Global Variations in Curriculum and Syllabus for Endocrine Surgery Training Programs: a Report

Saroj Kanta Mishra 대한갑상선-내분비외과학회 2019 The Koreran journal of Endocrine Surgery Vol.19 No.1

Purpose: The aim of this study is to find out information relevant to the certification of trainees in surgical endocrinology specialty—duration of training, entry/exit criteria, curriculum and accreditation agency. Methods: Information related to endocrine surgery training programs was archived from electronic resources such as publications, web portals of official endocrine surgery professional bodies and institutions offering such courses and the data was analysed. Results: The 75 trainee positions were identified globally in 58 institutions—28 in North America, 5 in Latin America, 17 in Australia and New Zealand, 10 in Asia, 25 in Europe and none in Africa. The average length of training leading to award of fellowship/diploma/degree ranged from 1 to 3 years. The curriculum of majority (n=58) of these programs includes thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and neuroendocrine tumors although in many centres it also includes breast (n=25, 43%), diabetic foot (n=12, 21%), thymus (n=17, 30%) and salivary gland (n=4, 7%) thus suggesting variation worldwide. The assessment of trainees at the end of course also differs. Conclusion: There are no uniform guidelines across the world for endocrine surgery training programs unlike those developed for other sub-specialities of surgery.

Cloning, Characterization of Pichia etchellsii β-Glucosidase II and Effect of Media Composition and Feeding Strategy on its Production in a Bioreactor

Saroj Mishra,Benu Sethi,Monika Jain,Manish Chowdhary,Yogesh Soni,Yukti Bhatia,Vikram Sahai 한국생물공학회 2002 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.7 No.1

The cloning and expression of β-glucosidase II, encoded by the gene bglu2, from thermo- tolerant yeast Pichia etchellsii into Escherichia coli is described. Cloning of the 7.3 kb BamHI/SalI yeast insert containing bglu2 in pUC18, which allowed for reverse orientation of the insert, resulted in better enzyme expression. Transformation of this plasmid into E. coli JM109 resulted in accumulation of the enzyme in periplasmic space. At 50oC, the highest hydrolytic activity of 1686 IU/g protein was obtained on sophorose. Batch and fed-batch techniques were employed for enzyme production in a 14 L bioreactor. Exponential feeding rates were determined from mass balance equations and these were employed to control specific growth rate and in turn maximize cell growth and enzyme production. Media optimization coupled with this strategy resulted in increased enzyme units of 1.2 kU/L at a stabilized growth rate of 0.14 h-1. Increased enzyme production in bioreactor was accompanied by formation of inclusion bodies.

Methods in the spatial deep learning: current status and future direction

Bhogendra Mishra,Ashok Dahal,Nirajan Luintel,Tej Bahadur Shahi,Saroj Panthi,Shiva Pariyar,Bhoj Raj Ghimire 대한공간정보학회 2022 Spatial Information Research Vol.30 No.2

A deep neural network (DNN), evolved from a traditional artificial neural network, has been seamlessly adapted for the spatial data domain over the years. Deep learning (DL) has been widely applied for a number of applications and a variety of thematic domains. This article reports on a systematic review of methods adapted in major DNN applications with remote sensing data published between 2010 and 2020 aiming to understand the major application area, a framework for model development and the prospect of DL application in spatial data analysis. It has been found that image fusion, change detection, scene classification, image segmentation, and feature detection are the most commonly used application areas. Based on the publication in these thematic areas, a generic framework has been devised to guide a model development using DL based on the methods followed in the past. Finally, recent trends and prospects in terms of data, method, and application of deep learning with remote sensing data are discussed. The review finds that while DL-based approaches have the potential to unfold hidden information, they face challenges in selecting the most appropriate data, methods, and model parameterizations which may hinder the performance. The increasing trend of application of DL in the spatial domain is expected to leverage its strength at its optimum to the research frontiers.

Microsatellite instability and its correlation with clinicopathological features in a series of thyroid tumors prevalent in iodine deficient areas

Minal Vaish,Anjali Mishra,Manish Kaushal,Saroj K Mishra,Balraj Mittal 생화학분자생물학회 2004 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.36 No.2

Thyroid tumors display diverse spectrum of his-topathological groups with geographic variation in its prevalence. Influence of iodine deficiency (a major causative factor) in its etiology, prevalence, or aggressiveness is debatable which reflects the existence of various genetic events in pathoge-nesis. The present study was undertaken to study the role of Microsatellite instability (MSI) or LOH (loss of heterozygosity), an indicator of defective mismatch repair system as a genetic change and tumors. Tumor tisues from total thyroidectomy surgical specimens and blood (matched control) of 36 patients from iodine deficient areas (10 benign; 26 malignant) were obtained after their consent. Urinary iodine analysis was done by alkali ash method for which 10 ml of urine was colected from 18 patients before surgery. Genomic DNA, isolated from tumor tissue and blod was am-plified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using mono and dinucleotide markers - BAT-26, BAT-40, TGF(RII, IGFIIR, hMSH3, BAX, D2S123, D9S283, on 8% denaturing polyacrylamide gel folowed by autoradiography. Of total, 66.6% of tumors [70% (7/10) benign and 65.4% malignant cases (17/26)] showed MSI/LOH. Strong asociation of MSI/LOH with low iodine (P = 0.01) and with AMES risk groups i.e. age (P= 0.02), tumor size (P= 0.04) and metastases (P = 0.002) in thyroid tumors was observed. This may help in predicting the biolo-gical behaviour and strengthening the hypothesis thyroid tumors. Our results further substantiate the risk group clasification and help in deciding the treatment modality in particular patient.

