TEXT OF STATEM ENT BY CHANG KEY-YOUNG, VICECHAIRMAN OF SEOUL SIDE, SOUTH-NORTH COORDINATING COMMITEE, AT FOURTH VICE-CHAIRMEN’S MEETING

Chang Key-young 한국학술연구원 1974 Korea Observer Vol.6 No.1

退溪先生 胎生風水 硏究 : 朱子 高祖母墓와 比較分析을 通하여

김기선 慶北大學校 退溪硏究所 2003 退溪學과 韓國文化 Vol.- No.32

우리들은 흔히 '人傑는 地靈'이라는 말을 들어왔다. 오랜 세월 風水地理 工夫를 하면서 필자는 有名人士의 先祖 山所에는 반드시 明堂이 있었음을 확인한 바가 있다. 따라서 筆者는 '東方의 朱子'라고 불리고 있는 退溪 李滉先生(1501-1570)처럼 大儒學者의 경우에도 마찬가지일 것이라고 생각했다. 그러나 風水界에 잘 알려져 있는 眞城李氏 始祖산소, 퇴계선생 胎室, 그 옆의 祖父母와 父母山所 등을 보았으나 마음에 흡족하지는 못하였다. 그래서 나머지 祖上 산소인 鳴洞의 2세 松安君(자좌 병오파) 내외산소와 佳邱洞 가매기 3세(高祖父) 云候(자좌 병오파) 산소, 道律洞 3세비 安東權氏 산소(자좌) 와 鵲山先生의 증조부모 李禎墓와 安東金氏墓(임좌)들을 찾았다. 새로 방문한 산소들 모두가 비교적 좋은 편이었으나 그 중에서도 高祖父 산소가 正穴에 入葬되고 朝山도 秀麗하여 상당히 좋았지만 主山이 높지 못하고 明堂局勢가 狹小하여 鵲山先生의 曾祖父母 산소에는 미치지 못하였다. 曾祖父母 산소를 찾은 순간, '바로 이 山所였구나!' 하는 생각이 들 정도로 만족하였다. 主山이 文筆峯이요, 사방에 온통 一字文星이 둘렀으니 큰 學者가 나오지 않을 수가 없다는 생각이 들었다. 더구나 그 유명한 鶴駕山을 太祖山으로 하고 있으니, 퇴계선생과 같은 大儒學者 겸 高官이 나오는 자리가 될 것이 아닌가? 退溪先生과 같은 큰 선비나 大儒學者를 배출하는 데에는 鶴駕山과 같은 名山의 힘을 받은 文筆峰이나 一字文星이 主山이나 案山으로 짜낸 調和로운 明堂局이 필요하다고 본다. 風水工夫를 깊이 하려면 中國의 古代典籍들을 보지 않을 수가 없다. 그중에서도 明나라 徐善繼·徐善述 형제가 지은 『人子須知資孝地理心學統宗』이란 책에 朱子(1130-1200)는 高祖母 程氏夫人墓가 좋아서 태어났다고 했다. 그래서 두 묘를 한번 비교해 보면 재미있겠다는 생각이 들었다. 程氏夫人墓는 일찍이 宋의 국사인 吳景鸞이 點穴하면서 課記에 "오랜 세월이 흐른 후 孔子와 같은 聖人이 나오리라(當出一賢人聰明如孔子)"고 예언을 하고 事實로 판명된 묘로도 유명하다. 穴場은 산의 높은 곳에 위치하는 데다 물은 멀리 떨어져 있으니 初代에는 不利하므로 擴中을 파서 마무리할 때에 큰 바위로 눌러서 덮어야한다고 하였는데 후에 과연 不利하여 이장하려고 하였으나 바위 바위 때문에 그쳤다고 한다. 1,059년 그 곳에 朱子의 高祖母 程氏夫人墓를 쓰고 그 후인 1,130년에 朱子가 태어나 이처럼 課記에 符合하니, 徐善繼·徐善述 형제의 말처럼, 누가 風水地理를 否定할 수 있겠는가? 이제 퇴계선생의 曾祖父母墓(李禎墓)와 程氏夫人墓를 비교해 보도록 하자. 첫째, 大儒學者(文章·科第·顯貴·名譽)를 상징하는 커다란 文筆峰이 李禎墓에는 主山이 되었으나 程氏墓에서는 案山(鵝子峰)과 朝山(信州鴉山)이 되었다. 일반적으로 풍수에서 穴이 氣運을 받음에 있어 位置上으로는 主山이 더 좋지만 穴 자리의 性格을 端的으로 나타내는 案山과 朝山도 穴 자리가 힘이 있으면 무방하다. 李禎墓의 主山 文筆峰이 좀 弱한듯 하나 太祖山인 鶴駕山과 龍虎 및 案山의 一字文星이 補完해 주고 있다. 둘째, 坐向은 兩墓 共히 壬坐丙向이다. 셋째, 兩墓 共히 龍虎는 一字文星이다. 넷째, 兩墓 共히 重重包裏하여 調和로운 明堂局을 만들었다. 다섯째, 兩墓 共히 물이 九曲으로 흘러나간다.(程氏墓 처음은 元辰水) 여섯째, 兩墓 共히 穴 뒤쪽의 頭腦部位가 豊富하다. 以上에서 共通點을 추출해 보았으나 兩墓의 相異點을 對比해보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 李禎墓는 낮은 곳에 위치하나 程氏墓는 높은 곳에 있다. 둘째, 李禎墓는 直龍結穴이나 程氏墓는 橫龍結穴이다. 셋째, 李禎墓는 來龍이 弱하나 程氏墓는 强하다. 넷째, 李禎墓는 乳穴이나 程氏墓는 窩穴이다. 다섯째, 李禎墓는 仙人讀書形(신선이 책을 읽고 있는 모양)이나 程氏墓는 金斗穴梁上形(손잡이가 달린 다리미형)이다. 여섯째, 李禎墓는 內明堂局이 相對的으로 작지만 程氏墓는 外明堂局이 크다. 退溪先生의 曾祖父母 李禎內外墓와 朱子의 高祖母 程氏墓와 比較해볼 때, 主山 또는 朝案의 文筆峰과 龍虎案의 一字文星, 豊富한 頭腦部分과 彎環屈曲의 九曲水, 重重包裏 속에서의 調和로운 明堂局이 작용하고 있다는 共通點을 찾을 수 있었다. 우리들은 일일이 모르고 있지만, 실제로 朱子나 退溪先生의 例에서 보듯이, 偉大한 人物의 背後에는 合當한 明堂이 있었음을 確認하였다는 事實은 커다란 意義가 있다고 본다. 積善을 많이 베풀어서, 明堂에 살거나 先祖를 明堂에 모시면, 心身도 健康하고 運命을 改善할 수 있다. 그리고 偉大한 後孫을 배출하면 道義昻場과 文化暢達을 통하여 國家社會의 發展과 繁榮에도 寄與할 수 있다. From ancient times, Korean and Chinese felt they shared a fate with the earth. They saw a magical link between man and the landscape. So they used feng shui(風水) as a way of linking man's destiny with that of nature by placing graves and residences at auspicious spots, to tap the earth's chi(地氣), where the chi flows smoothly and yin and yang(陰陽) are in harmony, making a productive cycle of the five elements(五行). Nature imitates life. Life imitates nature. Feng shui, as a language of symbols, is the key to