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김용순(Kim Yongsoon) 한국정치학회 2009 한국정치학회보 Vol.43 No.2
북한은 미국이라는 자신보다 강한 국가와의 협상을 진행하는 과정에서 미국의 관심을 끌고 이를 유지하기 위해 위기감수전술 또는 위기촉발전술을 채택함으로써 미국으로 하여금 양보를 이끌어 냈다. 강압흥정은 국력이나 체제의 속성과는 무관한 일반적인 외교행태의 하나이며, 강압적 차원과 유화적 차원의 반복적인 긴장유발을 활용하여 실리를 추구하기 위한 수단적 의미를 갖는다. 따라서 북한의 대미 외교행태는 미국과의 협상을 이끌어내기 위해 또는 미국과의 교착된 협상을 재개하기 위해 빈번하게 사용된 선군 리더십의 대외적 측면에서 분석되어야 한다. 1960년대 북한의 군사중시사상은 최근 북한이 공식적으로 내세우고 있는 선군사상과 유사한 모습을 보이고 있다. 북한 체제에 대한 직ㆍ간접적인 위협을 대화와 타협을 통하여 극복하기 보다는 더욱 강력한 대응력을 구축함으로써 이를 해결하고자 하는 북한 지도자의 인식은 동일한 맥락에서 이해될 수 있는 것이다. 북한의 선군 리더십은 국가 간의 갈등 또는 위기상황 발생 시 문제해결을 위한 대응방식으로서, 대외적으로는 강압흥정을 통해 대외 협상력을 제고시키는 강력한 수단으로, 대내적으로는 반제ㆍ자주에 대한 강조를 통해 인민대중의 일심단결을 유도하는 통제와 동원의 수단으로 기능하였다. 적대관계에 있는 미국과의 갈등이나 이로 인한 위기상황 발생 시 문제해결 수단의 차원에서 선군 리더십이 활용되었다는 점을 감안할 때, 이는 정권을 넘어 선 북한을 특징짓는 리더십 유형이라 할 수 있을 것이다. In order to attract and maintain US' concern during the negotiations with it, North Korea has adopted the strategy of crisis inducement or crisis provocation, and has made US concede in the end time after time. Coercive bargaining is one of the strategies that can be used irrelevant of the state' actual power or regime structure, and it pursues profit by using brinkmanship on a repetitive basis. Therefore, the diplomatic behavior of North Korea vis-a-vis the US has to be analyzed from the foreign policy characteristics of Son'gun Leadership which frequently use this sort of behavior in order to induce or restart negotiations with the US. Kim Il Sung regime's idea of giving importance to the army in the 1960's is very similar with the military-first ideology of Kim Jong Il. North Korean leadership and its foreign policy of trying to overcoming problems through constructing more forceful responses, instead of solving the problems with dialogue or compromise concerning direct or indirect menace to North Korea from the outside, can be understood in similar light. The Son'gun Leadership of North Korea is a method used for both international and domestic purposes. It plays an important role as a strong mechanism for displaying the powerful military state and improving negotiation power to the foreign countries in the aspect of foreign affairs, and it is also a strong mechanism for control and mobilization of the domestic populace inducing and encouraging anti-imperialism and independence. In dealing with crisis and/or conflict with the US, the Son'gun Leadership can be said to characterize North Korean behavior regardless of its political regime.
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A Sketch of North Korean Studies in South Korea
Yongsoon Kim(김용순),Eun Kook Lee(이은국),Haekyung Song(송해경) 한국정치학회 2011 한국정치학회보 Vol.45 No.3
본 연구는 북한학의 정체성을 정립하기 위한 노력의 일환으로 2008년까지 한국에서 발간된 석ㆍ박사논문 중 북한관련 연구의 경향, 특히 학위수여기관을 중심으로 한 양적 분석을 시도하고 있다. 관련 학과의 효과적인 운영과 관련 학회의 체계적인 활동이 북한학의 질적 발전에 새로운 기회를 제공하고 있음을 전제하고, 본 연구는 먼저 북한학의 지역연구로서의 학제적 접근 방법과 연구분야 및 주제의 다양성, 그리고 연구의 질적ㆍ양적 발전을 확인하고 있다. 북한학이 정체성을 확립하고 독자적인 학문으로서 확고히 자리매김 하기 위해서는 다음의 세 가지 측면에서 체계적인 노력이 요구된다: 첫째는 북한학의 활성화와 확대를 위한 정부차원에서의 지원, 둘째는 관련 교과과정의 체계적인 관리를 위한 학교 차원에서의 장기적인 지원, 셋째는 연구자 차원에서 학문적인 요구에 의한 다양한 분야에 대한 연구의 재활성화 노력이다. 무엇보다 중요한 것은 북한을 연구하는 학자들 사이에서 북한학의 정체성에 대한 인식의 차이를 좁히는 것일 것이다. As part of an effort to redefine the identity of North Korean studies, this study analyzes research trends in Master’s and Doctoral dissertations published in South Korea prior to 2008. The analysis verifies its multidisciplinary characteristics as an area studies, diversity of research areas and subjects, and quantitative and qualitative development; as such, effective management of the related department and systematic activities of relevant scholarly societies provide a new opportunity for systematically improving the quality of North Korean studies. Establishing roots as an independent discipline and establishing its identity requires advancements in three aspects: vitalization and expansion of support for North Korean studies at the government level, long-term support for systematic management of the related curriculum at the university level, and revitalization of the research on more various areas by the academic needs at the academic level. Most importantly, efforts to reduce perception gaps in identity among scholars are vital.
