Cell-Cell Communication Between Fibroblast and 3T3-L1 Cells Under Co-culturing in Oxidative Stress Condition Induced by H2O2

Subramaniyan, S. A.,Kim, S.,Hwang, I. Humana Press 2016 Applied biochemistry and biotechnology Vol. No.

<P>The present study was carried out to understand the interaction between fibroblast and 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells under H2O2-induced oxidative stress condition. H2O2 (40 mu M) was added in co-culture and monoculture of fibroblast and 3T3-L1 cell. The cells in the lower well were harvested for analysis and the process was carried out for both cells. The cell growth, oxidative stress markers, and antioxidant enzymes were analyzed. Additionally, the mRNA expressions of caspase-3 and caspase-7 were selected for analysis of apoptotic pathways and TNF-alpha and NF-kappa B were analyzed for inflammatory pathways. The adipogenic marker such as adiponectin and PPAR-gamma and collagen synthesis markers such as LOX and BMP-1 were analyzed in the co-culture of fibroblast and 3T3-L1 cells. Cell viability and antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased in the co-culture compared to the monoculture under stress condition. The apoptotic, inflammatory, adipogenic, and collagen-synthesized markers were significantly altered in H2O2-induced co-culture of fibroblast and 3T3-L1 cells when compared with the monoculture of H2O2-induced fibroblast and 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, the confocal microscopical investigation indicated that the co-culture of H2O2-induced 3T3-L1 and fibroblast cells increases collagen type I and type III expression. From our results, we suggested that co-culture of fat cell (3T3-L1) and fibroblast cells may influence/regulate each other and made the cells able to withstand against oxidative stress and aging. It is conceivable that the same mechanism might have been occurring from cell to cell while animals are stressed by various environmental conditions.</P>

Meat Quality and Physicochemical Trait Assessments of Berkshire and Commercial 3-way Crossbred Pigs

Subramaniyan, Sivakumar Allur,Kang, Da Rae,Belal, Shah Ahmed,Cho, Eun-So-Ri,Jung, Jong-Hyun,Jung, Young-Chul,Choi, Yang-Il,Shim, Kwan-Seob Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resource 2016 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.36 No.5

In this study, we compared qualities and physiochemical traits of meat from Berkshire (black color) pigs with those of meat from 3-way Landrace (white color) × Yorkshire (white color) × Duroc (red color) crossbred pigs (LYD). Meat quality characteristics, including pH, color, drip loss, cooking loss, and free amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin, and mineral contents of longissimus dorsi muscles, were compared. Meat from Berkshire pigs had deeper meat color (redness), higher pH, and lower drip loss and cooking loss than meat from LYD pigs. Moreover, meat from Berkshire pigs had higher levels of phosphoserine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, asparagine, α-aminoadipic acid, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, histidine, tryptophan, and carnosine and lower levels of glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and ammonia than did meat from LYD pigs. The fatty acids oleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were present in significantly higher concentrations in Berkshire muscles than they were in LYD muscles. Additionally, Berkshire muscles were significantly enriched with nucleotide components (inosine), minerals (Mg and K), and antioxidant vitamins such as ascorbic acid (C) in comparison with LYD muscles. In conclusion, our results show that in comparison with LYD meat, Berkshire meat has better meat quality traits and is a superior nutritional source of all essential amino acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamin C, and minerals (Mg and K).

Photo-based PDT/PTT dual model killing and imaging of cancer cells using phycocyanin-polypyrrole nanoparticles

Bharathiraja, Subramaniyan,Manivasagan, Panchanathan,Santha Moorthy, Madhappan,Bui, Nhat Quang,Jang, Bian,Phan, Thi Tuong Vy,Jung, Won-Kyo,Kim, Young-Mok,Lee, Kang Dae,Oh, Junghwan Elsevier 2018 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS AND BIOPHARMACEU Vol.123 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) using nanoparticles have gained significant attention for its therapeutic effect for cancer treatment. In the present study, we fabricated polypyrrole nanoparticles by employing bovine serum albumin-phycocyanin complex and the formulated particles were stable in various physiological solutions like water, phosphate buffered saline and culture media. The formulated nanoparticles did not cause any noticeable toxicity to MDA-MB-231 and HEK-293 cells. The obtained nanoparticles effectively killed MDA-MB-231 cells in a dual way upon laser illumination, one is through phycocyanin propagated reactive oxygen species (PDT) upon laser illumination and in another way it eradicated the treated cells by converting optical energy into heat energy (PTT). Additionally, the nanoparticles generated good amplitude of ultrasound signals under photoacoustic imaging (PAT) system that facilitates imaging of treated cells. In conclusion, the fabricated particles could be used as a multimodal therapeutic agent for treatment of cancer in the biomedical field.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Phycocyanin-BSA stabilized polypyrrole nanoparticles (Ppy@BSA-Pc) formulated. </LI> <LI> Ppy@BSA-Pc can be applied to PDT and PTT treatment. </LI> <LI> Ppy@BSA-Pc facilitates imaging of treated cells under PAI system. </LI> <LI> Ppy@BSA-Pc can act as a theranostic agent in biomedical field. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Crystalline Structure and Ferroelectric Response of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Organically Modified Silicate Thin Films Prepared by Heat Controlled Spin Coating