understanding the silent dialogue between man and nature. The environment takes on a metaphorical quality. They believed that unless the deceased were properly buried, the descendants would suffer. The offspring of an ancestor with an exceptionally good grave on the basis of accumulated virtuous deeds(積善) for generations, it is believed, will be rewarded with wealth, health, lots of sons, longevity, and even a high position. Besides its offspring, even the fate of a nation depends, it is said, on the correct location of the ruler's residence and the correct burial of his ancestors. According to The Form School(形勢學派), the mountain shapes & configurations(山形) can influence the deceased's descendants, while The Compass School(理氣學派) focuses on the orientation(方位). Man is thus affected by yin and yang dwellings(陰陽宅) - the houses of the dead and the places of the living. I assumed, it would he much more truthful especially when it comes to the case of distinguished scholar like Toegye. Therefore, this article is to examine the feng shui on the residency where Toegye(退溪), known as a Korean Chu Hsi(東方朱子), was born and the tomb sites of his ancestors to reveal which one of those influenced him most strongly to be born a great scholar, in comparison with the case of Chu Hsi(朱熹), a respected neo-Confucian Chinese scholar. The writer visited to find Toegye's great-grand parent's graves(曾祖父母墓), buried on the correct spots where one can find no geomagnetic disturbance phenomena(地磁氣 攪亂 現象), backed by mountain shaped like a calligraphy brush(文筆峰) as the high black tortoise mountain(玄武, 主山) and flanked by & facing many surrounding mountains, in many folds, shaped like the horizontal line(一字文星) impling a successful scholar, making a big round bright yard(大明堂) in the center with views of a front pond and a zigzagged, meandering flow of water, which, I am sure, spurred him scholarly success. In case of Chu Hsi, his great-great-grand mother's grave(高祖母墓) surrounded by various mountains in many folds, especially faced two high mountains shaped like a big calligraphy brush(大文筆峰) soared high in the sky as the lower & higher vermilion birds(朱雀, 朝案) making a bigger wide outer bright yard, which, it is said, actualized him to become a famous neo-Confucian scholar. Finally, we analyzed that very distinguished scholars like Toegye & Chu Hsi were born due to the exceptionally good graves of their ancestors, buried correctly on the most comfortable spots where one can find geomagnetic homogenization effect(地磁氣 均一化 效果), backed or faced by the mountains shaped like a big calligraphy brush comprising a successful scholar in terms of feng shui. Feng shui tells us that locating the correct & auspicious spot, through the accumulation of virtuous deeds, plays a decisive role in casting the destiny of the occupants(residences), its descendants(graves) and even a nation(residence of the ruler & graves of his ancestors, city's shapes & public planning). Let's improve and harmonize the environment for one's better life, a prosperous nation and a peaceful world!

