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c-Fos Expression in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract in Response to Salt Stimulation in Rats
Yongho Kwak,Mee-Ra Rhyu,Sun Joon Bai,Young Hee Sa,Min Jee Kwon,Bae Hwan Lee 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 2011 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.15 No.6
Salt signals in tongue are relayed to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). This signaling is very important to determine whether to swallow salt-related nutrition or not and suggests some implications in discrimination of salt concentration. Salt concentration-dependent electrical responses in the chorda tympani and the NST were well reported. But salt concentration-dependency and spatial distribution of c-Fos in the NST were not well established. In the present study, NaCl signaling in the NST was studied in urethane-anesthetized rats. The c-Fos immunoreactivity in the six different NST areas along the rostral-caudal axis and six subregions in each of bilateral NST were compared between applications of distilled water and different concentrations of NaCl to the tongue of experimental animals. From this study, salt stimulation with high concentration (1.0 M NaCl) induced significantly higher c-Fos expression in intermediate NST and dorsal-medial and dorsal-middle subregions of the NST compared to distilled water stimulation. The result represents the specific spatial distribution of salt taste perception in the NST.
곽문수(Moonsu Kwak),문용호(Yongho Moon) 한국해안해양공학회 2015 한국해안해양공학회 논문집 Vol.27 No.1
본 연구는 선박의 크기, 계류조건, 파랑의 주기, 파향 등에 의한 계류선박의 동요량을 해석하고 선박의 하역한계파고 산정 및 항만가동율을 평가하는 방법을 제시한 것이다. 본 방법은 포항신항 제8부두의 파랑관측자료를 이용하여 타당성을 검증하였다. 하역중단 시 파랑관측 자료는 파고 0.10~0.75 m, 주기 7~13 s 이었으며, 이때 계류된 선박은 800~35,000톤 이었다. 그리고 본 방법으로부터 산정된 제 8부두의 하역한계파고는 선박 5,000, 10,000, 30,000톤에 대하여 파고 0.19~0.50 m, 주기 8~12 s로 산정되었다. 본 방법의 결과는 연구대상 선박의 크기가 현지 선박의 크기와 정확히 일치하지는 않아서 파고는 관측치와 다소 차이를 보이지만 주기변화에 따라 하역한계파고를 잘 재현하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 파향이 75도 인 경우의 본 방법에 의한 하역한계파고는 현행 항만설계 기준에 제시된 한계파고 보다 장단주기 파를 고려하면 16~62% 감소하였고, 단주기 파랑만 고려하면 0~46%감소하였다. 특히 현행 항만설계기준의 하역한계하고는 10,000톤 이하의 선박에 대해서는 과대 평가되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편, 선박의 동요량을 고려하여 산정된 포항신항 제 8부두의 가동율은 설계기준 파고에 의한 가동율 에 비하여 6.5% 감소하였다. This study proposed an estimation method of allowable wave height for loading and unloading of the ship and evaluation of effective working days considering moored ship motion that is affected by sip sizes, mooring conditions, wave periods and directions. The method was examined validity by comparison with wave field data at pier 8<SUP>th</SUP> in Pohang New Harbor. The wave field data obtained with wave height of 0.10~0.75 m and wave period of 7~13 s in ship sizes of 800~35,000 ton when a downtimes have occurred. On the other hand, the results of allowable wave height for loading and unloading of the ship in this method have obtained with wave heights of 0.19~0.50 m and wave periods of 8~12 s for ship sizes of 5,000, 10,000 and 30,000 ton. Thus this method well reproduced the field data respond to various a ship sizes and wave periods. And the results of this in Korea are didn’t respond to various the ship sizes and wave periods, and we h method tended to decrease in 16~62 percent when have considered long wave, and it is decreased in 0~46 percent when didn’t consider long wave than design standards in case of the ship sizes of 5,000~30,000 ton, wave period of 12 s and wave angle of 75°. The allowable wave heights for loading and unloading of the ship proposed by design standards in Korea have found that overestimated on smaller than 10,000 ton. On the other hand, the rate of effective working days considering ship motion at pier 8<SUP>th</SUP> in Pohang New Harbor reduced in 6.5 percent when compare with the results without considering ship motion.
EFFICIENT AND ACCURATE FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD FOR THE FOUR UNDERLYING ASSET ELS
( Hyeongseok Hwang ),( Yongho Choi ),( Soobin Kwak ),( Youngjin Hwang ),( Sangkwon Kim ),( Junseok Kim ) 한국수학교육학회 2021 純粹 및 應用數學 Vol.28 No.4
In this study, we consider an efficient and accurate finite difference method for the four underlying asset equity-linked securities (ELS). The numerical method is based on the operator splitting method with non-uniform grids for the underlying assets. Even though the numerical scheme is implicit, we solve the system of discrete equations in explicit manner using the Thomas algorithm for the tri-diagonal matrix resulting from the system of discrete equations. Therefore, we can use a relatively large time step and the computation of the ELS option pricing is fast. We perform characteristic computational test. The numerical test confirm the usefulness of the proposed method for pricing the four underlying asset equity-linked securities.
FAST PRICING OF FOUR ASSET EQUITY-LINKED SECURITIES USING BROWNIAN BRIDGE
CHANGWOO YOO,YONGHO CHOI,SANGKWON KIM,SOOBIN KWAK,YOUNGJIN HWANG,JUNSEOK KIM 한국산업응용수학회 2021 Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and A Vol.25 No.3
In this study, we present a fast option pricing method for four asset equity-linked securities (ELS) using Brownian bridge. The proposed method is based on Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and a Brownian bridge approach. Currently, three asset ELS is the most popular ELS among multi-asset ELSs. However, four asset ELS emerged as an alternative to three asset ELS under low interest rate environment to give higher coupon rate to investors. We describe in detail the computational solution algorithm for the four underlying asset step-down ELS. The numerical tests confirm the accuracy and speed of the method.