現代都市의 Community 性格과 變化 方向

박호강 한사대학 지역사회개발연구소 1981 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.4 No.-

One of the main purposes of this study is to clarify the meaning of community which is highly relevant to the modern urban society as a unit environment of modern man. Technological change in transportation and communication over the period from nineteenth century to twentieth century brought about the rising of industrialization and urbanization together with the shrinkage of space and time which is a decisive causeof urban change. In this development of urbanization three major stages can be identified. Firstly the urban area expanded spatially causing the concentration of population, i.e., centripetal movement, so that urban society has transformed itself into a pluralistic, communal civilization as well as metropolitan community of daily system of interdependence. Modern metropolitan community includes local areas or local urban communities and residential neighborhoods and all sorts of nonterritorial networks, such as functional or interest communities which are based not on habit or tradition, but on interests or contracts. In other words, the locality, as a basis of community is gradually becoming weaker as time goes on. Secondly, the process of further urbanization is manifested in urban sprawl and deconcentration, i.e., centrifugal movement, due in large measure to the progressive time-space convergence resulting from the improved communication and transportation, and due in part to the desires of urban residents who need stimuli-free community and seek more secure place without urban pathologies. Thirdly, the urbanization of rural areas has proceeded beginning from the subsurban rural areas to far remote countryside, finally creating national community. Now the time came when city and country are not fundamentally and necessarily different. The increasingly specialized parts are kept in co-ordination and are interdependent on a nation-wide basis. Accordingly the rural-urban dichotomy or continuum could only be the ideal type construct for the study of social change in modern society.

都市社會의 非行과 社會學的 非行理論

박호강 대구대학교 새마을 . 지역사회개발연구소 1985 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.7 No.-

Sociology of deviance or criminal sociology consists in taking account of The multiple realities of modern life and everyday social experiences and finding out the delinquency causation. The first concern of this paper is+to review the changing historical-social context with related to the social control and crime patterns before and after the 19th century urbanization in Europe and America The city life and urban environments has raised personal anxiety providing incentives for Community crimes. Major patten of urban crime is the property crime which has been getting more abundant in quantity and variety since urbanization as the rural-urban migration had been intensified, while the rural crime Pattern is the crime of violence. The conditions of urban industrializing societies like America fostered "the criminogenic culture" which has broken the traditional norms and heightened the new values including the material possession, impersonal relationships, values oriented toward social status, resistance against and coexistence of subcultures Consequntly property criminal turns out to be most frequent, most prevalent pattern and juvenile delinquancy has rapidly been increasing. The second centent of this paper includes the examination and conparison of the alternative sociological criminal theories and deviant formulations. They are classified into two groups, one of which, entitled, "the sociological positive determinism", focuses on the sociological determinants, such as the deviant social world, the lower classs natural areas within the urban community and their subultures, disorganizations and anomie etc., as the etiologies of the urban Juvenile delinquency The other group, the so-called "the new radical, critical theories", interprets the deviant acts in reverse approach attempting to disclose the official reactions damaging the self-identity of offenders or emphasizing the material conditions of competitive econonic system, which produces egoistic motives and undermines social integrations making crime or deviance inevitable. Both groups of deviant theories handle only the socia-cultural factors among the multitude of peronal-situational fastors Accordingly we could not he satisfied until we examine all the other potential canses at the same time because clime or delinquency is a product of multiple causes, and we should admit the fact that the ever changing situations and values would produce other timetable perspectives about sccial control and deviant behavior.

理相社會모델과 近代 西毆의 社會主義 유토피아

박호강 [대구대학교 사회조사연구소] 1991 사회연구 Vol.1 No.-

英國의 New Towns 形成과 都市地域社會開發

박호강 대구대학교 새마을 . 지역사회개발연구소 1983 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.5 No.-

