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The qualitative orientation in medical education research
Jennifer Anne Cleland 한국의학교육학회 2017 Korean journal of medical education Vol.29 No.2
Qualitative research is very important in educational research as it addresses the “how” and “why” research questions and enables deeper understanding of experiences, phenomena and context. Qualitative research allows you to ask questions that cannot be easily put into numbers to understand human experience. Getting at the everyday realities of some social phenomenon and studying important questions as they are really practiced helps extend knowledge and understanding. To do so, you need to understand the philosophical stance of qualitative research and work from this to develop the research question, study design, data collection methods and data analysis. In this article, I provide an overview of the assumptions underlying qualitative research and the role of the researcher in the qualitative process. I then go on to discuss the type of research objectives which are common in qualitative research, then introduce the main qualitative designs, data collection tools, and finally the basics of qualitative analysis. I introduce the criteria by which you can judge the quality of qualitative research. Many classic references are cited in this article, and I urge you to seek out some of these further reading to inform your qualitative research program.
Three Decades of Hardware Description Languages in Europe
Jean Mermet,Peter Marwedel,Franz J. Ramming,Cleland Newton,Domminique Borrione,Claude Lefaou 한국정보과학회 1998 Journal of Electrical Engineering and Information Vol.3 No.6
This paper binds together a collection of short presentations on Hardware Description Languages(HDLs) developed in Europe and provides a view of the history of HDLs during the last three decades. This historical review wants to present the ideas, conceived in these previous languages, which are now implemented in the standard languages. Furthermore, this paper will highlight those early concepts which yet need to be implemented in the evolving standards or could provide a way to unify them (like VHDL or Verilog or SDL) within a formally defined multi-language environment. Among a large number of European works over 3 decades, we have selected a sample from different countries France, Germany, U.K, Italy, which have been implemented and used reliably in various segments of the industry. The selected HDLs, with the date of origination, are: CASSANDRE (1967), MIMOLA (1977), DACAPO (1977), ELLA(1979), ART (1980), and CASCADE (1981). We do not pretend to any exhaustive review, which is not the goal of this presentation, and have consciously left aside several works as valuable as those selected. We have not addressed for example ≪ synchronous languages ≫ very well developed in France, such as ESTEREL, LUSTRE or SIGNAL. Several other works existed in Germany, such as KARL, which was popular in the eighties, and benefits from a large bibliography or REGLAN. We should mention also among those HDLs not presented here CONLAN (a major international standardization effort involving a notable European contribution). We have tried to compare the main features of the chosen languages according to a list of criteria and briefly identify those which are still missing in the recognized worldwide standards.
Concurrent Effect of Dry Needling and Electrical Stimulation on Upper Extremity Hemiparesis
Maryam S. Ghaffari,Ardalan Shariat,Roshanak Honarpishe,Azadeh Hakakzadeh,Joshua A. Cleland,Sepehr Haghighi,Tohid S. Barghi 사단법인약침학회 2019 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.12 No.3
Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability in western countries. A variety of rehabilitation programs for the treatment of patients after stroke have been proposed. We describe the outcomes of a 49-year-old female patient with a 5-year history of right upper extremity hemiparesis after stroke. Physical examination revealed a right wrist extensor strength grade of 1 according to the Medical Research Council Manual Muscle Testing scale, Stage 4 according to the Brunnstrom hand functional recovery, and Grade 1 in finger flexor and in wrist flexor according to the Modified Modified Ashworth Scale system of muscle spasticity. Magnetic resonance imaging taken immediately after the stroke was indicative of an abnormal signal in the left paraventricular and lentiform nucleus. After receiving a single session of dry needling and electrical stimulation, the patient had significant improvement including a strength grade of 3 for the right wrist extensor muscles, Stage 6 according to the Brunnstrom hand functional recovery, and Grade 0 in finger flexor and in wrist flexor according to the Modified Modified Ashworth Scale system of muscle spasticity. This case report found that dry needling combined with electrical stimulation may be effective in hand function recovery, wrist extensor muscles strength, and decreased wrist and finger spasticity.