Four Alternative Estimates of Surplus Labor and Their Influence on Urban-Rural Inequality in China

Furong Jin 서울대학교 경제연구소 2013 Seoul journal of economics Vol.26 No.4

This study examines the effect of agricultural surplus labor on the urban-rural income gap in post-reform China. Using 29 Chinese provincial data from 1988 to 2011 and applying simultaneous equations, this study finds that surplus labor is an important factor for the increased inequality between urban and rural areas, and thus confirms Lewis's dual economy theory. Four different methods, namely, the classical method, international standard structure comparison, the sown-land-to-labor-ratio method, and the arable-landto- labor-ratio method, are used to estimate agricultural surplus labor. Although the surplus labor forces estimated by the four methods significantly differ in their magnitudes (from 14 million to 80 million), their influence on urban-rural inequality is the same and robust. Provinces with more surplus labor have wider urban-rural income gaps, implying that the reduction of surplus labor is a fundamental means to reduce urban-rural inequality.

China’s Real Estate Market

Furong Jin 대외경제정책연구원 2014 KIEP Opinions Vol.2014 No.10

China’s Rural Consumption Market:

Furong Jin,Jonghyuk Oh 대외경제정책연구원 2014 World Economy Brief Vol.2014 No.01

Consumer Market Characteristics of Emerging Cities in China and Its Implications

JIN Furong,LEE Hyong-Kun,PAK Jinhee,KIM Hong Won,CHOI Ji Won 대외경제정책연구원 2015 World Economy Brief Vol.2015 No.01

Foreign Direct Investment and Income Inequality in China

Furong Jin 서울대학교 경제연구소 2009 Seoul journal of economics Vol.22 No.3

This paper examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on China's income inequality. Two measures of inequality are used in this study: inequality within the urban community and the urban-rural income gap. Data covering 25 provinces from 1990 to 2006 are analyzed using the following techniques: fixed effects, random effects, and system GMM. This study finds that: (1) FDI significantly increases urban inequality and the distributional effect of FDI on urban inequality is robust in all the techniques and different measures of FDI used. (2) there is no evidence that FDI widens income disparity between urban and rural areas.

중국의 LED 산업 현황 및 정책 시사점

김부용(Furong Jin),조현준(Hyun-Jun Cho) 에너지경제연구원 2012 에너지경제연구 Vol.11 No.1

최근 중국은 한국과 마찬가지로 LED 산업을 미래의 전략적 신산업으로 집중 육성하고 있다. 중국과 경쟁 및 협력 관계에 있는 한국은 중국의 LED 산업 동향 및 육성정책 등을 잘 파악해야 한다. 특히 중국의 LED 산업은 지역별로 발전양상이 다르기 때문에 지역별 접근과 이해가 필요하다. 그러나 중국 LED 산업에 대한 기존의 연구는 현재 극히 부족한 형편이다. 중국의 녹색산업 전반을 다룬 연구는 상당수 있으나 LED 산업만을 다룬 연구는 소수에 불과하고, 그나마도 국가 차원의 발전 전략과 현황을 대체적으로 소개하는 수준에 그쳤다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 중국의 LED 산업 현황을 정책, 시장, 경쟁, 수입, 지역분포, 가치사슬 등으로 구분해 구체적이고도 종합적?입체적으로 분석하고자했다. 이를 통해 보다 실제적인 정책시사점을 도출함으로써, 금후 한?중 간의LED 산업 교류?협력 확대에 유용한 정보와 자료를 제공하고자 한다. China has been actively supporting LED industry as a future strategic industry. Korea in the LED industry, which is competing and cooperating with China, should be well acquainted with China"s LED industry trends and development policies. Particularly, China"s LED industry varies from region to region, so diverse approaches are needed when cooperating with or advancing into different regions. However, existing reseraches on Chinese LED industry are rather limited to the introduction of development strategies and current situation at the national level, and there are few literature on approaches by region. In this paper, analyses on the state of China"s LED industry are embodied in specific fields including policy, markets, competition, import, regional distribution, value chain, and etc.; thus presented are some practical policay implications for Korea.