Ramasundaram, Subramaniyan,Yoon, Sun,Kim, Kap Jin,Lee, Jong Soon,Park, Cheolmin WILEY-VCH Verlag 2009 Macromolecular chemistry and physics Vol.210 No.11

<P>Ultra-thin films of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its organically modified silicate (OMS) nanocomposites were prepared by heat-controlled spin coating and characterized using FTIR-GIRAS, AFM, DC-EFM, and P–E measurements. Incorporation of OMS, Lucentite STN into the PVDF matrix favored the preferential formation of β-phase in nanoscale thin films, irrespective of preparation temperature. The PVDF–OMS nanocomposite films have a little higher degree of orientation of molecular chains along the ITO substrate surface than that of the neat PVDF film. This gave the PVDF–OMS nanocomposite higher remanent polarization and better contrast in a DC-EFM phase image. Unlike the thick PVDF–OMS nanocomposites films showing only α-crystalline phase after quenching and slow cooling from the melt, the nanoscale thin PVDF–OMS films showed a mixture of β- and γ-crystalline phases without any trace of α-crystalline phase.</P><P> <img src='wiley_img/10221352-2009-210-11-MACP200800600-gra001.gif' alt='wiley_img/10221352-2009-210-11-MACP200800600-gra001'> </P> <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Thin films of PVDF–organically modified silicate (OMS) nanocomposites spin- coated on the ITO substrate were preferentially crystallized into β-phase, regardless of preparation conditions. The ultra-thin β-phase film without defects could be obtained from spin coating at the temperature higher than 40 °C. The incorporation of OMS favored the formation of β-phase even after melt-quenching and melt-slow cooling. The PVDF–OMS nanocomposites showed much better ferroelectric response image and much greater remanent polarization than the neat PVDF sample. <img src='wiley_img/10221352-2009-210-11-MACP200800600-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/10221352-2009-210-11-MACP200800600-content'> </P>

Direct preparation of β-crystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibers by electrospinning and the use of non-polar silver nanoparticles coated poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibers as electrodes for piezoelectric sensor

Ramasundaram, Subramaniyan,Rahaman, Ashiqur,Kim, Byungki Elsevier 2019 Polymer Vol.183 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A 96% β-crystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibers (PVDF NFs) were prepared by collecting electrospun NFs on a roller operated at 5000 rpm, followed by annealing at 150 °C. Dodecylamine functionalized non-polar silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized. The Ag NPs were brush coated on a PVDF NFs support and used as an electrode to demonstrate a piezoelectric sensor (PS). PVDF NFs was characterized with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Changes in the absorbance of FTIR peak, 1275 cm<SUP>−1</SUP>, revealed that the rise in roller speed from 0 to 5000 rpm, increased the β-phase composition from 64 to 92% (rest was γ-phase), decreased the lowest observed NFs diameter from 399 to 260 nm, and increased the orientation of NFs along the direction of rotation. The peaks relevant to β-phase found in XRD patterns (20.8°) and DSC thermograms (166 °C) were confirmed these findings. Annealing of NFs prepared at 5000 rpm (R5000) at 150 °C, increased the degree of crystallinity from 54.7 to 58.3% and the % of β-phase from 92 to 96%, highest among all samples. The electrode was characterized using FE-SEM and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), which confirmed the Ag NPs coating (35–184 nm diameter). The static and dynamic load analyses were suggested that PS made using R5000 annealed at 150 °C was capable of sensing 0.3–500 N force. The voltage generated (400 mV) upon applying load on PS with a fingertip (~3 N) can charge a 1 μF capacitor in 0.8 s and also upon 10 × amplification a 4 V light emitting diode turned on to glow. Overall, the PS made with β-crystalline R5000/150 and non-polar Ag NPs coated electrodes was found to be useful for force sensing and energy harvesting.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A 96% β-crystalline PVDF nanofibers were prepared without incorporating fillers. </LI> <LI> Non-polar Ag NPs coated flexible PVDF nanofibers electrodes were also prepared. </LI> <LI> The fabricated piezosensor was capable of sensing 0.3–500 N force. </LI> <LI> Voltage generated from piezosensor upon applying ~3 N force charged a 1 μF capacitor in 0.8 s. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Preparation, characterization, and application of TiO₂-patterned polyimide film as a photocatalyst for oxidation of organic contaminants

