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Fried,Rafael,Rosin,Eyal 대한전자공학회 1995 ICVC : International Conference on VLSI and CAD Vol.4 No.1
This paper presents a high resolution Frequency Multiplier (FMUL) with the ability to multiply frequency with a high multiplication factor. It was designed for chip-sets that use a real time clock (32,768Hz) for power-save operation. and an additional high-frequency oscillator, in the range of 40MHz, for regular operation. Using the FMUL enables to spare the need for the additional high-frequency oscillator. The chip will be driven by a single clocking source - the low frequency oscillator. The FMLTL is almost fully digital, its output frequency resolution is 100ppm, and the multiplication factor is a programmable ratio of the form N/M, that can vary between 1 and 16,383. The high-frequency at the FMUL's output may be up to 200MHz. The circuit is designed to work with 2.5-5.5v supply voltage. It is implemented in a standard 0.8um N-well CMOS process, and its area is 750mil².
Radiation testing of low cost, commercial off the shelf microcontroller board
Fried, Tomas,Di Buono, Antonio,Cheneler, David,Cockbain, Neil,Dodds, Jonathan M.,Green, Peter R.,Lennox, Barry,Taylor, C. James,Monk, Stephen D. Korean Nuclear Society 2021 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.53 No.10
The impact of gamma radiation on a commercial off the shelf microcontroller board has been investigated. Three different tests have been performed to ascertain the radiation tolerance of the device from a nuclear decommissioning deployment perspective. The first test analyses the effect of radiation on the output voltage of the on-board voltage regulator during irradiation. The second test evaluated the effect of gamma radiation on the voltage characteristics of analogue and digital inputs and outputs. The final test analyses the functionality of the microcontroller when using an external, shielded voltage regulator instead of the on-board voltage regulator. The results suggest that a series of latch-ups occurs in the microcontroller during irradiation, causing increased current drain which can damage the voltage regulator if it does not have short-circuit protection. The analogue to digital conversion functionality appears to be more sensitive to gamma radiation than digital and analogue output functionality. Using an external, shielded voltage regulator can prove beneficial when used for certain applications. The collected data suggests that detaching the voltage regulator can extend the lifespan of the platform up to approximately 350 Gy.
Optimal number of pulses as outcome measures of neuronavigated transcranial magnetic stimulation
Chang, Won Hyuk,Fried, Peter J.,Saxena, Sadhvi,Jannati, Ali,Gomes-Osman, Joyce,Kim, Yun-Hee,Pascual-Leone, Alvaro ELSEVIER 2016 CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY -SHANNON- Vol.127 No.8
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Objective</B></P> <P>Identify the optimal number of pulses necessary to achieve reliable measures of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>Retrospective data was obtained from 54 healthy volunteers (30 men, mean age 61.7±13.1years) who as part of prior studies had completed three blocks of 30 consecutive TMS stimuli using neuronavigation. Data from four protocols were assessed: single-pulse TMS for measures of amplitude and latency of MEPs; paired-pulse TMS for short-interval intracortical inhibition (sICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF); and single-pulse TMS to assess the effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS). Two statistical methods were used: an internal consistency analysis and probability of inclusion in the 95% confidence interval (CI) around the mean MEPs amplitude.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>For single-pulse TMS, the minimum number of pulses needed to achieve reliable amplitude and latency MEPs measures was 21 and 23, respectively. For paired-pulse TMS, the minimum number of pulses needed to achieve reliable sICI and ICF measures was 20 and 25, respectively. Finally, the minimum number of pulses needed to achieve reliable amplitude and latency MEPs measures after iTBS was 22 and 23, respectively.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>This study provides guidelines regarding the minimum number of pulses needed to achieve reliable MEPs measurements in various study protocols using neuronavigated TMS.</P> <P><B>Significance</B></P> <P>Results from this study have the potential to increase the reliability and quality of future neuronavigated TMS studies.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The minimum number of pulses for reliable amplitude and latency of motor evoked potentials was 21 and 23 in response to neuronavigated single-pulse TMS, respectively. </LI> <LI> The minimum number of pulses for reliable short-interval intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation was 20 and 25, respectively. </LI> <LI> Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation might reduce the number of pulses necessary for reliable measurements. </LI> </UL> </P>
Intraoperative aerosol box use: does an educational visual aid reduce contamination?
Burnett Garrett W.,Zhou George,Fried Eric A.,Shah Ronak S.,Park Chang,Katz Daniel 대한마취통증의학회 2021 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.74 No.2
Background: The aerosol box was rapidly developed and disseminated to minimize viral exposure during aerosolizing procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic, yet users may not understand how to use and clean the device. This could potentially lead to increased viral exposure to subsequent patients and practitioners. We evaluated intraoperative contamination and aerosol box decontamination and the impact of a preoperative educational visual aid. Methods: Using a double-blinded randomized design, forty-four anesthesiology trainees and faculty completed a simulated anesthetic case using an aerosol box contaminated with a fluorescent marker; half of the subjects received a visual aid prior to the simulation. Intraoperative contamination was evaluated at 10 standardized locations using an ultraviolet (UV) light. Next, subjects were instructed to clean the aerosol box for use on the next patient. Following cleaning, the box was evaluated for decontamination using an UV light. Results: Median total contamination score was significantly reduced in the experimental group (5.0 vs. 10.0, P < 0.001). The aerosol box was completely cleaned by 36.4% of subjects in the experimental group compared to 4.5% in the control group (P = 0.009). Conclusions: The use of a visual aid significantly decreased intraoperative contamination and improved box cleaning. Despite these findings, a potentially clinically significant amount of viral exposure may exist. Thorough evaluation of the risks and benefits of the aerosol box should be completed prior to use. If an aerosol box is used, a visual aid should be considered to remind practitioners how to best use and clean the box.
Grace C. H. Yang,Karen O. Fried 대한초음파의학회 2018 ULTRASONOGRAPHY Vol.37 No.2
Ultrasonography is pivotal in triage thyroid biopsy in the era after the identification of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP). This pictorial essay illustrates the pathologic basis of the sonographic features that distinguish NIFTP from thyroid cancers. In this study, we present the correlations of ultrasonography to ×1 histopathology to assess shape and margin characteristics. Markedly hypoechoic nodules correlate to microfollicular/solid nodules, while isoechoic/hyperechoic thyroid nodules correlate to normofollicular/macrofollicular nodules. The ultrasound findings of NIFTP and minimally invasive encapsulated thyroid cancers are similar. Both are well-circumscribed, oval-to-round nodules with regular margins. Blurred or microlobulated margins indicate infiltrating tumors, while lobulated margins are characteristic of expansile tumors. Overtly invasive encapsulated tumors are characterized by oval-to-round nodules with irregular or lobulated margins. The ultrasound findings for infiltrative thyroid cancers show at least one of the following malignant features: marked hypoechoicity, taller-than-wide shape, microcalcifications, and blurred or microlobulated margins.