GC-MS/MS를 활용한 소고기 및 우유 중 잔류농약 다성분 동시분석법 확립

한희주 ( Heeju Han ),이정학 ( Junghak Lee ),원수 ( Xiu Yuan ),박은영 ( Eunyoung Park ),주보은 ( Boeun Ju ),신용호 ( Yongho Shin ),김정한 ( Jeong-han Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2020 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2020 No.-

축산물에서 잔류농약이 검출되는 사례가 발생하면서 식품의 안전성에 대한 불안감이 확산되고 있고 농약허용물질 관리제도(PLS)의 도입이 확정되면서 신뢰할 수 있는 잔류농약 분석법의 필요성이 제고되고 있는 실정이다. 이에, 본 연구는 육류 중 국내 섭취량이 높으면서 포화지방성분이 많아 분석이 어려울 것으로 예상되는 소고기와 그 부산물인 우유를 대상으로 GC 분석이 가능한 농약의 신속 정확한 다성분 분석법을 확립해보고자 하였다. 해외 잔류허용기준 (maximum residue limit, MRLs) 이 존재하는 농약 중 QuEChERS로 전처리가 가능하고 GC-MS/MS로 분석이 가능한 성분을 선정하여 이번 연구를 진행하였다. GC-MS/MS는 Shimadzu GCMS-8050 를 사용하였고 분석 정량한계 (MLOQ, method limit of quantitation)는 0.01 mg/kg이었으며 검량 범위 3-50 ug/mL에서 검량선 상관계수(r2)는 r2>0.98이었다. 분석기기 상의 오차를 보정하기 위해 내부표준물질로 triphenylphosphate (TPP)를 사용하였고, 회수율을 계산하기 위하여 MLOQ, 10MLOQ, 50MLOQ 수준으로 표준용액을 처리하였다. 전처리 조건을 최적화하기 위하여 추출용매와 정제법을 다르게 하여 비교하였다. 추출용매는 0.1% formic acid를 첨가한 acetonitrile 용매와 이에 ethyl acetate를 첨가한 용매를 비교하였다. 작물에 비해서 지방이 많은 축산물의 특성을 고려하여 총 5종류의 정제법을 비교하였다 [dSPE 3종류(C18-dSPE, 2-SEP, Z-SEP plus)와 SPE 2종류(Prime HLB, Phree)]. 113가지 농약성분 중 회수율이 70~120%를 만족하는 성분들의 개수를 비교하였고, 결과적으로 추출용매의 경우, 소고기는 0.1% formic acid와 50% ethyl acetate를 첨가한 acetonitrile 용매가, 우유는 0.1% formic acid를 첨가한 acetonitrile 용매가 효과적으로 확인되었다. 정제의 경우, Z-SEP을 이용하여 정제하는 조건에서 안정적인 경향성을 보이고 있어 동시분석에 용이할 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구는 해당 농약들을 소고기와 우유에서 동시 정량분석이 가능해서 소고기와 우유에 대한 해당 잔류농약 검사 및 MRLs을 설정하는 데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Long-term outcome of 18 years single-center study of surgical treatment of choledochal cyst patients

Wung Sun HAN,Hongbeom KIM,Jae-Seung KANG,Heeju SON,Youngmin HAN,Wooil KWON,Jin-Young JANG 한국간담췌외과학회 2021 Annals of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery Vol.25 No.-

EXPLORING SOCIAL MEDIA SEVICES OF GLOBAL FASHION BRANDS: DOES CUSTOMER SOCIAL PARTICIPATION HAVE AN IMPACT ON CUSTOMER EQUITY?

Heeju Chae,Eunju Ko,Jinghe Han 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