Spatiotemporal downscaling approaches for monitoring 8-day 30m actual evapotranspiration

Ke, Y.,Im, J.,Park, S.,Gong, H. Elsevier 2017 ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing Vol.126 No.-

Continuous monitoring of actual evapotranspiration (ET) is critical for water resources management at both regional and local scales. Although the MODIS ET product (MOD16A2) provides viable sources for ET monitoring at 8-day intervals, the spatial resolution (1km) is too coarse for local scale applications. In this study, we propose a machine learning and spatial temporal fusion (STF)-integrated approach in order to generate 8-day 30m ET based on both MOD16A2 and Landsat 8 data with three schemes. Random forest machine learning was used to downscale MODIS 1km ET to 30m resolution based on nine Landsat-derived indicators including vegetation indices (VIs) and land surface temperature (LST). STF-based models including Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model and Spatio-Temporal Image Fusion Model were used to derive synthetic Landsat surface reflectance (scheme 1)/VIs (scheme 2)/ET (scheme 3) on Landsat-unavailable dates. The approach was tested over two study sites in the United States. The results showed that fusion of Landsat VIs produced the best accuracy of predicted ET (R<SUP>2</SUP>=0.52-0.97, RMSE=0.47-3.0mm/8days and rRMSE=6.4-37%). High density of cloud-clear Landsat image acquisitions and low spatial heterogeneity of Landsat VIs benefit the ET prediction. The downscaled 30m ET had good agreement with MODIS ET (RMSE=0.42-3.4mm/8days, rRMSE=3.2-26%). Comparison with the in situ ET measurements showed that the downscaled ET had higher accuracy than MODIS ET.