Development of Mutants of Melanocarpus albomyces for Hyperproduction of Xylanase

Ranjita Biswas,Vikram Sahai,Saroj Mishra,Virendra Swarup Bisaria 한국생물공학회 2010 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.15 No.5

The wild type filamentous fungus, Melanocarpus albomyces, produces many commercially valuable enzymes, including Xylanases and Xylan-debranching enzymes with low activity. In this paper, we report for the first time the development of M. albomyces mutants from vegetative spores. Profuse sporulation of M. albomyces was induced on Potato Carrot Agar medium. These spores,when subjected to chemical mutation, led to the isolation of the hyper-xylanase producing mutant, viz, M. albomyces IITD3A. Various parameters including number of spores,nitrogen source and C/N ratio of the medium were optimized for production of xylanase by the mutant in a shake flask culture. Under controlled pH at 7.8, the mutant produced highly active xylanase with 415 IU/mL after 36h of growth on soluble alkaline lignocellulosic extract in a 14-L fermentor. The overall productivity of xylanase was 8-fold higher than the wild type culture with11,530 IU/L/h. The enzyme can be easily stored at 37oC for 50 days by addition of a small amount of the preservative - thiomersal. Also, for long term storage, a lyophilized powder form of the enzyme can be used which retained 100% of its activity for > 50 days. When assayed at pH 7.5 and temperature 55oC, the xylanase retained 100% of its original activity,and also at pH 9.0, it retained > 50% of its activity for 2 h,which is promising for its application in the pulp and paper industry.

Thermal plasma-inspired synthesis of ZnO_1−XMn_x dilute magnetic semiconductors for enhanced visible light photocatalysis

Das, Arya,Sahoo, Rakesh K.,Kumar Mishra, Dilip,Singh, Saroj K.,Mane, Rajaram S.,Kim, Kwang Ho Elsevier 2019 APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE - Vol.467 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We report a simple, time-consuming and scalable synthesis of ZnO<SUB>1−x</SUB>Mn<SUB>x</SUB> nanocrystals (Mn-ZnO NCs) using a thermal plasma chemical method. The diffusion of the Mn<SUP>2+</SUP> into the host ZnO lattice causes pronounced change in the structure, morphology, spectroscopy and magnetic properties of ZnO. The Mn-doping in ZnO lattice introduces defects by changing the lattice constant values, vibration mode shift at a particular position, decrease in the band gap energy from 3.23 to 3.08 eV, with more than 90% photoluminescence quenching proficiency which has not only makes it as the efficient photocatalyst in methylene blue dye degradation but also confirms change in the shape and the magnitude of the electron spin resonance spectra, suggesting revelation of the dilute magnetic semiconducting properties in ZnO. The onset of the sharp resonance peak at 0.6% Mn-doping level followed a sharp fall in the intensity when Mn-concentration ≥0.8% has thoroughly been investigated and explored. Moreover, a tunable optical absorption change of Mn-ZnO NCs at various Mn-contents corroborats a proficient visible light photocatalytic performance which has been optimized, exquisitely, on controlling the shape and Mn-doping concentration level. Our results offer a basic understanding of synergetic effect taking place in enhancing the photocatalytic performance, which otherwise could cause by a defect-mediated ferromagnetic coupling and optimal Mn-doping concentration.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A time-consuming and scalable thermal plasma synthesis of ZnO<SUB>1−x</SUB>Mn<SUB>x</SUB> nanocrystals. </LI> <LI> Effect of Mn-doping on the bandgap of ZnO through structural and optical studies. </LI> <LI> Synergistic effect of ferromagnetic coupling and optimal Mn-dopants on photocatalysis. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Cloning, Characterization of Pichia etchellsii $\beta-Glucosidase$ II and Effect of Media Composition and Feeding Strategy on its Production in a Bioreactor

Sethi Benu,Jain Monika,Chowdhary Manish,Soni Yogesh,Bhatia Yukti,Sahai Vikram,Mishra Saroj The Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengine 2002 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.7 No.1

The cloning and expression of $\beta-glucosidase$ II, encoded by the gene ${\beta}glu2$, from thermotolerant yeast Pichia etchellsii into Escherichia coli is described. Cloning of the 7.3 kb BamHI/SalI yeast insert containing ${\beta}glu2$ in pUC18, which allowed for reverse orientation of the insert, resulted in better enzyme expression. Transformation of this plasmid into E. coli JM109 resulted in accumulation of the enzyme in periplasmic space. At $50^{\circ}C$, the highest hydrolytic activity of 1686 IU/g protein was obtained on sophorose. Batch and fed-batch techniques were employed for enzyme production in a 14 L bioreactor. Exponential feeding rates were determined from mass balance equations and these were employed to control specific growth rate and in turn maximize cell growth and enzyme production. Media optimization coupled with this strategy resulted in increased enzyme units of 1.2 kU/L at a stabilized growth rate of $0.14\;h^{-l}$. Increased enzyme production in bioreactor was accompanied by formation of inclusion bodies.