朝鮮と日本における科挙観と中華思想 - 李退渓と室鳩巣を中心に -

中村安宏 ( Nakamura Yasuhiro ) 사단법인 퇴계학부산연구원 2021 퇴계학논총 Vol.38 No.-

朱子学者である李退渓と室鳩巣はともに科挙制度には批判的であった。李退渓は出世や功利がつきまとう科挙制度を批判し、明(中華)に比べて朝鮮では立ち後れていた書院の創設運動を行い、出世や功利の世界を離れた書院に朱子学講究の場を求めた。しかし中国発祥の科挙制度そのものを否定することはしなかった。一方室鳩巣は、科挙制度は博識を誇り徳行を疎かにするものであるとして、その導入を否定し、明のみではなく中国の各時代の人材登用策を参考にして独自の人材推薦策を提言した。その奥には、中華とりわけ明に自己を同一化していこうとする李退渓と、中国とは距離を置く視座を保っていた室鳩巣との違いを見ることができる。 その後、18世紀後半以降になると両国の違いはさらに広がっていく。朝鮮では、豊臣秀吉の朝鮮侵略の際の明からの援軍とその明(中華)が清(夷狄)によって亡ぼされたことを経て小中華意識が定着し、自国こそが唯一の中華だとしてより中華化·中国化し、朝鮮だけに中華の文化が存在するという意識を持つことになるなかで、日本では中華思想はほぼ影をひそめ、中国との異質性を強調する方向へと進んでいく。人材養成·登用策では中国の正統教学である朱子学以外の教養を導入することになった。室鳩巣の時代と異なるのは、その異質性の強調に天皇や皇統が関わってくることである。尾藤二洲にとって天皇は中国(皇帝)からの自立の拠り所であったし、林述斎にとって、日本において中国の伝統文化が保存されているとするその拠り所となっていたのは、朝鮮の小中華意識ではなく皇統連続の意識であった。 Both Cheng-Zhu scholars(朱子学者) Yi Toegye and Muro Kyuso(室鳩巣) were critical of the Imperial examination system. Yi Toegye criticized the examination system, which was haunted by career advancement and utilitarianism, and launched a campaign to establish some schools(書院) that was lagging behind in Korea compared to Ming(China), and sought the place to study Cheng-Zhu, which left the world of career advancement and utilitarianism. However, he did not deny the system itself, which originated in China. On the other hand, Muro Kyuso denied the introduction of the system, saying, “The Imperial examination system is the system that boasts knowledge and neglects virtue”, and proposed his own human resources recommendation plan by referring not only to Ming but also to the human resources appointment measures of each era in China. In the background, we can see the difference between Yi Toegye, who wants to unify himself especially in Ming(China), and Muro Kyuso, who kept a distance from China. After that, the differences between the two countries spread in the second half of the 18th century. In Korea, after the reinforcements from Ming during the invasion of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the destruction of Ming by Qing, Petit Sinocentrism became established, and it was said that Korea is the only China. With the Chineseization, it became conscious that Chinese culture existed only in Korea. On the other hand, in Japan, Sinocentrism was almost overshadowed, and it was moving toward emphasizing the heterogeneity with China. it was decided to introduce the culture other than Cheng-Zhu School, which was the orthodox school of China, in the human resources training and promotion measures. What is different from Muro Kyuso is that Emperor and Imperial line are involved in emphasizing the heterogeneity. For Bito Jisyu(尾藤二洲), Emperor was the basis for independence from China, and for Hayashi Jussai(林述斎), the basis for preserving traditional Chinese culture in Japan was not Korea's Petit Sinocentrism, but Imperial line consciousness.

Micro-computed tomography analysis of changes in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone proper induced by occlusal hypofunction of rat molars

Yasuhiro Shimizu,Jun Hosomichi,Saeko Nakamura,Takashi Ono 대한치과교정학회 2014 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.44 No.5

Objective: To three-dimensionally elucidate the effects of occlusal hypofunction on the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone proper of rat molars by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Methods: Occlusal function in the molar area was restricted by attaching an anterior bite plate on the maxillary incisors and a metal cap on the mandibular incisors of 5-week-old male Wistar rats for 1 week. The periodontal ligament space and alveolar bone proper around roots of the mandibular first molar were assessed by histology and micro-CT. Results: The periodontal ligament space was narrower and the alveolar bone proper was sparser and less continuous in the hypofunction group than in the control group. Further, both the volume of the periodontal ligament and the volumetric ratio of the alveolar bone proper to the total tissue in the region of interest were significantly lower in the hypofunction group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Occlusal hypofunction induces atrophic changes in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone proper of rat molars.

