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Evaluation of Human Factors for the Next-Generation Displays
Sungchul Mun,Min-Chul Park 대한인간공학회 2013 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.32 No.2
Objective: This study aimed to investigate important human factors that should be considered when developing ultra-high definition TVs by reviewing measurement methods and main characteristics of ultra-high definition displays. Background: Although much attention has been paid to high-definition displays, there have been few studies for systematically evaluating human factors. Method: In order to determine human factors to be considered in developing human-friendly displays, we reviewed subjective and objective measurement methods to figure out the current limitations and establish a guideline for developing human-centered ultra-high definition TVs. In doing so, pros and cons of both subjective and objective measurement methods for assessing humans factors were discussed and specific aspects of ultra-high definition displays were also investigated in the literature. Results: Hazardous effects such as visually-induced motion sickness, visual fatigue, and mental fatigue in the brain caused by undesirable TV viewing are induced by not only temporal decay of visual function but also cognitive load in processing sophisticated external information. There has been a growing evidence that individual differences in visual and cognitive ability to process external information can make contrary responses after exposing to the same viewing situation. A wide vision, ultra-high definition TVs provide, can has positive and negative influences on viewers depending on their individual characteristics. Conclusion: Integrated measurement methods capable of considering individual differences in human visual system are required to clearly determine potential effects of super-high vision displays with a wide view on humans. All of brainwaves, autonomic responses, eye functions, and psychological responses should be simultaneously examined and correlated. Application: The results obtained in this review are expected to be a guideline for determining optimized viewing factors of ultra-high definition displays and accelerating successful penetration of the next-generation displays into our daily life.
문성철(Sungchul Mun),황민철(Mincheol Whang),이정년(Jungnyun Lee),김종화(Jonghwa Kim),김지혜(Jihye Kim) 대한인간공학회 2011 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.30 No.1
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between conceptual metaphors of affect and physical dimensions. Background: The evidence that affect is unconsciously linked to physical dimensions(e.g., position and color) has been obtained in western cultures. However, in eastern cultures, especially, in Korea, it has been seldom tested. It is indispensable to examine whether or not cultural differences exist for better understanding of the conceptual metaphors. Method: 50 positive and 50 negative words were adopted from previous studies in order to determine the relationship between physical domains and abstract affect. Three hypotheses were tested in this study: (1) Good is up. (2) Good is bright. (3) Good is right(for right-handers). The automatic association between valence(positive vs. negative) and vertical position (up vs. down) was investigated in experiment 1, in which 100 words were randomly presented on either the top or the bottom of a LCD screen and the evaluation time of the presented word was recorded. The unconscious association between valence and color(white and black) was examined in experiment 2, where each word was randomly presented in either white or black. Lastly, we tested whether right-handers tend to associate rightward space with positive ideas and leftward space with negative ideas. Results: Reaction time was faster when words were presented in metaphor congruent domains(e.g., 'positive words on the top, in bright color, and on right space vs. negative words on the bottom, in dark color, and on left region) than when they were shown in metaphor incongruent domains. Conclusion: The results might give the groundwork for various directions in further understanding perception, emotion, and behavior. Application: This study may provide useful points to GUI designers and service developers if further studies enhanced in validity and reliability are followed.
문성철(Sungchul Mun) 대한인간공학회 2018 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.37 No.3
Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate physiological mechanisms underlying cognitive load and determine important factors that should be considered to quantify cognitive load. Background: Many studies have been conducted to propose measurement methods and effectively quantify effects that cognitive load has on user experiences, human performance, and human safety. However, few studies have been made to investigate which factors contributed to different findings of changes in physiological signals characterized with increasing cognitive load. Method: This study systematically reviews physiological mechanisms related to cognitive load based on working memory and selective attention theory. In order to determine the contributing factors to the different previous findings, subjective and objective measurement methods frequently and recently introduced in the literature have been overviewed. The contributing factors were determined by discussing the current advantages and limitations of the measurement methods. Results: Individual differences in inherent cognitive capability and differences in how to increase cognitive load affect human cognitive control, which results in the different findings of the physiological changes as a function of cognitive load. Minimizing the number of measures to quantify cognitive load is very important to address statistical issues such as increased false discovery rate. Conclusion: In order to evaluate accumulated cognitive load for ensuring human safety, objective measures indirectly reflecting neural connection between brain and heart can be considered while using multi-dimensional subjective measures such as NASA-TLX as an assistant method to validate the objective measures. In addition, EEG changes underlying cognitive load can be effectively measured by recording and analyzing brainwaves at just two midline electrodes (frontal and parietal) since the cortical regions are inextricably tied with cognitive control functions such as working memory and selective attention. Application: The findings in this overview are expected to provide practical guidelines to potential researchers who want to quantify cognitive load in their practical fields. With the updated knowledge of the measures, it can be possible to more precisely quantify cognitive load, determine contributing factors to the load, and then optimize various factors positively affecting man-machine interfaces.
문성철(Sungchul Mun),김홍익(Hong-Ik Kim),박상인(Sangin Park),이동원(Dong-Won Lee),황민철(Mincheol Whang) 한국방송·미디어공학회 2018 한국방송공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2018 No.6
본 논문은 최신 가상현실 미디어 기술동향과 다양한 분야에서 시도해 온 VR 멀미저감 방안을 리뷰하여, 가상현실 사용자의 인지적 수용성을 높이는 방안에 대해 논의하였다. 이를 통해 최신 미디어 기술의 사용자 가치제안 방식을 분석하고 Social VR 플랫픔의 인지적 수용성을 개선하는 효율적 방안을 제안하였다. 생체신호 모니터링, VR 콘텐츠 적합도 분석, 멀미 메커니즘 조절, 신체동요측정 기반 멀미예측 등 다양한 멀미저감 방식 중 개발 비용과 사용자 수용성 측면에서 가장 효율적인 신체동요측정 기반 멀미예측 기술의 사전테스트 결과를 소개하고 적용 방안을 구체화하였다. 가상현실 체험 전 미세한 신체동요가 많은 사용자일수록 VR 멀미 민감도가 크게 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 개인의 멀미민감도를 반영하는 본 측정 결과를 다양한 가상현실 환경에서 테스트하고 개인특성에 따른 VR 멀미 데이터베이스를 구축한다면 AI 기반의 멀미 예측기술을 구현하는데 크게 기여할 것으로 예상된다.