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Vineyards in Northern U.S. States: Farm Size and Productivity Relationship
Jong-Woo Choi,Won Fy Lee,William C. Gartner 한국유통과학회 2016 유통과학연구 Vol.14 No.7
Purpose – The production efficiency of agricultural crops has been the subject of numerous studies in the field of agricultural economics. This study examines the production efficiency of emerging vineyards in the 14 northern U.S. states and aims to understand raw input and managerial factors affecting the grape production with focusing on the effect of farm size. Research design, data, and methodology – Using a unique survey dataset that was collected from 176 vineyards in 2012, we employed data envelopment analysis (DEA) for estimation of production efficiency in individual vineyards. Production efficiency is regressed on various input and managerial covariates to understand factors influencing the productivity. Results – Although there exists positive correlation between the farm size and productivity of vineyards in Northern U.S. states, we find negative relationship when the farm size is instrumented by the additional farm size expansion indicator. The negative effect is more pronounced for the recently established vineyards. Conclusions – This study suggests that there needs to be adequate managerial improvements for emerging vineyards in northern states for the achievement of increased productivity.
Tiffany, Douglas G.,Lee, Won Fy,Morey, Vance,Kaliyan, Nalladurai Techno-Press 2013 Advances in energy research Vol.1 No.2
Torrefaction technologies convert assorted biomass feedstocks into energy-concentrated, carbon neutral fuel that is economically transported and easily ground for blending with fossil coals at numerous power plants around the world without needs to retrofit. Utilization of torrefied biomass in conventional electric generating units may be an increasingly attractive alternative for electricity generation as aging power plants in the world need to be upgraded or improved. This paper examines the economic feasibility of torrefaction in different scenarios by modeling torrefaction plants producing 136,078 t/year (150,000 ton/year) biocoal from wood and corn stover. The utilization of biocoal blends in existing coal-fired power plants is modeled to determine the demand for this fuel in the context of emerging policies regulating emissions from coal in the U.S. setting. Opportunities to co-locate torrefaction facilities adjacent to corn ethanol plants and coal-fired power plants are explored as means to improve economics for collaborating businesses. Life cycle analysis was conducted in parallel to this economic study and was used to determine environmental impacts of converting biomass to biocoal for blending in coal-fired power plants as well as the use of substantial flows of off-gasses produced in the torrefaction process. Sensitivity analysis of the financial rates of return of the different businesses has been performed to measure impacts of different factors, whether input prices, output prices, or policy measures that render costs or rewards for the businesses.
Lampert, M,Anda, G,Czopf, A,Erdei, G,Guszejnov, D,Ková,csik, ??,Pokol, G I,Ré,fy, D,Nam, Y U,Zoletnik, S American Institute of Physics 2015 Review of scientific instruments Vol.86 No.7
<P>A novel beam emission spectroscopy observation system was designed, built, and installed onto the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research tokamak. The system is designed in a way to be capable of measuring beam emission either from a heating deuterium or from a diagnostic lithium beam. The two beams have somewhat complementary capabilities: edge density profile and turbulence measurement with the lithium beam and two dimensional turbulence measurement with the heating beam. Two detectors can be used in parallel: a CMOS camera provides overview of the scene and lithium beam light intensity distribution at maximum few hundred Hz frame rate, while a 4 ?? 16 pixel avalanche photo-diode (APD) camera gives 500 kHz bandwidth data from a 4 cm ?? 16 cm region. The optics use direct imaging through lenses and mirrors from the observation window to the detectors, thus avoid the use of costly and inflexible fiber guides. Remotely controlled mechanisms allow adjustment of the APD camera's measurement location on a shot-to-shot basis, while temperature stabilized filter holders provide selection of either the Doppler shifted deuterium alpha or lithium resonance line. The capabilities of the system are illustrated by measurements of basic plasma turbulence properties.</P>
설련의 항산화능와 사람 섬유아세포에서 UVA에 의한 MMP-1발현 저해효과
심관섭 ( Gwan Sub Sim ),김진화 ( Jin Hwa Kim ),나영 ( Young Na ),이동환 ( Dong Hwan Lee ),이범천 ( Bum Chun Lee ),( Yong He Zhang ),표형배 ( Hyeong Bae Fy ) 대한화장품학회 2005 대한화장품학회지 Vol.31 No.4
노화와 연관하여 설련의 항산화 효과, in vitro MMP 활성 저해능, 자외선 조사에 의해 유도된 MMP-1 발현에 대한 영향을 사람섬유아세포를 이용하여 확인하였다. 설련의 항산화 효과를 알아보기 위하여 DPPH radical과 superoxide anion radical 소거효과를 측정하였다. 그 결과 DPPH radical 소거능의 IC<sub>50</sub> 값은 3.89 μg/mL이고, xanthine/xanthine oxidase에 의한 superoxide anion radical 제거능의 IC<sub>50</sub> 값은 67.29 μg/mL이었다. 설련 1000 μg/mL에서 93.27%의 지질과산화 저해효과를 나타내었다. MMP-1의 효소활성 저해 효과는 농도 의존적으로 활성을 억제하였으며, IC<sub>50</sub> 값은 97.18 μg/mL이다. 또한 자외선 조사에 의해 사람 섬유아세포에서 발현되는 MMP-1에 대해 단백질의 양적인 변화는 42.86% 감소되었으며, 설련에 의해 농도 의존적으로 MMP-1 mRNA의 발현량도 감소되었다. 이러한 실험결과를 통하여 설련은 항산화 효과뿐만 아니라 자외선 조사에 의해 유도되는 MMP-1 단백질 발현과 mRNA 유전자 수준에서의 조절이 가능함을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 설련은 항산화와 자외선으로부터 생성되는 MMP-1의 발현을 저해함으로써 노화와 따른 피부를 보호하는 항노화 소재로서의 응용가능성을 확인하였다. In order to investigate the effects of Saussurea involucrata on (relationship between) aging (and Saussurea involucrata), we examined the activities of antioxidation, in vitro MMP inhibition and UVA-induced MMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts. S. involucrata showed scavenging activities radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the IC<sub>50</sub> values of 3.89 μg/mL against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 67.29 μg/mL against superoxide radicals in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, respectively. At the concentration of 1000 μg/mL, S. involucrata showed 93.27% inhibition on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid. S. involucrata inhibited the activities of MMP-1 in a does-dependent manner and the IC<sub>50</sub> value calculated from semi-log plots was 97.18 μg/mL. Also, UVA induced MMP expression in human dermal fibroblasts was reduced 42.86% by treatment with S. involucrata, and MMP-1 mRNA expression was reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore S. involucrata was able to significantly inhibit MMP expression in protein and mRNA level. All these results suggested that S. involucrata might act as an anti-aging agent by antioxidation and reducing UVA-induced MMP-1 production.