Di-Higgs enhancement by neutral scalar as probe of new colored sector

Nakamura, Koji,Nishiwaki, Kenji,Oda, Kin-ya,Park, Seong Chan,Yamamoto, Yasuhiro Springer-Verlag 2017 European Physical Journal C Vol.77 No.5

<P>We study a class of models in which the Higgs pair production is enhanced at hadron colliders by an extra neutral scalar. The scalar particle is produced by the gluon fusion via a loop of new colored particles, and decays into di-Higgs through its mixing with the Standard Model Higgs. Such a colored particle can be the top/bottom partner, such as in the dilaton model, or a colored scalar which can be triplet, sextet, octet, etc., called leptoquark, diquark, coloron, etc., respectively. We examine the experimental constraints from the latest Large Hadron Collider (LHC) data, and discuss the future prospects of the LHC and the Future Circular Collider up to 100 TeV. We also point out that the 2.4 s excess in the b (b) over bar gamma gamma final state reported by the ATLAS experiment can be interpreted as the resonance of the neutral scalar at 300 GeV.</P>

Acid-suppressive medication, a possible risk factor for asthma

( Yasuhiro Tomita ),( Yuma Fukutomi ),( Mari Irie ),( Kazuhiro Azekawa ),( Yoichi Nakamura ),( Chiharu Okada ),( Terufumi Shimoda ),( Miku Sano ),( Katsuyuki Kojima ),( Yoshinori Hasegawa ),( Masami T 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2019 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.127 No.-

Background: Acid-suppressive medication (ASM), such as proton pump inhibitors and histamine 2 receptor antagonists, are commonly used. However, concerns have been raised that they might cause allergic diseases, including asthma. We investigated the relationship between the use of ASM and the subsequent incidence of asthma. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the data from health insurance claims and results of specific health checkups for metabolic syndrome from 3 health insurance societies April 2011-thru-March 2015. Among the 40-64-year-old subjects without asthma (5,915 men, 3,973 women), logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between the use of ASM (stratified as none, 1-59 days/year, ≥60days/year) and subsequent incidence of asthma. The adjustment was made for age, smoking status, BMI, and registered “allergic rhinitis” and “reflux esophagitis” diagnoses in multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: 213 (3.6%) men (median 47 [IQR, 11] years old) and 211 (5.3%) women (median 47 [IQR, 9]) developed asthma. In the whole cohort, both short- and long-term use of ASM was significantly related to asthma incidence (adjusted Odds Ratio 1.89 [95% CI, 1.40-2.57]; P <0.001, aOR 1.82 [95% CI, 1.15-2.89]; P = 0.01, respectively). In men, only short-term use of ASM was significantly related to asthma incidence (aOR 1.87 [95% CI, 1.21-2.92]; P = 0.005). In women, both short- and long-term use was significantly related to asthma incidence (aOR 1.92 [95% CI, 1.26-2.92]; P = 0.002, aOR 2.85 [95% CI, 1.50-5.40]; P = 0.001, respectively). Longer duration of ASM use was also significantly associated with asthma incidence after adjusting for confounders (P-values for trends <0.001 in women and the whole cohort). Results in subjects without registered “reflux esophagitis” were almost the same as in the main analyses. Conclusions: Acid- suppressive medication could be a risk factor for the subsequent incidence of asthma.

Posterior decentering of the humeral head in patients with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair

Hidehiro Nakamura,Masafumi Gotoh,Hirokazu Honda,Yasuhiro Mitsui,Hiroki Ohzono,Naoto Shiba,Shinichiro Kume,Takahiro Okawa 대한견주관절학회 2022 대한견주관절의학회지 Vol.25 No.1

Background: In some patients with rotator cuff tear (RCT), the axial view of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows subtle posterior decentering (PD) of the humeral head from the glenoid fossa. This is considered to result from a loss of centralization that is typically produced by rotator cuff function. There are few reports on PD in RCT despite the common occurrence of posterior subluxation in degenerative joint disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of PD in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR). Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of consecutive patients who underwent ARCR at our institute and were followed-up for at least 1 year. PD was identified as a 2-mm posterior shift of the humeral head relative to the glenoid fossa in the axial MRI view preoperatively. The tear size and fatty degeneration (FD, Goutallier classification) were also evaluated using preoperative MRI. Retears were evaluated through MRI at 1 year postoperatively. Results: We included 135 shoulders in this study. Ten instances of PD (including seven retears) were observed preoperatively. Fifteen retears (three and 12 retears in the small/medium and large/massive tear groups, respectively) were observed postoperatively. PD was significantly correlated with tear size, FD, and retear occurrence (p<0.01 each). The odds ratio for PD in retears was 34.1, which was greater than that for tear size ≥3 cm and FD grade ≥3. Conclusions: We concluded that large tear size and FD contribute to the occurrence of PD. Furthermore, PD could be a predictor of retear after ARCR.

