from farmers. The success of these enterprises only depends on soving those problems facing farming guidance. The actualization of resident's organizations, gathering the strength of each farmer and cooperation are needed for the increase of rural income and modernization. In the light of specialty and characteristics of farming guidance, the progress of technology in that field also shold be accompanied. In conclusion, guidance agencies should be unitary and backed up by proper and timely policies. The development of our country and the realization of welfare nation would be possible only through the enhancement of rural income.

政策의 成果測定을 위한 統合基準의 摸索

김석준 한사대학 지역사회개발연구소 1980 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.3 No.-

This study intends to pursuit of integrating standard for measurement and evaluation of the results of policy. For evaluating policy, there can be two kinds of standards; One is normative standard which includes public interest, welfare, productivity and effectiveness(goal system), the other is analytic standard such as indicators which systematizes indicator system. The former is abstract, normative, qualitaive and comprehensive, but the latter is concrete, analytic and quantitative. As these two kinds of standards are interdependence, integrating standard is necessary for policy evaluation. The major content of integrating standard is indicator system which is strengthened by the exploition of indicators belonging to normative standard as to qualitative aspects by the methods of empirical survey. So, indicator system as integrating standard should represent the public interest, public opinion, the idea of the people, social value system, etc, which are based to the people, and it should be developed and readjusted regularly. But there are many kinds of limits, because the characteristics of the results and effects of policy are mixed, multiple, qualitative and intangible. These can be overcome by the specific research for the specified policy.

現代都市의 Community 性格과 變化 方向

박호강 한사대학 지역사회개발연구소 1981 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.4 No.-

One of the main purposes of this study is to clarify the meaning of community which is highly relevant to the modern urban society as a unit environment of modern man. Technological change in transportation and communication over the period from nineteenth century to twentieth century brought about the rising of industrialization and urbanization together with the shrinkage of space and time which is a decisive causeof urban change. In this development of urbanization three major stages can be identified. Firstly the urban area expanded spatially causing the concentration of population, i.e., centripetal movement, so that urban society has transformed itself into a pluralistic, communal civilization as well as metropolitan community of daily system of interdependence. Modern metropolitan community includes local areas or local urban communities and residential neighborhoods and all sorts of nonterritorial networks, such as functional or interest communities which are based not on habit or tradition, but on interests or contracts. In other words, the locality, as a basis of community is gradually becoming weaker as time goes on. Secondly, the process of further urbanization is manifested in urban sprawl and deconcentration, i.e., centrifugal movement, due in large measure to the progressive time-space convergence resulting from the improved communication and transportation, and due in part to the desires of urban residents who need stimuli-free community and seek more secure place without urban pathologies. Thirdly, the urbanization of rural areas has proceeded beginning from the subsurban rural areas to far remote countryside, finally creating national community. Now the time came when city and country are not fundamentally and necessarily different. The increasingly specialized parts are kept in co-ordination and are interdependent on a nation-wide basis. Accordingly the rural-urban dichotomy or continuum could only be the ideal type construct for the study of social change in modern society.