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미주신경자극술(Vagus Nerve Stimulation)의 신경정신과적 응용
채정호,배치운,박원명,전태연,김광수,Mark S. George 大韓神經精神醫學會 2001 신경정신의학 Vol.40 No.3
연구목적: 최근 신경생물학과 두뇌 조영술 발달에 따라 두뇌에 비침습적 자극을 줌으로써 신경회로를 변화시킬수 있는 새로운 신경정신과적 치료방법의 개발이 태동하고 있다. 그 중 두뇌와 다양한 연결을 구축하고 있는 제 10번 두개신경인 미주신경을 직접 자극할 수 있는 미주신경자극술(Vagus Nerve Stimulation:이하푼)이 개발되어 간질 및 일부 신경정신과적 질환에서 시술되고 있다. 본 논문의 목적은 VNS의 발달과정, 시술방법, 신경정신과적 응용, 및 부작용 등에 대하여 개괄하고 그 현황과 미래를 고찰하는데에 있다. 방 법 : 광범위한 문헌 검색과 현재 VNS를 시술하고 있는 기관의 세계적 전문가와의 논의를 통하여 조사 및 정리하였다. 결 과 : 현재 VNS는 치료 저항성 간질의 치료 방법의 하나로 공인되어 있으며 일부 신경정신과적 질환에서 치료적으로 사용될수 있는 가능성이 제시되고 있다. 결 론 : 두뇌를 자극할 수 있는 새로운 방법인 VNS는 우울증을 비롯한 일부 신경정신과적 질환에서 유의한 치료효과를 거둘 가능성이 있으며, 두뇌-행동 관계를 이해하는데에 매우 흥미있는 방법으로 향후 많은 관심을 끌게 된 것이다. Objectives : Several novel and minimally invasive techniques to stimulate the brain have recently developed. Among these newer somatic interventions, vagus nerve stimulation(VNS) is regarded as a promising tool in the treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders. This article reviews the history, methodology, and the future of VNS technique and its emerging research and therapeutic applications in the field on neuropsychiatry. Methods : Wide ranged literature reviews and discussion with pioneering researchers were performed. Results : VNS has been used in the treatment of refractory seizure disorder and depression. There are some reasons to hope that VNS might have other therapeutic applications in neuro-psychiatric disorders, as well as advanced understanding about the pathophysiology of these disorders. Conclusion : Regardless of its clinical role as a new therapeutic technique, the capacity of VNS as a research tool to alter brain activity should lead to important advances in the understanding of brain-behavior relationships.
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Mark W. Ball,Zeyad R. Schwen,Joan S. Ko,Alexa Meyer,George J. Netto,Arthur L Burnett,Trinity J. Bivalacqua 대한비뇨의학회 2017 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.58 No.1
Purpose: To determine the impact of lymph node density (LND) on survival after inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND) for penile cancer. Materials and Methods: Our institutional penile cancer database was queried for patients who underwent ILND. Clinicopathologic characteristics including LND and total number of positive lymph nodes (LNs) were analyzed to determine impact on recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). LND, or the percent of positive LN out of total LN, was calculated as a categorical variable at varying thresholds. Results: Twenty-eight patients with complete follow-up were identified. Indications for ILND were stage >T2 in 20 patients (71.4%), palpable adenopathy in 7 (25%), high grade T1 in 1 (3.6%). Median node yield was 17.5 (interquartile range, 12−22), and positive LNs were found in 14 patients (50%). RFS and OS were significantly lower for patients with >15% LN density (median RFS: 62 months vs. 6.3 months, p=0.0120; median OS: 73.6 months vs. 6.3 months, p<0.001). Controlling for age, medical comorbidities, number of positive LN, T stage, pelvic LN status and indication, LN density >15% was independently associated with worse RFS (hazard ratio [HR], 3.6; p=0.04) and OS (HR, 73.6; p=0.002). The c-index for LND was higher than total positive LNs for RFS (0.64 vs. 0.54) and OS (0.79 vs. 0.61). Conclusions: In this small, retrospective penile cancer cohort, the presence of nodal involvement >15% was associated with decreased RFS and OS, and outperformed total number of positive LN as a prognostic indicator.
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Synapsins differentially control dopamine and serotonin release.
Kile, Brian M,Guillot, Thomas S,Venton, B Jill,Wetsel, William C,Augustine, George J,Wightman, R Mark The Society 2010 The Journal of neuroscience Vol.30 No.29
<P>Synapsins are a family of synaptic vesicle proteins that are important for neurotransmitter release. Here we have used triple knock-out (TKO) mice lacking all three synapsin genes to determine the roles of synapsins in the release of two monoamine neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin. Serotonin release evoked by electrical stimulation was identical in substantia nigra pars reticulata slices prepared from TKO and wild-type mice. In contrast, release of dopamine in response to electrical stimulation was approximately doubled in striatum of TKO mice, both in vivo and in striatal slices, in comparison to wild-type controls. This was due to loss of synapsin III, because deletion of synapsin III alone was sufficient to increase dopamine release. Deletion of synapsins also increased the sensitivity of dopamine release to extracellular calcium ions. Although cocaine did not affect the release of serotonin from nigral tissue, this drug did enhance dopamine release. Cocaine-induced facilitation of dopamine release was a function of external calcium, an effect that was reduced in TKO mice. We conclude that synapsins play different roles in the control of release of dopamine and serotonin, with release of dopamine being negatively regulated by synapsins, specifically synapsin III, while serotonin release appears to be relatively independent of synapsins. These results provide further support for the concept that synapsin function in presynaptic terminals varies according to the neurotransmitter being released.</P>
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Chang, Hye Jung,Kalinin, Sergei V.,Morozovska, Anna N.,Huijben, Mark,Chu, Ying‐,Hao,Yu, Pu,Ramesh, Ramamoorthy,Eliseev, Evgeny A.,Svechnikov, George S.,Pennycook, Stephen J.,Borisevich, Albina Y WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2011 Advanced Materials Vol.23 No.21
<P><B>Direct atomic displacement mapping at ferroelectric interfaces</B> by aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM) (a‐STEM image, b‐corresponding displacement profile) is combined with Landau‐Ginsburg‐Devonshire theory to obtain the complete interface electrostatics in real space, including separate estimates for the polarization and intrinsic interface charge contributions. </P>
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Edge Structures for Nanoscale Graphene Islands on Co(0001) Surfaces
Prezzi, Deborah,Eom, Daejin,Rim, Kwang T.,Zhou, Hui,Lefenfeld, Michael,Xiao, Shengxiong,Nuckolls, Colin,Heinz, Tony F.,Flynn, George W.,Hybertsen, Mark S. American Chemical Society 2014 ACS NANO Vol.8 No.6
<P>Low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy measurements and first-principles calculations are employed to characterize edge structures observed for graphene nanoislands grown on the Co(0001) surface. Images of these nanostructures reveal straight well-ordered edges with zigzag orientation, which are characterized by a distinct peak at low bias in tunneling spectra. Density functional theory based calculations are used to discriminate between candidate edge structures. Several zigzag-oriented edge structures have lower formation energy than armchair-oriented edges. Of these, the lowest formation energy configurations are a zigzag and a Klein edge structure, each with the final carbon atom over the hollow site in the Co(0001) surface. In the absence of hydrogen, the interaction with the Co(0001) substrate plays a key role in stabilizing these edge structures and determines their local conformation and electronic properties. The calculated electronic properties for the low-energy edge structures are consistent with the measured scanning tunneling images.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2014/ancac3.2014.8.issue-6/nn500583a/production/images/medium/nn-2014-00583a_0008.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn500583a'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
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