The idea of the New Towns was originated with Ebenezer Howard who embodied the concept of the garden city and initiated the New Towns Movements through publishing books and organizing associations for it and by establishing two experimental New Towns, Letchworth and welwyn. Prominent among the objectives of the New Towns is the creation of well-integrated and socially balanced communities to meet urban dispersal and to amenities and health resulting in virtuout social environment around the end of the nineteenth century when the various social upheavals including the physical repercussions upon urban form and the working class conditions were great concerns. The nature of the New Towns is accordingly a sort of ideal urban community in the sense that it is designed to be humane, self-sufficient (or self-contained), and pollution free town having both advantages of energetic urban life and peaceful country life. This characteristic is derived from the Greco-Roman city pattern and from the ideals of the nineteenth century reformers. The tradition of the New Towns Movements couled be traced to the moverments of utopian socialists and idealistic community movements developed from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century. The nineteenth century British urban sociological studies and sociology of town planning are also responsible to the rise of the movements. The principle of the New Towns was drawn from the ideas of green belt, optimal normal range of population, colonization redistribution, and integration within a relatively larger spatial and functional unit. Following Howurd's success, the New Towns policy was not only accepted and realized as one of the British town planning or regional planning system, but since World War Two it gained a wide recognition in the area of modern urban developments as an decisive inventive model for the solution to urban sprawl and housing shortage throughout the West though it has been modified when adopted. Its variations include suburban garden cities, satellite towns, dormitory subdivisions, new communities and self-contained neighborhood units. Several points should be noted in assessing the New Towns entity regarding its place in modern urban development planning. Firstly it must be admitted that the prototype New Towns is not the only and best pattern for the general urban community developments. In other words, many factors such as financial provision, planning policies, national ideologies and respective regional problems could be determinants for choosing the appropriate pattern even though it is chosen as a desirable pattern. The realization of the idea into a live entity requires a considerable amount of resources at both economic and technological levels. Secondly, the New Towns design may not be applicable to every country other than Britain precisely because the very idea should be understood in the light of a long sociohistorical context and particular British national sentiments and situation. In other words, The principle of the New Towns may be realized in and applied flexibly to countries udner similar conditions as Britain's. Yet despite the variations and defects of the New Towns plan, it might be maintained that it will continue to play an important part in urban and regional planning or developments in terms of an examplary realization of a balanced society.

現代都市의 Community 性格과 變化 方向

박호강 대구대학교 새마을지역사회개발연구소 1981 지역사회개발논총(地域社會開發論叢) Vol.4 No.-

One of the main purposes of this study is to clarify the meaning of community which is highly relevant to the modern urban society as a unit environment of modern man. Technological change in transportation and communication over the period from nineteenth century to twentieth century brought about the rising of industrialization and urbanization together with the shrinkage of space and time which is a decisive causeof urban change. In this development of urbanization three major stages can be identified. Firstly the urban area expanded spatially causing the concentration of population, i.e., centripetal movement, so that urban society has transformed itself into a pluralistic, communal civilization as well as metropolitan community of daily system of interdependence. Modern metropolitan community includes local areas or local urban communities and residential neighborhoods and all sorts of nonterritorial networks, such as functional or interest communities which are based not on habit or tradition, but on interests or contracts. In other words, the locality, as a basis of community is gradually becoming weaker as time goes on. Secondly, the process of further urbanization is manifested in urban sprawl and deconcentration, i.e., centrifugal movement, due in large measure to the progressive time-space convergence resulting from the improved communication and transportation, and due in part to the desires of urban residents who need stimuli-free community and seek more secure place without urban pathologies. Thirdly, the urbanization of rural areas has proceeded beginning from the subsurban rural areas to far remote countryside, finally creating national community. Now the time came when city and country are not fundamentally and necessarily different. The increasingly specialized parts are kept in co-ordination and are interdependent on a nation-wide basis. Accordingly the rural-urban dichotomy or continuum could only be the ideal type construct for the study of social change in modern society.