中国人口负增长原因及经济影响初探

金芙蓉 ( Jin Furong ),辛善姬 ( Xin Shanji ) 성균관대학교 성균중국연구소 2024 중국사회과학논총 Vol.6 No.1

这项研究首先考察了中国近期人口统计学上的变化及其原因, 并探讨了中国政府为解决这一问题所采取的政策。自2013年起, 由于生育率下降, 中国的劳动年龄人口开始减少, 而2022年中国人口61年来首次出现负增长。同时, 随着老龄化进程的加快, 中国于2001年进入老龄化社会, 2021年进入老龄社会。中国生育率的下降和劳动年龄人口的减少, 以及老龄化进程的加快, 主要源于实施30多年的计划生育政策。高房价、高生活费用、高教育费用以及缺乏对女性经济活动的保护措施, 也是约束生育的经济因素。另一方面, 中国人口的减少和老龄化不仅对中国经济, 也对全球经济产生负面影响。这些影响包括中国产品出口价格随着劳动成本的上升而提高;进口中国产品的国家的通货膨胀加速;中国的消费支出减少和消费驱动增长模式的转变动能减弱; 以及对进入中国国内市场的全球品牌产生负面影响等等。然而, 不同国家的经验表明, 人口负增长与经济增长两者能够并存。人口负增长的影响是长期的、渐进的、缓慢的, 如果及早规划、积极应对可足以降低其对经济增长的负面效应。与中国经济紧密相关的韩国有必要关注中国人口减少和老龄化所带来的劳动成本上升、消费支出变化, 以及中国政府的政策措施。 This study first examines the recent demographic changes in China and their causes, as well as the policies adopted by the Chinese government to address these issues. Since 2013, due to declining birth rates, China’s working-age population began to decrease, and in 2022, China experienced a population decline for the first time in 61 years. Simultaneously, with the rapid progression of aging, China entered an aging society in 2001 and an “aged society” in 2021. The decline in China’s birth rate, reduction in the working-age population, and rapid aging are primarily attributed to over three decades of the one-child policy. High housing costs, living expenses, educational expenses, and the lack of protective measures for women’s economic activities are economic constraints on childbirth. On the other hand, China’s population decline and aging not only affect the Chinese economy but also have negative effects on the global economy. These impacts include the increase in export prices of Chinese products due to rising labor costs, the acceleration of inflation in countries importing Chinese products. Moreover, Chin’s population decline induces the decrease in China’s consumer spending and the weakening momentum of the consumption-driven growth model, as well as negative effects on global brands entering the Chinese domestic market. However, experiences from different countries show that negative population growth and economic growth can coexist. The impact of negative population growth is long-term, gradual, and slow. If properly planned and actively responded to, it can sufficiently mitigate its negative effects on economic growth. South Korea, closely linked to China’s economy, needs to pay attention to the increase in labor costs, changes in consumer spending, and the policies of the Chinese government resulting from China’s population decline and aging.

PARP1 poly(ADP-ribosyl)ates Sox2 to control Sox2 protein levels and FGF4 expression during embryonic stem cell differentiation.

Gao, Furong,Kwon, Sung Won,Zhao, Yingming,Jin, Ying American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Bi 2009 The Journal of biological chemistry Vol.284 No.33

<P>Transcription factors Oct4 and Sox2 are key players in maintaining the pluripotent state of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Small changes in their levels disrupt normal expression of their target genes. However, it remains elusive how protein levels of Oct4 and Sox2 and expression of their target genes are precisely controlled in ESCs. Here we identify PARP1, a DNA-binding protein with an NAD+-dependent enzymatic activity, as a cofactor of Oct4 and Sox2 to regulate expression of their target gene FGF4. We demonstrate for the first time that PARP1 binds the FGF4 enhancer to positively regulate FGF4 expression. Our data show that PARP1 interacts with and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ates Sox2 directly, which may be a step required for dissociation and degradation of inhibitory Sox2 proteins from the FGF4 enhancer. When PARP1 activity is inhibited or absent, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of Sox2 decreases and association of Sox2 with FGF4 enhancers increases, accompanied by an elevated level of Sox2 proteins and reduced expression of FGF4. Significantly, specific knockdown of Sox2 expression by RNA interference can considerably abrogate the inhibitory effect of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor on FGF4 expression. Interestingly, PARP1 deficiency does not affect undifferentiated ESCs but compromises cell survival and/or growth when ESCs are induced into differentiation. Addition of FGF4 can partially rescue the phenotypes caused by PARP1 deficiency during ESC differentiation. Taken together, this study uncovers new mechanisms through which Sox2 protein levels and FGF4 expression are dynamically regulated during ESC differentiation and adds a new member to the family of proteins regulating the properties of ESCs.</P>

Prokaryotic expression and protein function of Brassica napus PGIP2 and its genetic transformation

Haiyan HuangFu,Chunyun Guan,Furong Jin,Changfa Yin 한국식물생명공학회 2014 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.8 No.2

Sclerotinia rot is a fungal disease caused bySclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, which has severelyreduced rapeseed production worldwide. Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PIGPs) inhibit theactivity of polygalacturonases, which are secreted duringfungal infection in plants. This study investigated thefunction of the polygalacturonase-inhibitor gene 2 (PGIP2)in sclerotinia rot resistance. The PGIP2 was successfullyexpressed in a prokaryotic system, and recombinant PGIP2protein, purified after enterokinase treatment to remove tagpeptide, inhibited S. sclerotiorum PG activity in vitro. PGIP2 was overexpressed in the susceptible Brassica napuscultivar 98c40 via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. After inoculation with S. sclerotiorum mycelia, thetransgenic rapeseed demonstrated greatly reduced leafdamage, as compared with their non-transgenic plants. Therefore, the PGIP2 encodes a functional protein andwould be a candidate gene for enhancing Sclerotinia rotresistance.

Strategy for Entering China’s Regional and Provincial Domestic Markets

Pyeongseob Yang,Jihyun Jung,Suyeon No,Furong Jin,Hyunjung Park,Minkyung Lim,Jonghyuk Oh,Hongwon Kim,Jinhee Park,Sanghee Lee 대외경제정책연구원 2014 World Economy Brief Vol.2014 No.01