民主的 生活哲學論

洪亮杓 경북대학교 1982 새마을 硏究論叢 Vol.2 No.-

민족주의 「이데올로기」와 新生國

洪亮杓 慶北大學校 1979 論文集 Vol.28 No.-

Nationalism is the set of more or less uniform demands which people in a society share, which arise from their patriotism, for which justifications exist and can be readily expressed, which include them to make personal sacrifices in behalf of their government's aims, and which may or may not lead to appropriate action. Partriotism is the more or less conscious conviction of a person that his own welfare and that of the significant groups to which he belongs are dependant upon the preservation or expansion (or both) of the power and culture of his society. Nationalistic ideology has the three functions: statism, institutional and cultural identity. It has been developed for almost 3 centuries: from 17 century of establishing of national state and church, thru 18 century of bourgeois revolution, to present mass society. However non-Western society has developed it almost after World War Ⅱ, and then it has troubled by the lack of the elements for developing nationalism such as no economic middle class or stability, no leading forces to push it, no cultural homogeneity and sound democratic foundations, and etc, and also Marxist infiltration adds the troubles to it. We need give our best efforts to following problems in order to develope desirable nationalism for International Peace with each nation's cultural progress: good harmony between generic and specific factors in nationalism, nationalistic role for pressing to development, xenophobia of ex-colonies towards the Western, developing international organizations such as U.N., scientific and technological development, and development in democracy and reason. Particularly, reason, science and democracy are closely related one another, and cannot be developed alone.

우리나라 서남해안 해성점토의 전단특성에 관한 연구

홍원표,이양상,한중근 중앙대학교 기술과학연구소 1994 기술과학연구소 논문집 Vol.24 No.-

Saturated marine clays are consolidated under applied loads caused by deposit-process or human interruptions. The consolidation process results in densification and in turn increment of the undrained strength of a clay deposit. In a clay deposit, the undrained strength is increasing with the effective overburden pressure, which also increases wit depth. The strength variations with effective overburden pressure(or depth) is characterized by so called "Cu/P" ratio. In korea, the empirical formula proposed by Skempton has been used to estimate the undrained strength profile of a clay deposit without any sometimes varification of the applicability to clay deposits in Korea. In the thesis, the test data for some clay deposits along south -west coast in Korea were analized to test the applicability of Skempton formula. A new formula pertinent to the deposits was developed. Also, Initial elastic and secant moduli were studied.

中共政治文化의 兩面性 : 革命 對 逆革命 急進 對 穩健 Revolution to Counterrevolution, and Radicalism to Moderatism

洪亮杓 慶北大學校 東洋文化硏究所 1978 東洋文化硏究 Vol.5 No.-

Political culture of People's Republic of China (PRC) can be explained as struggle or conflict between two elements: revolution (Cultural Revolution) and counterrevolution (Counter C.R.), and radicalism and moderatism. The Cultural Revolution occured with the background and reason of ideological reorganization of people, precedence of politics to business, the critics of Sun Nipang, May-7-Directives by Mao, and the consolidation of Mao's power. Above all Cultural Revolutionalists challenged Chinese and even World's traditions. They opposed all the old values of culture, and the China was in danger of breaking with the past. The process of Revolution was an expression of insanity. After the savage turmoil, Chinese politics has turned to Counter-Revolution such as precedence of industrialization, material incentives, "distribution according to work", income gap, and etc. The struggle between Revolutionalists and Counterrevolutionalists was turned out to be that of radicalism and moderatism. The former's polctical ideology is literal Maoism, continuity of revolution, voluntarism, non-compromising with reality, antiauthority, precedence of class-struggle, economic egalitarianism, and etc, and the latter's one is classical Marxism, historical determination, emphasizing objective conditions, precedence of modernization to ideology, elitism, preference of social stability (comparing with the radicalists' social disorder for the Revolution), economic efficiency, economic inequality to a certain extent and etc. The triumph of the moderatism over the radicalism with the fall of Gang of Four is any how more desirable than the latter's win. For the moderates' means and politics are relatively nonviolent and friendly to foreign country and Capitalism.

폐결핵 환자의 우울 상태

홍정표,최선희,조만종,이성주,박종,김기순,김양옥 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 1997 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.22 No.1

The main purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate the depressive states for the patients with chronic pulmonary tuberculosis. A questionnaire(Self-rating Depression Scale, SDS) survey was performed toward 57 pulmonary tuberculosis patients with initial treatment who started chemotherapy and 53 pulmonary tuberculosis patients with retreatment, admitted to one tuberculosis-centered hospital and two general hospital. Fifty three healthy persons as control group were investigated with the same questionnaire for comparison. The survey was performed from July to August 1996. The results are as follws : 1. The patients had significantly high scores in the depression than control and the patient with retreatment showed significantly high scores in the depression than the patient with initia1treatment(P<0.01). 2. The depressive levels of the patients were associated with duration of admission and the expectancy of recovery (P<0.05). 3. The percentage of the subjects with 40 or more scores tentatively classifiable as psychologically depressed was 67.1% of the total subjects, 48.4% of the control groups, 75.0% of the patient with initial treatment and 84.1% of the patient with retreatment. Because patient with pulmonary tuberculosis with initial treatment showed higher depression scores than normal persons, and patients with retreatment due to failure of initial treatment showed higher depression scores than initial treatment, it is necessary to give attention to depression of the patients during treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.

