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Saravanakumar Arthanari,Ponnusamy Renukadevi,Vanitha Saravanakumar 한국공업화학회 2014 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.20 No.4
The utility of both in vitro and in vivo methods to assess the release pattern of alginate, HPMC (TTAL) composite microspheres containing stabilized tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine were evaluated. TT was stabilized with different concentrations of stabilizer, lactose (1–5%, w/v) and encapsulated into alginate, HPMC composite microspheres by W/O/W multiple emulsion method. The morphology of the prepared microspheres was smooth and spherical in shape with a diameter of around 10 mm. The in vitro release efficiency of microspheres was evaluated for the period of 70 days. In TTAL microspheres, 4% (w/v) lactose gave good sustained antigen delivery for the period of 70 days. Antigen releases from microspheres were determined by ELISA. Based on the results of in vitro release, the ideal batch of TTAL was used to carry out the in vivo studies by antibody induction method using alum adsorbed tetanus toxoid (CRIT) as standard. The antibody level was measured for about of 9 months and finally with one booster dose after 12 months. In this case, TTAL antibody level was rose up to 3 IU/ml of guinea pig serum and 2.5 IU/ml of guinea pig serum was observed in CRIT after 1 year with second booster dose. This novel approach would be helpful to replace the existing adjuvant alum in future.
Saravanakumar Sundararajan,Isaivani Jayachandran,Gautam Kumar Pandey,Saravanakumar Venkatesan,Anusha Rajagopal,Kuppan Gokulakrishnan,Muthuswamy Balasubramanyam,Viswanathan Mohan,Nagaraj Manickam 한국지질동맥경화학회 2023 지질·동맥경화학회지 Vol.12 No.3
Objective: In previous research, we found that Sestrin2 has a strong association with plasma atherogenicity and combats the progression of atherogenesis by regulating the AMPK-mTOR pathway. Metformin, an activator of AMPK, is widely used as a first-line therapy for diabetes, but its role in preventing atherosclerosis and cardiac outcomes is unclear. Hence, we aimed to assess the effect of metformin on preventing atherosclerosis and its regulatory role in the Sestrin2-AMPK -mTOR pathway in obese/diabetic rats. Methods: Animals were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity, administered streptozotocin to induce diabetes, and then treated with metformin (150 mg/kg body weight) for 14 weeks. Aorta and heart tissues were analyzed for Sestrin2 status by western blotting and immunohistochemistry, AMPK and mTOR activities were investigated using western blotting, and atherogenicity-related events were evaluated using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and histology. Results: Obese and diabetic rats showed significant decrease in Sestrin2 levels and AMPK activity, accompanied by increased mTOR activity in the heart and aorta tissues. Metformin treatment significantly restored Sestrin2 and AMPK levels, reduced mTOR activity, and restored the altered expression of inflammatory markers and adhesion molecules in obese and diabetic rats to normal levels. A histological analysis of samples from obese and diabetic rats showed atherosclerotic lesions both in aorta and heart tissues. The metformin-treated rats showed a decrease in atherosclerotic lesions, cardiac hypertrophy, and cardiomyocyte degeneration. Conclusion: This study presents further insights into the beneficial effects of metformin and its protective role against atherosclerosis through regulation of the Sestrin2-AMPK-mTOR pathway.
Saravanakumar, Kandasamy,Sarikurkcu, Cengiz,Sarikurkcu, Rifat Tayyib,Wang, Myeong-Hyeon Elsevier 2019 Industrial crops and products Vol.142 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The studies on bioactivities of plant extracts are a fundamental requirement for future pharmacological research. Therefore, the present study extracted the phytochemicals from the two endemic species such as <I>Onosma isaurica</I> and <I>O. bracteosa</I> and tested their antioxidant, reducing power and enzyme inhibitory activities followed by scanning of the phytochemicals in the extracts by using liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS/MS<I>)</I>. The results revealed that the antioxidant activity in terms of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and ferrous ion chelating was not statistically significant between the species but 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazloine-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging was significant between the two species. Reducing power in terms of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) reducing did not exhibit the significance while cupric ion (CUPRAC) reducing and phosphomolybdenum displayed significance between the two species. In case of the enzyme inhibitory assay, the α-amylase inhibitory activity was significant but tyrosinase inhibitory was not significant between the species. The bioactivities of the extracts were compared with standard positive controls as trolox for ABTS radical, DPPH radical, FRAP reducing, CUPRAC reducing and phosphomolybdenum; Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for ferrous ion chelating; acarbose for α-amylase inhibition; and kojic acid for tyrosinase inhibition. Both of the species showed significantly higher bioactivity than their respective positive controls. Interestingly the bioactivity was found promising with <I>O. bracteosa</I> over <I>O. isaurica</I> due to the high presence of the phenolics. The richness of the phytochemicals in <I>O. bracteosa</I> was evidenced by LC–ESI–MS/MS analysis. In conclusion, the two endemic species - <I>O. isaurica</I> and <I>O. bracteosa</I> – which are rich in bioactivity deserve for conservation and sustainable utilization towards developing pharmaceutically valid natural products in the future.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The bioactive phytochemicals in two endemic <I>Onosma</I> species was examined. </LI> <LI> The extracts from both <I>Onosma</I> species showed the potent health promoting activities. </LI> <LI> The phytochemicals in extracts was identified by LC–ESI–MS/MS analysis. </LI> <LI> Conservation of these endemic species can offer the pharmaceutically valid products. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Saravanakumar, Kandasamy,Chelliah, Ramachandran,MubarakAli, Davoodbasha,Jeevithan, Elango,Oh, Deog-Hwan,Kathiresan, Kandasamy,Wang, Myeong-Hyeon Elsevier 2018 International journal of biological macromolecules Vol.118 No.2
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This paper reports the synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles (T-CSNPs) using the fungal enzyme of <I>Trichoderma harzianum</I> and its biocompatibility, antioxidant and bactericidal properties. The T-CSNPs synthesis was confirmed by absorbance at 280 nm using UV–Vis spectrophotometer. T-CSNPs were of spherical shape, as evident by field emission transmission electron microscopic (FETEM) analysis, and the average size of T-CSNPs was 90.8 nm, as calculated using particle size analyzer (PSA). The functional groups showed modifications of chitosan in T-CSNPs as evident by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis. T-CSNPs were found soluble at the wide range of pH, showing 100% solubility at pH 1–3 and 72% at pH 10. The T-CSNPs exhibited antioxidant property in a dose-dependent manner with pronounced activity at 100 mg·mL<SUP>−1</SUP>. The T-CSNPs also showed bactericidal activity against <I>Staphylococcus aureus</I> and <I>Salmonella enterica</I> Typhimurium by causing detrimental effects on bacterial cells. The T-CSNPs (50 μg·mL<SUP>−1</SUP>) did not display any cytotoxic effect on murine fibroblast NIH-3T3 cells, as evident by cell viability and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining assays, which confirmed biocompatibility of the nanoparticles. This work suggested further investigations on the utilization of the mycosynthesized nanochitosan in biomedical applications.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Synthesized the bioactive chitosan nanoparticles (T-CSNPs) using fungal extract of <I>Trichoderma</I> sp. </LI> <LI> Determined the molecular weight of enzyme in the fungal extract </LI> <LI> Enhanced the antioxidant and the bactericidal activities of T-CSNPs </LI> <LI> Assessed the biocompatibility of the T-CSNPs through cytotoxicity assay against NIH-3T3 cells </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>