附加價値稅 硏究

徐基浚 德成女子大學校 1978 德成女大論文集 Vol.7 No.-

The value added tax is, briefly, a tax levied on businesses on the value they add to their purchases of raw materials and goods and services. The base of the value added tax was originally derived by Thomas S.Adams and Wilhelm Von Siemens from accounts of the individual firm in order to eliminate the individual firm in order to eliminate the mutiple taxation of items intering into cost of sales which characterize the general turn-over tax. The value added tax has been adopted as the major sales tax of the European Economic Community and many other countries have adopted it and want to adopt it. The value added tax is classified in three kinds such as Gross Product Type, Net Income Type, and Consumption Type. The value added can be derived either by subtracting from total sales the amounts paid during the period for produced goods or specified categories of them(subtraction method) or by adding the various payments comprise value added: wages paid, interest paid, net profits, and so on(addition method). The tax rate can be levied on either a tax exclusive base, or a tx inclusive base. On either a tax exclusive or tax inclusive base, there are two methods of calculating the tax, the direct and the indirect. EEC has adopted consumption type which taxes on all goods purchased for business use may be deducted on a current basis, and has chosen the subtrdctive, tax exclusive, indirect method of calculating tax liability. Under such VAT system, the tax is almost forward shifting to consumers. The tax on value added shall be charged on: (a) deliveries of goods and the rendering of services, effected for a consideration within the country by a taxabel person. (b) the import of goods. Exports are free of tax when they cross a border. On entry to another country, as imports, they become liable to the full rate of VAT on similar goods domestically produced in the importing country. This treatment of exports and imports is that of the destination principle. The value added tax offers the great advandage of economic neutrality. It avoids the advers economic effects of the turn-over tax without concentrating the burden at a single stage. Since the tax applies only to the value added by each firm-not to gross receipts-the organization of production, the degree of integration, and the location of particular functions do not affect the overall tax liability so long as all sectors, including retailing, are covered. Exports can be freed of tax without difficulty while elimination of tax would improve the position of home industries in world market. At the same time, a substantial portion of the tax will be collected at preretail levels and much of this income will be collected at the import stage in the earliest years of development. Thus a government is assured of a large portion of the total revenue. A singnificant advdntage of the value added tax compared with all other tax forms is the buit-in cross-check feature. The tax paid by one firm is reported by firms purchasing from this vender as a credit against their own tax by the first firm is likely to be discovered. Another potential adventage of VAT is the possibly greater ease of excluding producers goods from coverage. Furthermore the value added tax can add to the useful fiscal weapons of government. The major problem of the value added tax is the greater overall complexity compared with the other forms of sales tax. The concept of the tax is much more difficult to make clearly understood and the task of record keeping is somewhat greater, since taxes paid on purchases must be compiled and cumulated in addition to data on sales. And regressiveness of its burden and preferential treatment of capital-intensive industries are another problems. The most trouble-some problem is the probable increase of prices at tehe beginning of its adoption.

敎授·學習體制 改善을 위한 敎育工學的 考察

李基種 群山敎育大學 1973 論文集 Vol.6 No.-

The major function of Education is divided into three classes. First, the function of performance involving the activity of Teaching-learning. Second, the function of promotion involving the activity of Management-administration. Third, the function of creation involving the activity of Research-Development. In order to maximize the function of Education, the former elements must be joined with the principle of System approach. In these function Teaching-learning activity is the most important field in Education, therefore, all the efforts for the improvement of Education must be concentrated to that of Teaching-learning activity. The elements of teaching-learning system are teaching personnel, student grouping, instructional media and educational space. The strategy for the improvement of Teaching-learning system is to realize the wholesome function of education by reorganizing and differentiation of the elements. We can expect the modernization of our education when the Teaching-learning system is improved according to the following principles. 1. The principle of economy getting the most results at the least costs. 2. The principle of efficiency minimizing the mutual frictions between the elements. 3. The principle of productivity maximizing the products through the continuous improvement.

組織內 集團에 있어서의 葛藤類型과 葛藤管理戰略

권기성 光云大學校 1994 인문사회과학논문집 Vol.23 No.-

Even though conflict is ofen said to be functional for organizations, most recommendations for organizational conflict still relate to conflict suppression, reduction, resolution, or minimization. Organizational conflict must not only be reduced or eliminated, but managed. The purpose of this paper attempts to suggest a strategy for managing conflict.