Social media, Web 2.0 based social activity and powerful marketing tool, brought about a new paradigm for the 21st century culture and society. In line with the trend, the fashion industry is vigorously undertaking marketing activities on social media, seeking to build and maintain relationships with their customers through the Internet and mobile devices. The one-way provision of information by firms to customers has evolved to a symmetrical form of customers, whereby the customers also supply information to the firms share information with other customers. Through social media services, customers not only share their thoughts and experiences but also exchange tangible products and publicize the products, thereby directly participating in production and marketing activities of brands. Such participation of consumers offers inspirations for differentiated service on the part of the brands, for which proactive and long-term participatory activities of customers are required. Customer participation is of primary importance in current service marketing industry. Until now, related literature on customer participation has mostly centered on offline service situations. However, the advent of social media has simplified the process of participation for customers, and invoking voluntary customer participation has become the greatest challenge facing service industries, and, at the same time, the path to success. Those of us who live in the age of information technology are offered the opportunity to engage in two-way communication with other customers, the brand, and the media. Thus, customer participation is just as, if not, more important in an online environment. More and more customers are becoming directly involved in brand activities, which affect the brands as well as the customers themselves. Nonetheless, extant customer participation research focuses on developing constructs that are largely based on offline situations. Although such constructs correspond in part to the online setting, they fall short of meeting the unique characteristics of customer participation in social media. Therefore, in order to establish constructs for customer participation in social media, revision and supplementation of the offline-based constructs were found to be necessary. Based on interaction theory, this study explored the notion of customer participation in fashion brands’ social networking site (SNS) service by categorizing it into three types: customer-customer, customer-brand, and customer-media participation. In addition, it examined the external factors that influence customer social participation and how active social participation of customers in SNS affects trust and customer equity. The association between measurement variables according to the brand type was also closely examined. This study underwent two pre-tests to revise and supplement the survey items on customer social participation. A preliminary investigation was conducted on 516 respondents, and a total of 582 respondents participated in the main investigation. The respondents who were invited to participate lived in Korea, were in their 20s or 30s, and had previous experience in using fashion brands’ SNS service, SPSS 18.0 was used to conduct frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and t-test. Based on the results, AMOS 18.0 was used to undergo confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The results of the study are summarized as follows. Based on the brand type (SPA and luxury) and the rate of sales, Uniqlo, a global SPA brand that boasts the largest number of SNS fans, and Louis Vuitton, a global luxury brand, were chosen for the study. The respondents consisted of consumers in their 20s and the 30s who, within the last six months, had previous experience in using the SNS service of the brands. The sample consisted of 40.7% male and 59.6% female, and 72.5% were in their 20s and 27.5% in 30s. A large percentage of the respondents were students (64.9%). The large proportion of university students reflects the trend of most active users of SNS being university students. Second, SNS service shopping context found positive association with customer-customer participation and customer-brand participation, but customer-media participation was insignificant. The results show that as the SNS is characterized by its linkage to different websites and platforms, customers are exposed to constant opportunities for participation. On the other hand, customer-media participation was found to be insignificant, which can be interpreted as indiscriminate constant supply of information that seeks to spur impulsive buying leading to antagonism of the customers. Such negative situations can be avoided by departing from indiscriminate provision of information to offering information that is customized to the needs and demands of each customer and invoking the customer to participate in information delivery. Third, SNS participation motivation and customer social participation were all positively associated. In particular, customer-media participation demonstrated the strongest influence, followed by customer-customer and customer-brand participation. As such, active participation of the customer with the brand is the most effective way to create collaborative, synergy effect or co-creation. Fourth, all routes from SNS user orientation to customer social participation were significant. SNS users in general possessed high levels of self-efficacy and tended to feel elevated as well as find altruistic pleasure in providing information that would help others. Such users participate through numerous ways such as customer-brand and customer-media participation but were the most active in customer-customer participation. Fifth, it was found that customer-customer and customer-brand participation builds trust of the customers toward the SNS service and the information or the information provider. However, customer-media participation did not indicate the same results. In order to build trust through participation, brands need to provide an inviting environment for customers to post comments and share information. Furthermore, marketing strategies, such as offering events and coupons to stimulate E-WOM activities of customers as well as creating a space for open communication are vital to building trust. Sixth, customer-media participation was positively associated with customer equity. Unlike customer-customer and customer-brand participation which requires constant physical effort of the customer, customer-media participation demands considerably less time and effort apart from the initial stages during which customization process is undergone to receive tailored information with just one click. Therefore, establishing convenient and practical system that targets the Y-generation in their 20s and 30s is emphasized in order to maintain a long-term relationship. Seventh, trust is positively associated with customer equity. Building trust is based on interactivity among people. This study found that customer-customer participation and customer-brand participation influence customer equity through trust, while customer-media participation leads to customer equity without being mediated by trust. Therefore, all three types of participation are equally important to customer equity. Eighth, brand type was a meaningful moderator to the relationship between SNS service shopping context, SNS service user orientation, participation motivation, customer social participation, trust, and customer equity. To summarize, the type of participation to encourage is based on the brand type, and as customers may have different expectations according to the brand, it is important to understand their orientations and provide customized information or an open space for communication. In addition, participation behavior has a strong potential to influence customer equity, but depending on the type of participation, trust may not necessarily positively influence customer equity. Therefore, it is recommended that brands offer credible and sincere information that customers can trust and follow. The significance of this study is that it is one of the first studies to examine customer participation in a social media environment. At a point in time where customers’ value creation is attracting increased attention, this study empirically revealed that customer-media relationship, which enables customer-customer and customer-brand participation on SNS, is also within the bounds of participation. Furthermore, this study identified the importance of relational marketing approach to brand and customer through customer social participation. By applying the concept of customer equity, which is in its fledgling stage in the area of consumer fashion marketing, it offers a basis for future research on long-term relationship building with firms The limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are discussed below. The sample of the study consisted of Koreans between the ages of 20 to 30. The limitation in the sample is inadequate to generalize the findings, and therefore, a comparative study with broader sample across culture and age is necessary. Moreover, this study observed customer participation on SNS environment. However, as there was a lack of preceding literature in this area, the measurement scales were revised and supplemented to fit the purpose of this study. The measurement instrument, therefore, needs to be further applied with different antecedents and consequences in subsequent research. Finally, due to the lack of previous literature on customer participation in SNS environment, the theoretical basis of the relationship between the variables lacked solidity. This study adapted a part of a theoretical framework to fit the context of the study to come up with the hypothesized relationship between the variables. Therefore, it is suggested that future research works toward developing and strengthening the theoretical framework of customer social participation.

