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Park, Yeunsoo,Peoples, Anita R.,Madugundu, Guru S.,Sanche, Lé,on,Wagner, J. Richard American Chemical Society 2013 The journal of physical chemistry. B, Condensed ma Vol.117 No.35
<P>The genotoxic effects of high-energy ionizing radiation have been largely attributed to the ionization of H<SUB>2</SUB>O leading to hydroxyl radicals and the ionization of DNA leading mostly to damage through base radical cations. However, the contribution of low-energy electrons (LEEs; ≤ 10 eV), which involves subionization events, has been considered to be less important than that of hydroxyl radicals and base radical cations. Here, we compare the ability of LEEs and high-energy X-ray photons to induce DNA damage using dried thin films of TpTpT trinucleotide as a simple and representative model for DNA damage. The main radiation-induced damage of TpTpT as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection and HPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry analyses included thymine release (-Thy), strand breaks (pT, Tp, pTpT, TpTp, and TpT), and the formation of base modifications [5,6-dihydrothymine (5,6-dhT), 5-hydroxymethyluracil (5-hmU), and 5-formyluracil (5-fU)]. The global profile of products was very similar for both types of radiation indicating converging pathways of formation. The percent damage of thymine release, fragmentation, and base modification was 20, 19, and 61 for high-energy X-rays, respectively, compared to 35, 13, and 51 for LEEs (10 eV). Base release was significantly lower for X-rays. In both cases, phosphodiester bond cleavage gave mononucleotides (pT and Tp) and dinucleotides (pTpT and TpTp) containing a terminal phosphate as the major fragments. For base modifications, the ratio of reductive (5,6-dhT) to oxidative products (5-hmU plus 5-fU) was 0.9 for high-energy X-rays compared to 1.7 for LEEs. These results indicate that LEEs give a similar profile of products compared to ionizing radiation.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jpcbfk/2013/jpcbfk.2013.117.issue-35/jp405397m/production/images/medium/jp-2013-05397m_0009.gif'></P>
Park, Yeun-Soo,Noh, Hyung-Ah,Cho, Hyuck,Dumont, Ariane,Ptasinska, Sylwia,Bass, Andrew D.,Sanche, Leon 대한방사선방어학회 2008 방사선방어학회지 Vol.33 No.2
X선과 같은 고에너지 방사선에 의한 DNA 손상 중 간접적인 손상을 확인하기 위하여 탄탈륨(Ta) 박막위에 동결건조 과정으로 만들어진 pGEM-3Zf(-) plasmid DNA 단일층(monolayer)의 박막을 만든 다음, 에너지가 1.5 keV인 Al $K{\alpha}$ X선을 0분, 3분, 7분, 10분 동안 초고진공 상태에서 이 DNA 단일층에 조사하여 평균 흡수선량(mean absorbed dose)의 변화에 따른 DNA 손상을 관찰하였다. 또한 3 eV의 낮은 에너지 전자선을 조사하여 그 결과를 X선을 조사한 경우와 비교하였다. X선과 낮은 에너지 전자선으로 조사된 plasmid DNA를 전기영동(electrophoresis) 방법을 이용해 supercoiled DNA와 unsupercoiled DNA로 분리한 후 각각을 정량적으로 분석하였다. Supercoiled DNA는 X선과 3 eV 전자선의 조사에 따른 평균흡수선량이 증가함에 따라 선형적으로 감소했다. 그와 반대로 circular DNA와 crosslinked form 1 DNA는 평균흡수선량이 증가함에 따라 선형적으로 증가했다. 이것은 supercoiled DNA가 낮은 에너지 전자와 상호작용하여 외가닥 절단(single strand break)을 일으켰고 그 결과 unsupercoiled DNA로 변화되었음을 보여준다. 본 실험을 통해 X선과 같은 고에너지 방사선에 의한 DNA의 간접적 손상이 일어남을 관찰할 수 있었고, DNA의 이온화 에너지보다 작은 에너지($0{\sim}10\;eV$)를 갖는 전자에 의해서도 DNA 손상이 일어날 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. We observed DNA damages as a function of mean absorbed dose to identify the indirect effect of high-energy radiation such as x-ray. Monolayer films of lyophilized pGEM-3Zf(-) plasmid DNA deposited on tantalum foils were exposed to Al $K{\alpha}$ X-ray (1.5 keV) for 0, 3, 7 and 10 min, respectively, in a condition of ultrahigh vacuum state. We compared DNA damages by X-ray irradiation with those by 3 eV electron irradiation. X-ray photons produced low-energy electrons (mainly below 20 eV) from the tantalum foils and DNA damage was induced chiefly by these electrons. For electron beam irradiation, DNA damage was directly caused by 3 eV electrons. Irradiated DNA was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and quantified by ImagaQuant program. The quantities of remained supercoiled DNA after irradiation were linearly decreased as a function of mean absorbed dose. On the other hand, the yields of nicked circular (single strand break, SSB) and interduplex crosslinked form 1 DNA were linearly increased as a function of mean absorbed dose. From this study, it was confirmed that DNA damage was also induced by low energy electrons ($0{\sim}10\;eV$) even below threshold energies for the ionization of DNA.