西歐文化에 있어서 技術과 유토피아

박호강 한국사회학회 1995 한국사회학회 사회학대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

젠더정체성의 사회적 구성과 젠더이데올로기

박호강 大邱大學校 社會科學硏究所 1999 社會科學硏究 Vol.7 No.1

본 연구는 포스트모더니티와 세계화의 시대에 즈음하여 다원주의와 개별화라는 시대적 특징과 결부되는 사회현상 중에서 현대인의 정체성 문제, 구체적으로는 젠더정체성을 연구대상으로 한다. 오늘날 인간의 자아나 정체성은 선택적·반성적·존재구속적인 것으로 성격규정되며, 특히 젠더정체성은 사회적으로 구성되는 모든 사회적 정체성의 가장 원초적인 형태로 분류될 수 있다. 본 연구는 젠더정체성의 탄력성 ·개별성·복합성에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있을 뿐만 아니라 사회적 구성주의의 주요 논의 대상이 되고 있는 점에 착안하고 있다. 이 연구의 내용은 젠더정체성의 사회적 구성과 관련하여 다음의 두 맥락의 연구로 연계되고 있다. 첫째, 젠더정체성은 유아기부터 타인들과의 상호작용의 틀속에서 구성되는 사회적 구성을 통해 개별적 정체성이 발달하는 한편, 생물적 성차이를 근거로 타인들에 비해 외부적으로 사회적 범주화를 통해 규정되는 집합적 정체성을 동시에 지닌다는 점을 확인, 강조한다. 다음으로 젠더의 사회적 구성에 영향을 미치는 가치체계로서 젠더의 이원적 사고를 지배해온 동서양의 주요 이원론적 관념체계를 젠더이데올로기로 규정, 그 기원, 의미, 이데올로기적 왜곡 및 기능 등을 추적 확인한다. 결론적으로 이 연구는 생물적·생래적·자연적 - 고정적인 것으로 당연시되거나 자칫 잘못 인식될 수도 있을 젠더정체성의 본질과 구성원리에 대한 이해를 돕고, 다양한 가치체계가 공존하는 포스트모던시대에 젠더정체성에 대한 본질주의적 사고방식을 탈피하고 사회적 재구성의 가능성을 확인하는 데 목적이 있다.

共同體의 槪念的分析과 理念的役割

박호강 대구대학교 새마을지역사회개발연구소 1980 지역사회개발논총(地域社會開發論叢) Vol.3 No.-

For half a century community study has gradually been brought into focus in sciences of man and society. This phenomenon seems to be closely related to the rising recognition that it is senseless to talk about man apart from society or society in separation from man. Man and society are not two separate entities or substances: there is only one unified system, i.e., man-in-society or society-in-man. Thus, both individualistic-mentalistic voluntarism and collectivistic-mechanistic determinism cease to be viable conceptions of man and society. A third alternative would be the conception that a man or a person is social to the precise extent that a society is human or personal. This conception of human-personal society, man-in-society or society-in-man is implied by the idea of community as a quasi-person since Plato's republic up until skinner's commune. Etymologically, the concept of community can be traced back to the Roman conception of communitas and the Greek conception of polis. Both "communitas" and "polis" are noun variations of verb "com+muneo" and polizó, respectively, which can be rendered as "to build together a fortification or a city." This perhaps explains the double aspects of the concept of community, i.e., locality or territoriality on the one hand and commonality, communality or communicability on the other hand. Geographical and psychological elements of community can be said to be analogous to bodily and mental aspects of a person. This duality of the concept of community prevails in almost any conception of society. Tönniesian Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, Cooley's primary and secondary group. Morgan's societas and civitas, to cite just few examples. It is primarily this dual characterization of society that is responsible for vagueness, ambiguity or even confusion visible in most community studies. It is the main purpose of the present study on community to diagnose, clarify and eliminate this ambiguity and confusion which are fatal to any adequate conception of community and to which most studies on community have been easily susceptible. Our study begins with a brief survey on the career of the concept of community. The historical sketch is follwed by the conceptual analysis in contrast to other family concepts such as local community, commune and communion. Generally, this analysis enables us to locate and identify ideological connotations in different conceptions of community and different philosophies of community studies and community developments. In particular, we have identified two of them, i.e., community restoration and community development.

미국의 근교화와 도시공간 변화

박호강 서울대학교 사회과학연구원 1997 한국사회과학 Vol.19 No.2

유토피아的 都市計劃에 있어서 共同體의 理想과 實際

朴好江(Park Ho-gang) 한국사회학회 1984 韓國社會學 Vol.18 No.SM