두개하악장애증환자의 컴퓨터체열측정법을 이용한 임상진단기준에 관한 연구

홍정표,전양현,류호경 대한 두개하악 장애학회 1996 대한두개하악장애학회지 Vol.8 No.2

AbstractRecently, Thermography was widely performed to diagnose the orofacial pain. The purpose of this study was to control the various condition which have an effect on the thermographic image, to observe the secondary effects of the symptoms and to properly evaluate the thermographic image. For this study, 66 patients with craniomandibular disorders and 5 healthy volunteers were examined and analyzed with the thermographic image. The results were as followed 1. Craniomandibular disorders were most frequently occurred in 20-year-old female group. 2. 58 cases(87.9% ) of 66 patients with craniomandibular pain showed the thermal differen- ces with a clinical significance 3. Craniomandibular symptoms were composed of the joint pain(31 cases ; 47.0%), the joint-muscle pain(27 cases '? 40.9%) and the muscle pain only(8 cases :12.1%). 4. Clinically, Most patients with the joint pain or with the muscle pain showed thermal changes on the only pain site of temporomandibular joint area. But, patients with the joint-muscle pain showed no thermal changes on the both of joint and masseter areas. 5. By masticatory movements, the surface temperature of the working side was increased, and gradually decreased in the course of time. And then the normal temperature was observed after 40 minutes Recently, Thermography was widely performed to diagnose the orofacial pain. The purpose of this study was to control the various condition which have an effect on the thermographic image, to observe the secondary effects of the symptoms and to properly evaluate the thermographic image. For this study, 66 patients with craniomandibular disorders and 5 healthy volunteers were examined and analyzed with the thermographic image. The results were as followed 1. Craniomandibular disorders were most frequently occurred in 20-year-old female group. 2. 58 cases(87.9% ) of 66 patients with craniomandibular pain showed the thermal differences with a clinical significance 3. Craniomandibular symptoms were composed of the joint pain(31 cases : 47.0%), the joint-muscle pain(27 cases : 40.9%) and the muscle pain only(8 cases : 12.1%). 4. Clinically, Most patients with the joint pain or with the muscle pain showed thermal changes on the only pain site of temporomandibular joint area. But, patients with the joint-muscle pain showed no thermal changes on the both of joint and masseter areas. 5. By masticatory movements, the surface temperature of the working side was increased, and gradually decreased in the course of time. And then the normal temperature was observed after 40 minutes

中共과 自由中國의 아프리카外交競合硏究 : 1956~1971

洪亮杓,余康模 경북대학교 환태평양연구소 1989 環太平洋硏究 Vol.2 No.-

Africa has become a battlefield in the Chinese competition. So to speak, the major theatre of conflict between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists has been transferred from Chinese soil onto foreign territory. The Middle East, Southeast Asia, Latin America and other regions have all experienced Chinese competition, but nowhere has the rivalry become more intense than in Africa. Prior to the Late 1950's neither the PRC nor ROC had extensive contacts with Africa. Nor did either government have a direct stake in the region. Moreover, Africa itself was tabula rasa with respect to the China issue. What is more, It is precisely the newness of the venture that makes Chinese competition in Africa intriguing. Both contenders began their African assault de novo. So each has had to experiment and innovate according to the African response. However, at present, both Peking and Taipei are deeply involved in Africa. There has been a tendency to assume that only major powers or communist states utilize such instruments of foreign policy as foreign aid, good-will missions, cultural diplomacy, trade, agricultural technical assistance program, and similar programs to score political gains. The PRC-ROC's competition in Africa represents an excellent example. And the immediate importance of Africa to the ROC and the ORC is both political and economic in nature. Oneday to both, African support internationally became a matter of political life and death in UN. Finally, First, it is apparent that Africa occupied an important place in the Foreign policies of both Peking and Taipei. Second, notwithstanding the success of Taipei in Africa, the PRC-ROC's competition is not between equals. Third, Taipei has been able to compete effectively with Peking by being selective. These several conclusions may be reached on the basis of this brief survey of Chinese competition in Africa.