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Kim, Yongsoon,Jeong, Jaeseong,Yang, Jisu,Joo, Sang-Woo,Hong, Jongki,Choi, Jinhee Elsevier 2018 Toxicology Vol.410 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Graphene oxide (GO) has the potential for wide applications, which necessitates an intensive investigation of its potential hazard on human and environmental health. Even if previous studies show reproductive toxicity in the nematode <I>Caenorhabditis elegans</I>, the mechanisms of reproductive toxicity by GO are poorly understood. To understand the underlying mechanisms of GO-induced reproductive toxicity, we investigated the interaction between GO and <I>C. elegans</I> using Raman spectroscopy, sperm counts produced by spermatogenesis, progeny and analyzed the fatty acid metabolism using molecular techniques. GO-characteristic Raman spectral bands measured throughout <I>C. elegans</I>, brood size and Hoecst staining of dissected gonads clearly showed GO accumulation in the reproductive organs, reduced progeny and low sperm counts, which are possibly direct results of the reproductive toxicity from GO exposure. Interestingly, reduced fatty acid metabolites, such as stearic, oleic, palmitoleic, and palmitic acids, were found with GO exposure. We found that GO increased intestinal fat accumulation in wild type N2, <I>fat-5(tm420),</I> and <I>fat-7(wa36)</I> mutants, whereas it decreased fat storage in the <I>fat-6(tm331)</I> and <I>nhr-49(nr2041)</I> mutants. GO exposure affected <I>C. elegans</I> fat accumulation and consumption, which was possibly regulated by <I>daf-16</I> and <I>nhr-80</I> gene activity. Also, GO exposure suppressed the survival of long-lived <I>fat-5(tm420)</I> mutants, whereas it increased the survival of short-lived <I>nhr-49(nr2041)</I> mutants. Hence, our studies collectively indicated that GO accumulation in reproductive organs, suppression of spermatogenesis, and the alteration of fatty acid metabolism play critical roles in understanding mechanisms of toxicity in <I>C. elegans</I>.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Raman spectroscopy showed GO accumulation in reproductive organs in <I>C. elegans.</I> </LI> <LI> Reduced fatty acid metabolites were found with GO exposure. </LI> <LI> GO disturbs fat metabolism by modulating fat storage and consumption. </LI> <LI> GO exposure results in reproductive toxicity by suppressing spermatogenesis. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
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Kim, Eunyoung,Kim, Sehee,Park, Yongsoon Informa UK Ltd. 2015 International journal of food sciences and nutriti Vol.66 No.3
<P>The purpose of this study is to investigate that sorghum extract (SE) exerts cholesterol-lowering effects through the regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism-related protein expression. C57BL/6 mice were fed a modified AIN-93G diet (NC) with saline, or a modified AIN-93G diet with 2% cholesterol and 0.25% cholic acid with either saline (HC) or 600 mg SE/kg body weight (HC-SE). Levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in serum and liver were significantly lower in HC-SE than in HC. The expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, sterol regulatory elementary binding protein2 and fatty acid synthase were significantly lower, whereas phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase expression was significantly higher in HC-SE than in HC. Cholesterol 7-α hydroxylase expression was also significantly higher in mice given SE than in those given HC. These results suggest that the cholesterol-lowering effect of SE may be related to the regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism in this mouse model.</P>
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Preparing for Institution-Building of Six-Party Talks in Northeast Asia
Kim. Yongsoon 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2010 동서연구 Vol.22 No.2
This research of the Six-Party Talks as a form of security community is possible to institutionalize in the long term because its goals are not only to solve the North Korean nuclear issue, but to build a multilateral peace regime and establish new security order in the region. Judging from the United States’ will of its institutionalization, the internationality of the Korean peninsula problem, and North Korea’s domestic and foreign situation, it becomes more likely to be institutionalized when all participants share its advantages. This institution-building process requires a multilateral security regime in the region that embraces staged smart goal-setting, various agenda-building beyond the North Korean nuclear issue, and communication network-constructing among participants. As a default and normative power, the United States should show the initiative as a normative organizer and intimate mutual cooperation among them as a persuasive moderator. For South Korea, the US-ROK-China mutual policy coordination is important as well as the US-ROK bilateral alliance. To achieve this, mutual trust-building should be achieved first; enlarging agendas to be comprehensive, diversified, and global as well as include non-traditional security issues is also needed. Most importantly, South Korea should play a continuous role for the parties directly involved.
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