Ramasundaram, Subramaniyan,Seid, Mingizem Gashaw,Lee, Wonseop,Kim, Chan Ul,Kim, Eun-Ju,Hong, Seok Won,Choi, Kyoung Jin Elsevier 2017 Journal of hazardous materials Vol.340 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Photocatalytically active TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-patterned polyimide (PI) films (PI-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>) were fabricated using thermal transfer patterning (TTP). When subjected to hot pressing, the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanoparticles electrosprayed on steel mesh templates were successfully transferred and formed checker plate patterns on PI film. FE-SEM studies confirmed that pressing at 350°C and 100MPa was optimum for obtaining patterns with uniform TiO<SUB>2</SUB> coverage. When the quantity of TiO<SUB>2</SUB> on the template increased, the amount of it immobilized on PI film also increased from 0.3245 to 1.2378mg per 25cm<SUP>2</SUP>. XPS studies confirmed the presence TiO<SUB>2</SUB> on the patterns, and indicated the formation of carboxylic acid and amide groups on the PI surface during TTP. When tested under UVA irradiation, PI-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> with 1.2378mg/25cm<SUP>2</SUP> TiO<SUB>2</SUB> loading exhibited the highest photocatalytic performance for methylene blue (10μM) degradation, with a rate constant of 0.0225min<SUP>−1</SUP> and stable photocatalytic efficacy for 25 cycles of reuse. The PI-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> was also successfully used to degrade amoxicillin, atrazine, and 4-chlorophenol. During photocatalysis, the toxicity of 4-chlorophenol against <I>Vibrio fischeri</I> and the antibiotic activity of amoxicillin against <I>Escherichia coli</I> were decreased. Overall, TTP was found to be a potentially scalable method for fabricating robust immobilized TiO<SUB>2</SUB> photocatalyst.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Polyimide-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> photocatalyst prepared by thermal transfer patterning (TTP). </LI> <LI> TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-coated steel mesh and laboratory hot press were effective for TTP. </LI> <LI> Highly stable performance for degrading methylene blue for 25 consecutive runs. </LI> <LI> Simultaneous reduction of pollutant concentration and residual toxicity was observed. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Preferential formation of electroactive crystalline phases in poly(vinylidene fluoride)/organically modified silicate nanocomposites

Ramasundaram, Subramaniyan,Yoon, Sun,Kim, Kap Jin,Park, Cheolmin Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2008 Journal of polymer science. Part B, Polymer physic Vol.46 No.20

<P>The role of organically modified silicate (OMS), Lucentite STN on the formation of β-crystalline phase of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is investigated in the present study. The OMS was solution blended with PVDF and cast on glass slide to form PVDF-OMS nanocomposites. Solution cast samples were subjected to various thermal treatments including annealing (AC-AN), melt-quenching followed by annealing (MQ-AN), and melt-slow cooling (MSC). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to investigate the crystalline structure of thermally treated samples. As a special effort, the combination of in situ thermal FT-IR, WAXD, and DSC studies was utilized to clearly assess the thermal properties. FT-IR and WAXD results of MQ-AN samples revealed the presence of β-phase of PVDF. Ion-dipole interaction between the exfoliated clay nanolayers and PVDF was considered as a main factor for the formation of β-phase. Melt-crystallization temperature and subsequent melting point were enhanced by the addition of OMS. Solid β- to γ-crystal phase transition was observed from in situ FT-IR and WAXD curves when the representative MQ-AN sample was subjected to thermal scanning. Upon heating, β-phase was found to disappear through transformation to the thermodynamically stable γ-phase rather than melting directly. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2173–2187, 2008</P>

A Comparative Study of Biologically and Chemically Fabricated Synthesized AgNPs’ Supplementation with Respect to Heat-Shock Proteins, Survival, and Hatching Rates of Chicken Embryos: An In Ovo Study

Allur Subramaniyan, Sivakumar,Kang, Da Rae,Belal, Shah Ahmed,Choe, Ho Sung,Shim, Kwan Seob Plenum Press 2018 Journal of cluster science Vol.29 No.1