How do customers’ SNS participation activities impact on customer equity drivers and customer loyalty? Focus on the SNS services of a global SPA brand

Heeju Chae,고은주,Jinghe Han 한국마케팅과학회 2015 마케팅과학연구 Vol.25 No.2

As SNS services develop, consumer participation becomes more important in theprocess of service production and delivery, especially in the service marketing field. Consumer participation contributes to increases in companies’ productivity and servicequality. Therefore, the roles played by consumers include co-producer or co-operatorof products or services, as well as contributor to increased quality of product,satisfaction and values. In addition to using SNS to share their opinions, thoughts andexperiences, consumers have taken a step further, also using SNS to sell and buyproducts and to share promotions and reviews about the products. Therefore, thepurpose of this study is to define constructs of customers’ SNS participation activitiesin global SPA brands. Measurement items were extracted from previous studies andfrom in-depth interviews. The study examines the effects of customers’ SNSparticipation activities on customer equity drivers . value equity, brand equity andrelationship equity . in global SPA brands. Data are analyzed by factor analysis,frequency analysis, correlation and structural equation modeling using SPSS 18.0 andAMOS 18.0. The results of this study are as follows: first, there are six constructs ofcustomers’ SNS participation activities . request, e-WOM, helping, cooperation, newmedia seeking and sharing. Second, there are two constructs of customers’ SNSparticipation activities . e-WOM and cooperation that have a positive influence onvalue equity and brand equity. E-WOM, especially, also affects relationship equity. Third, customer equity drivers have an impact on customer loyalty. This study providesevidence of difference between customer participation activities in offline and onlinecircumstances. Moreover, it shows how customers’ SNS participation activities havepowerful effects on drivers of customer equity drivers and customer loyalty. This study,therefore, suggests the important role of customers’ SNS participation activities inincreasing customer equity toward fashion brand industries.

EXPLORING SOCIAL MEDIA SEVICES OF GLOBAL FASHION BRANDS: DOES CUSTOMER SOCIAL PARTICIPATION HAVE AN IMPACT ON CUSTOMER EQUITY?

Heeju Chae,Eunju Ko,Jinghe Han 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.8