당뇨병 환자의 N.P.H.인슐린에 대한 혈당반응

문기석,강창일 인제대학교 1986 仁濟醫學 Vol.7 No.4

인슐린 투여가 필요한 입원 환자 40명의 N.P.H 인슐린에 대한 혈당 반응을 알기 위해 N.P.H. 인슐린을 이용, 공복에 투여함과 동시에 아침 식전(6AM), 점심 식전(11AM), 저녁 식전(4PM), 취침시(9PM)에 혈당을 측정한 결과 그 중 정상적 반응형이 20명(50.0%), 지연적 반응형이 13명(32.5%), 일시적 반응형이 7명(17.5%)이었다. To study the pattern of response to the intermediate acting N.P.H insulin, 40 patients who required insulin injection was evaluated with four times of blood sugar measurements. Each blood specimen obtained at the pre-breakfast, pre-lunch, pre-dinner and bed time respectively. And following results were obtained. 1.Among 40 diabetics studied, 20 cases (50.0%) had "B" type, 13 cases (32.5%) "C" type, 7 cases (17.5%) "A" type, respectively. 2."B" and "A" types were the most common in 7th decade and female as three times. "C" type was the most common in 6th decade and not observed sex difference. 3.In B type (20 patients), diabetes under 5 years was 10 cases (50%), from 5 years to 9 years was 5 cases (25%) and over 10 years was 5 cases (25%). In C and A types were showed imilar distribution. 4.In the mean doses of N.P.H. insulin, B types was injected 35 units daily, A type 44 units, C type 35 units. The difference was not significant (P>0.05)

가압 경수형 원자로의 부하 추종제어를 위한 적응 제어기의 설계

이기서 光云大學校 1988 論文集 Vol.17 No.-

This paper presents the design method of the Adaptive Controller for the steady state and load follow control of the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), when the values of the parameters are unknown or varied. As a reference model, the Gain Scheduled Optimal Load Follow Controller is used, which is modeled after the linearized model at the level of the 50% power output. The Linear Model Following Controller is designed as the first level controller, and Signal Synthesis Parallel Structure Adaptive Model Following Controller based on the hyperstability theory is designed as the second level controller. An examination of the adaptability of the designed AMFC system reveals that, for the 10% variation of the parameters, all the state outputs are stabilized into a load follow state after about 90 seconds and the proportional integral adaptation mechanism makes the algorithm easier.