開放社會와 사회주의와의 관계

홍양표 경북대학교 사회과학연구소 1989 社會科學硏究 Vol.5 No.-

The topic must be centered on, begun with and returned to us of Korean experience. Then the meaning of democracy and open society. korean democratic and open experience. the core object of opening to socialism, and our attitude will be ordered to write in the paper. The meaning of democracy-opening must be given at least the minimum level or standard of democracy-opening which can identify or distinguish one from the other. Democracy is 1) peaceful transfer of power thru regular, consitutional, often election, 2) fair competetion for power (multiparty system and etc.), 3) freedom of speech, press, assembly and association, particularly the core of freedom of opposing, 4) people's personal involving in, at least, making of general policy and law, and 5) the government's calims to representation of people's demands. Opening of society means of all allowance of interaction or intercource within and without. Official ideology, cultural bondage, 'order', national religion, 'stability' have been common instruments to oppress the real opening. 'Sacred Canopy' such as Islamic Reperblic, Marxisim-Leninism Kim Il-sungism and Anticommunism and Antileftism are no more compatible with open society. Opening requires to start self-repentance. Keeping closed so far means the lack of confidence in showing his society to outward. Opening is moral, tolerable, truthful, progressive and peaceful attitudes. Closed nationalism is, according to Hans Cohn, xenophobia. Opening requires restructuring of our personality to open ego-system and integrated behavior. Korean democracy and opening has always been lack of the minimum level or standard. The 1st thru 5th reperblic exept short period of 2nd have been total absense of democratic legitimacy Exclusion of nationalists and patriots in 1st reperblic building, constitutional revisions under armed threatening and marshal laws are clear evidence for democratic unlegitimacy. We must open first of all to commuism, opening to the opposisition. Socialist worlds are essentially changing and opening. They are changing and opening comprehensively, revolutionally and structurally. They are doing self-repentance, trying to learn everywhere, adopting of multiparty and competitive system and new concepts. Above all they are turning to peace which is so important that we need to welcome and cooperate. Both of South and North Koreas are exceptional as long as real opening is concerned. Both have closed each other, Socialism and capitalism are in the course of 'essential change' and merger(Galbraith). This is historical progress which is never appropriated to particular some radical groups but universal and historical move of democratization and opening. As North Korea is no more East Germany, South no more West Germany. Let us open each other.

소련外交政策의 諸變數와 變遷

洪亮杓 慶北大學校 1978 論文集 Vol.25-26 No.-

Foreign policy factors of USSR can be devided into internal and external ones. The author dealt, as the former, ideology, economy, military strength, power structure and governing way, and, as the latter factors, Soviet's international relations with Western Europe, Eastern Europe, the US, Afriea and the Middle east, and Asia. Soviet has experienced three turning elements of policy in its history: Zwar's Tradition, Marxist-Leninist Revolution and Current De-Stalinization. Military expansionism, Imperialism repression of dissidents and external communist satellites, and bureaucracy are all stemmed from Zwar's tradition. However, since Stalin's death, the USSR has heen transforming from ideological radicalism and terrorism to deradicalism, reduction of political terror, and rationalization of party control. As external relations, it has showed peaceful coexistence, SALT and Helshinhsi Conference, and in same time showed military intervention though indirectly. It is really hard to say whether it wishes, as a final goal, true peace and the end of ideology-struggle or communizing the world in future. However, the author can definitly say that the USSR is changing, transforming and going toward 'the end of ideology' and liberalization.

中共의 이데오로기와 毛澤東 死後의 展望

洪亮杓 慶北大學校 1977 論文集 Vol.24 No.-

People's Republic of China (PRC) is one of the typically ideological coutries. The ideology in PRC has five functions: legitimacy, solidarity, agitation, communication and goal-specification. The keynote of the Ideology is known Maoism whrch is well explained in his Contradiction and New Democrecy. In his contradiction, Mao asserts Universality of Contradiction and Speciality of Contradiction: former means Contradiction exists in every things of the Universe, latter does each Contradiction has its own way of resolution. He also divides contradiction into the most important, the less and etc. The less must be separated and sacrificed "temporarily" for the most important. New democracy says that the chinese revolution can accomplish through two phases: bourgeois and socialist revolution. Then he could get wide Support from both of democrats and socialists at a time. He opposed and liquidated subjectivism and factionism in his Rectifing Movement, and also criticized Confusious of his reactionism, class-support, familism and etc., but praised highly the legalists and Shih Huang Ti for their unification policies, land-reform, bureaucracy and law-making and oppression of slave owner. Maoism is, I may say, under attack particularly in failure of Cultural Revolution and economic development. PRC takes the policies such as "distribution according to work." differences in payment, import of advanced technology, no more permission of "Communization" for material incentives. Those may be conflicts with Maoism. These "pragmatization" and "Continuity of Revolution" combined with power-struggle led to terrible struggle between two factions: "moderate" and "radical." The "moderate" finally won and took in power. Some conjectures about the future are on Demaoization, Deradicalization, Demobilization and Stratification. We may anayze them either in affirmative or negative conjectuaes. Maoism will remain for a while, but its some redefinition may occure. And there are more affirmative possibilites on other three assumptions to a certain extent than negative ones.