An Overview of Terrorism Financing Methods and Perspectives on Terrorism
John, Sanches-Zario(존 산체스 자리오) 한국법이론실무학회 2016 법률실무연구 Vol.4 No.1
9.11테러사건은 크게 두 가지로 특징지울 수 있는데,하나는 사람과 물자의 자유로운 이동이라는 오늘날의 지구촌사회의 특징이 가장 잘 반영된 사건이다. 다른 하나는 테러의 배후에 광범위한 자금세탁 네트워크가 있었다는 사실이다. 9.11.테러와 관련한 미국 수사관들의 조사에 의하면, 알카에다(Al-Qaeda)는 이미 거대 기업수준의 사업 및 마약판매 등과 같은 불법적 행위로 상당한 규모의 자금을 조성하였다는 사실과, 9.11.사태도 오랜 시간에 걸쳐 계획되었으며, 테러리스트들의 훈련과 교육에 상당한 자금이 소요되었다는 사실이 드러났다. “테러조직의 기업화”로 특징지워지는 현대의 테러리즘의 양상에 비추어볼 때, 테러조직의 전 세계적인 재정적 기반 내지 자금조달 네트워크를 없애지 않고서는 테러로부터 안전한 사회의 구축이 어렵게 되었다. 이러한 배경에서 9.11.사태를 기점으로 국제사회는 테러의 척결 및 테러자금 경로의 차단을 목표로 다양한 국제법적․국내법적 대책을 구체화하는 추세에 있다. 특히 테러조직의 핵심적 활동기반으로 간주되고 있는 테러자금의 조달을 억제하기 위하여 국제연합 차원에서는 130개 국가들이 1999년 12월 9일에 “테러자금 조달의 억제를 위한 국제협약”(International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism)에 서명한 바 있다. 2004년 10월 현재 이 협약의 당사국은 총 128개국이다. 또한 미국, 영국, 독일 등과 같은 주요 선진국은 이미 이 협약의 국내 이행입법을 제정하여 실무에서 적용하고 있다. How do terrorists move money? Although hawala, as a method of informal value transfer, was the initial point of interest after 9/11, a wide range of methods and networks operate in similar ways and perform analogous services or functions. That is, funds and value transfers from place to place on behalf of legal actors, terrorists or other criminal groups take place informally or without leaving many obvious traces (or at all) I call these processes Informal Value Transfer Systems (IVTS). This article examines six of the most widely used methods: cash couriers, informal transfer systems (e.g., hawala), money service businesses, formal banking, false trade invoicing, and high value commodities. When terrorists move money, they choose methods that take into account issues of: volume, risk, convenience, simplicity, costs, and speed. The first point to underline is that hundreds of billions of dollars are annually channeled through these IVTS. If we include the correspondent account method (which is not informal as it is conducted through recognized international banking systems, however, there is no knowledge of the customers recorded in the U.S. and the purpose of the transfer or the ultimate recipient are unknown to U.S. and respondent banks), the total volume rises to trillions of dollars. This article analyzes the methods according to these issues. It draws on multiple cases and examples, including the most recent cases of Hezbollah’s and al Shabaab’s use of money service businesses, and many others.
Nathan J. Kolla,Jeffrey Meyer,Marcos Sanches,James Charbonneau 대한정신약물학회 2017 CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE Vol.15 No.4
Objective: Impulsivity is a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) that likely arises from combined genetic and environmental influences. The interaction of the low activity variant of the monoamine oxidase-A (MAOA-L) gene and early childhood adversity has been shown to predict aggression in clinical and non-clinical populations. Although impulsivity is a risk factor for aggression in BPD and ASPD, little research has investigated potential gene-environment (G×E) influences impacting its expression in these conditions. Moreover, G×E interactions may differ by diagnosis. Methods: Full factorial analysis of variance was employed to investigate the influence of monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) genotype, childhood abuse, and diagnosis on Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) scores in 61 individuals: 20 subjects with BPD, 18 subjects with ASPD, and 23 healthy controls. Results: A group×genotype×abuse interaction was present ( F (2,49)=4.4, p =0.018), such that the interaction of MAOA-L and childhood abuse predicted greater BIS-11 motor impulsiveness in BPD. Additionally, BPD subjects reported higher BIS-11 attentional impulsiveness versus ASPD participants ( t (1,36)=2.3, p =0.025). Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that MAOA-L may modulate the impact of childhood abuse on impulsivity in BPD. Results additionally indicate that impulsiveness may be expressed differently in BPD and ASPD.