聯結貸借對照表 作成에 關한 硏究

徐基浚 德成女子大學校 1979 德成女大論文集 Vol.8 No.-

The statement that erases the legal boundaries between a parent company and its subsidiary companies and presents the financial position of the affiliates as a single unit is known as the consolidated balance sheet. It was divised for the purpose of giving an interested person an voerall view of the financial position of a group of affiliated companies without requiring him to examine the balance sheet of all the related companies and to attempt to piece them together into a composite picture. In preparing a consolidated balance sheet, the subsiciary companies are viewed just as through they were branches. Individual assets and liabilities of the subsikiary units are combine dwith similar items of the parent. In viewing the parent and the subsidiary as a single entity, reciprocal intercompany balances must be eliminated to avoide a duplication of assets, liabilities, and ownership equities. The investment balance and the subsidiary capital accounts are without significance when the related units are viewed as one and are eliminated. When the amount paid by a value of the interest purchased, it is necessary to show the excess, which can not be assigned to specific subsidiaries assets, on the consolidated balance sheet with a title such "excess of cost over book value of subsidiary interest" or "excess of book value of subsidiary interest over cost." There are two methods that may be used by a parant to account for its investment in the stock of a subsidiary. They are the equity method and the cost method. The cost method of accounting for the parent's investment charges the investment account with only the cost of the subsidiary stock. Devidends received by the parent from the subsidiary are recorded as income. Under the equity method of accounting, the parent's investment account is adjusted to reflects changes in the book value of the subsidiary's stockholder's equity. The account is debited for the patent's share of increases and decrease in the subsidiary's net assets. Transactions among affiliated company frequently give rise to receivables on the statements of certain members of the groups and corresponding payables on the statements of others. Reciprocal asset and liability balances arise from such transactions as sales, advances, and loans among affiliated companies and the declaration of dividends by subsidiaries. Such reciprocal balances simply call for the transfer of cash from one party to another; transfers will have no effect upon net assets or the capital balances of the respective units. When the legal positions are disregared and the parent company and its subsidiaries are viewed as a single unit, the intercompany balances lose their significance and require elimination in the same manner as interbranch items. The sale of merchandise as well as of other properties often takes place between affiliated companies. An intercompany sale mormally invelves a profit to the company making the sale. This profit is properly recognized on the separate financial statements of the selling company. However, such a profit can be recognized for consolidated statements purposes only if the goods or other properties have been resold outside of the affiliated group. If the assets is still held by an affiliate, the sale must be viewed as no more than a transfer between affiliates. Therefore any intercompany profit should be excluded from the inventory valuation shown in the consolidated balance sheet. Intercompany bond holdings should be eliminated and only the bonds held by outsiders should be shown on the consolidated balance sheet. It is preferable to report intercompany bond holdings separately as a duduction from the full amount of bonds issued in the same manner as treasury bonds. In viewing parent and subsidiary as one company, both the intercompany bonds and any premium or discount balance related to such holdings lose their significance and must be eliminated. The amount paid for bonds is viewed as the cost of bond retirement; a difference between investment cost and the carrying value of the oblization is recognized as a loss or a gain from bond retirement. When the stodk of a subsidiary is only partly owned and a consolidated balance sheet is to be prepared, the assumption of a single entity would still require that all assets and liabilities of the related companies be combined. However, if all assets and liabilities of the subsidiary are to be reflected on the consolidated balance sheet, a minority interest in the net assets so combined must be recognized. The minority interests are not reciprocal to any balances on the parent company's books; therefore, they are not eliminated. The minority interest is shown on the credit side of the consolidated balance sheet-usually between the liabilities and the stockholders' equity. A parent may acquire control of a subsidiary through several purchase of stock at different times and a varying prices. A parent may sell part of its holdings in the subsidiary, thus reducing its interest. A parent's interest may change also as a result of the issuance of additional shares or the retirement of outstanding shares by the subsidiary. When changes have taken place in the interests held in subsidiary, investment account and reciprocal items must be eliminated according to the interests changed. If a parent company controls another company that itself is a parent company or control is achieved through a connecting affiliate, such a condition is described as indirect ownership. And when a subsidiary holds a block of the parent company, such a situation is described as mutual or reciprocal ownership. In case of indirect ownership or mutual ownership, the preparation of consolodated balance sheet for the parent requires careful analysis of investments, capitals, earnings, and dividends. There are limitations to the usefulness of consoliated balance sheet as a source of information to minority stockholders and creditors of subsidiary and to parent company's stodkholders and creditors. Thus a consolidated balance sheet should be viewed as a supplementary divice, not as a substitute for the separate exhibits of the affairs of either the parent company or subsidiaries.

園藝作物(가지科)의 바이러스病 發生生態에 對하여

李起運,李準琸 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE KYUNGPOOK NATIONAL UNIVERSI 1984 慶北大農學誌 Vol.2 No.-

Several ecological factors were investigated for the virus disease occurring on the horticultural crops (Solanaceae spp). The results obtained were as follows: In the survey of primary biological inoculum, 42 weed species showing viral symptoms were collected on the circumference of pepper, potato and tomato fields. The number of weed species showing viral symptoms were ; 38 species on pepper field, 24 species on potato field and 21 species on tomato field, respectively. The screening of viruses revealed that more weeds are infected by Cucumber Mosaic Virus(CMV) and Potato Virus Y(PVY) than by Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) and Potato Virus X (PVX). In single and double infection with viruses such as TMV, CMV and P VY on the pepper fields, the virus infection phases were different according to the area and according to the screening time. The pepper plants cultivated in Youngyang area were much more infected by virus than in Taegu, Namji and Kimchun area where the improved field hygien was applied. The severity of the disease in Youngyang area was mainly due to the double infection from the early growth stage. Transmission activity of TMV in different cultivation method on tomato was distinguishably higher in outdoor cultivation with furrow irrigation than vinyl house cultivation with furrow irrigation and outdoor cultivation without furrow irrigation. No significant difference the transmission activities was found between of vinyl house cultivation with furrow irrigation and outdoor cultivation without furrow irrigation.