Social media, Web 2.0 based social activity and powerful marketing tool, brought about a new paradigm for the 21st century culture and society. In line with the trend, the fashion industry is vigorously undertaking marketing activities on social media, seeking to build and maintain relationships with their customers through the Internet and mobile devices. The one-way provision of information by firms to customers has evolved to a symmetrical form of customers, whereby the customers also supply information to the firms share information with other customers. Through social media services, customers not only share their thoughts and experiences but also exchange tangible products and publicize the products, thereby directly participating in production and marketing activities of brands. Such participation of consumers offers inspirations for differentiated service on the part of the brands, for which proactive and long-term participatory activities of customers are required. Customer participation is of primary importance in current service marketing industry. Until now, related literature on customer participation has mostly centered on offline service situations. However, the advent of social media has simplified the process of participation for customers, and invoking voluntary customer participation has become the greatest challenge facing service industries, and, at the same time, the path to success. Those of us who live in the age of information technology are offered the opportunity to engage in two-way communication with other customers, the brand, and the media. Thus, customer participation is just as, if not, more important in an online environment. More and more customers are becoming directly involved in brand activities, which affect the brands as well as the customers themselves. Nonetheless, extant customer participation research focuses on developing constructs that are largely based on offline situations. Although such constructs correspond in part to the online setting, they fall short of meeting the unique characteristics of customer participation in social media. Therefore, in order to establish constructs for customer participation in social media, revision and supplementation of the offline-based constructs were found to be necessary. Based on interaction theory, this study explored the notion of customer participation in fashion brands’ social networking site (SNS) service by categorizing it into three types: customer-customer, customer-brand, and customer-media participation. In addition, it examined the external factors that influence customer social participation and how active social participation of customers in SNS affects trust and customer equity. The association between measurement variables according to the brand type was also closely examined. This study underwent two pre-tests to revise and supplement the survey items on customer social participation. A preliminary investigation was conducted on 516 respondents, and a total of 582 respondents participated in the main investigation. The respondents who were invited to participate lived in Korea, were in their 20s or 30s, and had previous experience in using fashion brands’ SNS service, SPSS 18.0 was used to conduct frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and t-test. Based on the results, AMOS 18.0 was used to undergo confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The results of the study are summarized as follows. Based on the brand type (SPA and luxury) and the rate of sales, Uniqlo, a global SPA brand that boasts the largest number of SNS fans, and Louis Vuitton, a global luxury brand, were chosen for the study. The respondents consisted of consumers in their 20s and the 30s who, within the last six months, had previous experience in using the SNS service of the brands. The sample consisted of 40.7% male and 59.6% female, and 72.5% were in their 20s and 27.5% in 30s. A large percentage of the respondents were students (64.9%). The large proportion of university students reflects the trend of most active users of SNS being university students. Second, SNS service shopping context found positive association with customer-customer participation and customer-brand participation, but customer-media participation was insignificant. The results show that as the SNS is characterized by its linkage to different websites and platforms, customers are exposed to constant opportunities for participation. On the other hand, customer-media participation was found to be insignificant, which can be interpreted as indiscriminate constant supply of information that seeks to spur impulsive buying leading to antagonism of the customers. Such negative situations can be avoided by departing from indiscriminate provision of information to offering information that is customized to the needs and demands of each customer and invoking the customer to participate in information delivery. Third, SNS participation motivation and customer social participation were all positively associated. In particular, customer-media participation demonstrated the strongest influence, followed by customer-customer and customer-brand participation. As such, active participation of the customer with the brand is the most effective way to create collaborative, synergy effect or co-creation. Fourth, all routes from SNS user orientation to customer social participation were significant. SNS users in general possessed high levels of self-efficacy and tended to feel elevated as well as find altruistic pleasure in providing information that would help others. Such users participate through numerous ways such as customer-brand and customer-media participation but were the most active in customer-customer participation. Fifth, it was found that customer-customer and customer-brand participation builds trust of the customers toward the SNS service and the information or the information provider. However, cu

THE POTENTIAL OF 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY IN THE FASHION INDUSTRY

Jinghe Han,Heeju Chae,Eunju Ko 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

3D printing technology, also called the third manufacturing revolution, dramatically changes and revolutionizes the original frame, shifting production processes, supply chains, and the global economic order (Yeh, 2014). The World Economic Forum (2013) selected 3D printing as one of '10 promising technologies'. U.S. President Barack Obama, states in the State of the Union address in 2013: I will bring a revolution of new manufacturing business on the support of technology of 3D printing. Furthermore, G2 (Group of 2: US and China), China expressed their commitment to invest in the 3D printing technology to restructure the manufacturing industry (Garrett, 2014). By considering its immense economic and creative potential, it is important to understand the effects of 3D printing on the fashion industry. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is (1) to examine the application of 3D printing in fashion industry and (2) to analyze the way it changes the fashion industry. In this study, information from various sources was used, such as governmental market reports, academic literature, newspaper articles, and related other materials. Through analyzing the change of the fashion industry, this research found that technical characteristics of 3D printing were more suitable for customized items that produced in small quantity rather than for the mass market. In addition, 3D printing will change the ‘global operating environment’ for policy makers as well as with regards to business and labor conditions. Governments have to consider the possible risks and problems of 3D printing, ranging from design copyright, security concerns about printing of weapons, and other destructive issues This study indicates how 3D printing technology changes the structure of the apparel industry and the preparation of future changes. The findings will help to understand the effects of 3D printing on the fashion industry and provide a guideline to policy makers to develop a governmental policy. These implications will be useful to both the government and apparel companies. Future research of 3D printing should include quantitative research concerning the attitude and acceptance of fashion consumers on 3D printing technology.