Subnanometer Vacancy Defects Introduced on Graphene by Oxygen Gas

Yamada, Yasuhiro,Murota, Kazumasa,Fujita, Ryo,Kim, Jungpil,Watanabe, Ayuko,Nakamura, Masashi,Sato, Satoshi,Hata, Kenji,Ercius, Peter,Ciston, Jim,Song, Cheng Yu,Kim, Kwanpyo,Regan, William,Gannett, Wil American Chemical Society 2014 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.136 No.6

<P>The basal plane of graphene has been known to be less reactive than the edges, but some studies observed vacancies in the basal plane after reaction with oxygen gas. Observation of these vacancies has typically been limited to nanometer-scale resolution using microscopic techniques. This work demonstrates the introduction and observation of subnanometer vacancies in the basal plane of graphene by heat treatment in a flow of oxygen gas at low temperature such as 533 K or lower. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to directly observe vacancy structures, which were compared with image simulations. These proposed structures contain CO, pyran-like ether, and lactone-like groups.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2014/jacsat.2014.136.issue-6/ja4117268/production/images/medium/ja-2013-117268_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja4117268'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

KINETICS OF ABSORPTION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE INTO AQUEOUS FE(3) SOLUTIONS

Asai, Satoru,Nakamura, Hidemi,Konishi, Yasuhiro 한국화학공학회 1997 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.14 No.5

In our recent studies, absorption of H₂S into the aqueous Fe₂(SO₄)₃and FeCl₃, solutions with various values of ionic strength and pH was investigated in an agitated vessel with a flat interface. The experimental results for both systems revealed that the species which reacts with H₂S is FeOH^(2+). The absorption rates were explained by the theory of gas absorption with an irreversible (1, 1)-th order reaction between H₂S and FeOH^(2+). The reaction rate constants were independent of the ionic strength of the solution and correlated as a function of temperature. In this paper, kinetics and mechanism of these absorption reactions are reviewed and the identity for both systems is emphasized.

Evaluation of Introducing Multiple Time-multiplexing Degrees to Inter-FPGA Connections on Multi-FPGA Systems

Masato INAGI,Yasuhiro TAKASHIMA,Yuichi NAKAMURA 대한전자공학회 2009 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2009 No.7

In this paper, we deal with the optimization of inter-FPGA connections on multi-FPGA systems. To verify the logic functions of a huge circuit on a multi-FPGA system, the target circuit is often partitioned into sub-circuits to fit the capacity of an FPGA of the multi-FPGA system. In such cases, the number of signals between FPGAs tends to exceed the number of wires between FPGAs. To accommodate the inter-FPGA signals, time-multiplexed (TM) wire technique has been introduced into multi-FPGA systems. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of introducing multiple time-multiplexing degrees to TM wires. We simultaneously use more than two types of TM wires each of which has a different time-multiplexing degree. In the experiment, we confirmed that time-multiplexing with multiple time-multiplexing degrees outperforms the one with a single time-multiplexing degree.

Review : Kinetics of Absorption of Hydrogen Sulfide Into Aqueous Fe(3) Solutions

( Satoru Asai ),( Hidemi Nakamura ),( Yasuhiro Konishi ) 한국화학공학회 1997 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.14 No.5

In our recent studies, absorption of H₂S into the aqueous Fe₂(SO₄)₃and FeCl₃, solutions with various values of ionic strength and pH was investigated in an agitated vessel with a flat interface. The experimental results for both systems revealed that the species which reacts with H₂S is FeOH^(2+). The absorption rates were explained by the theory of gas absorption with an irreversible (1, 1)-th order reaction between H₂S and FeOH^(2+). The reaction rate constants were independent of the ionic strength of the solution and correlated as a function of temperature. In this paper, kinetics and mechanism of these absorption reactions are reviewed and the identity for both systems is emphasized.

On the similarity between dual- and quad-eigenvalue analysis in SAR polarimetry

Sugimoto, Mitsunobu,Ouchi, Kazuo,Nakamura, Yasuhiro Taylor Francis 2013 Remote Sensing Letters Vol.4 No.10