<P>The present study examined the characterization and concentration of Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra (BOL, commonly known as red cabbage) extracted AgNPs (BOL-AgNPs) and chemically (CHE) synthesized AgNPs (CHE-AgNPs) in chicken embryos through in ovo injections. We investigated the effects of both AgNPs on the survival, hatchability, body weight, and expressions of heat-shock proteins (HSPs). The BOL-AgNPs and CHE-AgNPs at (T1) amounted 100, at (T2) 1000, at (T3) 2500, and at (T4) 5000 A mu g/100 A mu l/egg, respectively through in ovo injections. At the end of the experimental period, the body and liver weights of the chicks were altered between the groups and among the concentrations. The serum levels of SGOT and SGPT were significantly increased at BOL-T3 and -T4. Survival and hatching rates were more reduced in the BOL-T3- and -T4-treated groups than at BOL-T1 and -T2. Nevertheless, they were more diminished in the CHE-AgNPs than in the BOL-AgNPs. The CHE-AgNPs revealed the presence of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities, in contrast to BOL-T4. The mRNA and protein expressions of HSP-60 and 70 in the liver were higher in CHE-AgNPs than in BOL-AgNPs. Hence, plant-synthesized AgNPs are superior in ovo nano-nutrition carriers of nutrients without toxicity than CHE-AgNPs.</P>

Binder-free immobilization of TiO₂ photocatalyst on steel mesh via electrospraying and hot-pressing and its application for organic micropollutant removal and disinfection

Ramasundaram, Subramaniyan,Seid, Mingizem Gashaw,Kim, Hyung-Eun,Son, Aseom,Lee, Changha,Kim, Eun-Ju,Hong, Seok Won Elsevier 2018 Journal of hazardous materials Vol.360 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>An immobilized photocatalyst was prepared by thermally treating TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-coated steel mesh (TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-IS) in a laboratory hot-press with no binder. TiO<SUB>2</SUB> coating was performed by electrospraying a 1 mg/mL methanol dispersion of Evonik P25 powder. The thermal treatment conditions at 350 °C, 100 Mpa, and 1 h were found to be the optimum conditions. Scanning electron microscopic images displayed a robust and adherent TiO<SUB>2</SUB> layer on steel mesh. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and elemental mapping studies confirmed that the Fe<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> interface formed during thermal treatment strongly bound the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> on steel mesh. The XRD patterns of TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-IS indicated the preservation of crystalline structure of Evonik P25 (anatase and rutile mixture) and the existence of iron oxide interface. Under UVA irradiation, 10 μM of methylene blue was completely decolorized within 40 min using an immobilized photocatalyst with 2.120 mg of TiO<SUB>2</SUB> per 2.5 × 5.0 cm<SUP>2</SUP> and showed stable efficacy in 25 consecutive photocatalytic runs. Furthermore, this sample degraded the organic micropollutants (e.g., pharmaceuticals) such as carbamazepine, ranitidine, acetaminophen, and trimethoprim at the rates of 0.041, 0.165, 0.089, and 0.079 min<SUP>−1</SUP>, respectively. Under UVA irradiation, it exhibited high photocatalytic disinfection activity for <I>Escherichia coli</I> and MS2 coliphage.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanoparticles were immobilized on steel mesh without polymer binder. </LI> <LI> Immobilization was performed by electrospraying and hot-pressing treatment. </LI> <LI> The immobilized photocatalyst was effective in the removal of pharmaceuticals. </LI> <LI> It also exhibited excellent disinfection activity against <I>E.coli</I> and MS2 phage. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

The Siddhars: the great artisans of gold medicines in medieval South India

Subhathirai Subramaniyan Parimalam,Simona Badilescu,Rama Bhat,Muthukumaran Packirisamy 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2022 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.22 No.3

Gold, the king of metals, valued for its timeless beauty and properties, was known to the ancients as the metal of gods, a symbol of nobility of spirit, knowledge and meditation. To the alchemists, gold that never tarnishes was the metal of sun, giver of light and warmth. In Indian tradition, gold, a sacred metal, is seen as a “mineral light” capturing threads of brilliance in physical form. The metal is even consumed as an elixir to treat diseases and prepare the body and mind for spiritual journeys. The Siddhars (‘the perfected ones’), considered as saints and mystics in South India, played a vital role in alchemy, processing gold into a bioavailable form and formulating an important number of gold-based medicines such as thanga parpam, thanga chendooram, thanga kattu, thanga chunnam and other preparations. Due to the myths and legends surrounding the Siddhars and to the scarcity of the primary sources, many modern scientists looked at this medical system with some disdain and omitted to discuss its important achievements. In this work, it is our intention to fill in this gap and focus specifically on the gold-based Siddha medicines.