THE POTENTIAL OF 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY IN THE FASHION INDUSTRY

Jinghe Han,Heeju Chae,Eunju Ko 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.10

3D printing technology, also called the third manufacturing revolution, dramatically changes and revolutionizes the original frame, shifting production processes, supply chains, and the global economic order (Yeh, 2014). The World Economic Forum (2013) selected 3D printing as one of '10 promising technologies'. U.S. President Barack Obama, states in the State of the Union address in 2013: "I will bring a revolution of new manufacturing business on the support of technology of 3D printing". Furthermore, G2 (Group of 2: US and China), China expressed their commitment to invest in the 3D printing technology to restructure the manufacturing industry (Garrett, 2014). By considering its immense economic and creative potential, it is important to understand the effects of 3D printing on the fashion industry. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is (1) to examine the application of 3D printing in fashion industry and (2) to analyze the way it changes the fashion industry. In this study, information from various sources was used, such as governmental market reports, academic literature, newspaper articles, and related other materials. Through analyzing the change of the fashion industry, this research found that technical characteristics of 3D printing were more suitable for customized items that produced in small quantity rather than for the mass market. In addition, 3D printing will change the ‘global operating environment’ for policy makers as well as with regards to business and labor conditions. Governments have to consider the possible risks and problems of 3D printing, ranging from design copyright, security concerns about printing of weapons, and other destructive issues This study indicates how 3D printing technology changes the structure of the apparel industry and the preparation of future changes. The findings will help to understand the effects of 3D printing on the fashion industry and provide a guideline to policy makers to develop a governmental policy. These implications will be useful to both the government and apparel companies. Future research of 3D printing should include quantitative research concerning the attitude and acceptance of fashion consumers on 3D printing technology.

How do customers' SNS participation activities impact on customer equity drivers and customer loyalty? Focus on the SNS services of a global SPA brand

Chae, Heeju,Ko, EunJu,Han, Jinghe Taylor Francis 2015 마케팅과학연구 Vol.25 No.2

A rapid, simultaneous and quantitative analysis of 26 ginsenosides in white and red Panax ginseng using LC–MS/MS

Lee Junghak,Han Heeju,Yuan Xiu,Park Eunyoung,Lee Jonghwa,Kim Jeong-Han 한국응용생명화학회 2021 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.64 No.1

A quantitative analysis of ginsenoside is very important for ginseng studies because each ginsenoside shows different medical activity and metabolic pathway. In this study, a rapid, simultaneous, and quantitative analysis of 26 ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2(R), Rg2(S), Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rg5, Rg6, Rh1(R), Rh1(S), Rh2(R), Rh2(S), F1, F2, F3, F4, K, Mc, PPT(S), XVII, and Y) in white, and red Panax ginseng was established using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). The mobile phase of water and methanol containing 0.1% formic acid and HSS T3 C18 analytical column was used for the chromatographic separation. The four sets of stereoisomers were successfully separated within a 26-min run time, eluting the S-isomer faster than the R-isomer with higher concentration. The ginseng extract was diluted by 100, 400 and 8000 times to fit in the calibration range and quantitated by the standard addition method. Matrix matched calibration by mixing 64 μL of the ginseng extract with 16 μL of the standard solution was used for compensating the matrix effect. Such quantitation methodology using dilution, standard addition and matrix matching resulted in precise and unambiguous quantitation of 26 ginsenosides in ginseng products. Major ginsenosides were observed at relatively higher concentrations in red Panax ginseng and the Mc was detected and quantitated for the first time in this study. The comprehensive quantitation system established in this study will contribute to quality evaluation, breeding and culturing, and quantitative metabolomics study of ginseng.

Changes in Weight and Circumference by Drying Periods with Different Ageds and Regions in Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum

Gi Ppeum Kim(김기쁨),Han Kyeol Ji(지한결),Hyung Seo Kim(김형서),Heeju Kwon(권희주),Haeun Joo(주하은),Juyoung Jeong(정주영),Young Sun Hwang(황영선),Myoung Gun Choung(정명근) 한국약용작물학회 2017 한국약용작물학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.2