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배덕환(Duckhwan Bae) 한국고고학회 2022 한국고고학보 Vol.- No.123
청동기시대 후기의 진주 대평리유적은 직선거리로 약 1km 이격된 거리의 동·서 2개소 환호취락(環濠聚落)이 대규모 경작지 경영, 옥 등 수공업 생산 등에서 분업화가 진전된 우호적인 쌍체취락(雙體聚落)이다. 이렇게 한정된 공간에 2개소의 환호취락이 동시공존하는 경우는 전 세계적으로도 유례를 찾기 어려운 현상으로서 취락의 공간구성 및 생활사 파악에 중요한 유적이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 대평리취락은 외곽을 두르는 가시적인 시설물로서의 환호에 대한 관심만 집중되었을 뿐 환호, 목책(木柵)에 대한 실질적 연구는 아직 이루어진 바 없다. 본 글에서는 이 점에 주목하여 환호, 목책, 토루(土壘)의 양상과 구조, 효용에 대한 연구를 진행하여 방어시설로서의 기능이 주목적이었음을 부각하였다. 이는 남강유역을 따라 분포하는 동시기 대규모 취락 간 전쟁과 같은 갈등상황이 빈번하였음을 의미하는데, 단수인골(斷首人骨), 무덤에서 출토된 무구류의 출토양상을 통해 전쟁희생자를 상정하였다. 또한 동·서취락 주거지에서 출토된 유물의 구성 및 수량분석을 통해 근접무기인 석검, 석창보다는 원거리 무기인 활이 주무기로서 선호되었으며, 이를 방어하기 위해 환호와 부가되어 목책, 토루 등 입체적인 시설물이 반드시 필요하였다. 그러나 강변 충적지에 설치된 대평리취락은 방어시설에 상당한 노력을 기울였음에도 불구하고 전쟁이 아닌 홍수(洪水)와 같은 자연재해로 인해 해체된다. 이는 대평리취락뿐만 아니라 남강유역 동시기 취락들의 공통된 현상으로서 자연재해 앞에 나약한 인간의 모습을 시사하며 다음 단계가 되면 평지취락은 소규모로 축소되거나 점차 구릉으로 이동하다 남강유역 청동기문화는 종말을 고한다. The Jinju Daepyeong-ri site, dating to the Late Bronze Age, consists of two coexisting ditch-enclosed settlements situated approximately 1km apart from one another, to the east and west. These two ditch-enclosed settlements appear to have maintained a friendly relationship and evidence a division of labor, in terms of large-scale farm management, jade manufacture, and other crafts industries. Such an example of two ditch-enclosed settlements coexisting in such a close proximity is quite unique, with similar examples not easily found elsewhere in the world. This site therefore provides important insights into understanding the spatial configuration and way of life of the period. Previous studies focused on the presence of the enclosing ditches, due to their high visibility, but microscopic studies on the adjacent wooden fence structures or the ditches themselves have yet to be carried out. By studying the pattern, structure, and utility of the enclosing ditches, wooden fences, and mounds, this study reveals that fortification was the main purpose of the enclosing ditches, wooden fences, and mounds. This suggests that the large settlements established throughout the Nam River Basin were involved in frequent conflicts and wars at the time. The existence of war victims was inferred from the evidence of decapitated individuals and weapons in burials. Additionally, studies on the excavated artifacts reveal that long-range weapons, such as bows, were preferred over close-range weapons, such as stone daggers and stone spearheads. In order to defend against longrange weapons, structures such as enclosing ditches, wooden fences, and mounds would have been essential. However, despite the fact that the settlements established alongside the river had put much effort into fortification, they were dismantled by natural disasters such as floods, instead of wars. This phenomenon identified at the Daepyeong-ri site was commonplace among the settlements spread over the Nam River Basin. This shows how vulnerable humans were against natural disasters. In the following period, smaller settlements were established at hillside locations, which led to the end of Bronze Age civilization of the Nam River region.
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실시간 성능 평가를 위한 레이다 센서 및 조향 시스템 에뮬레이터 개발
김덕환(Duckhwan Kim),김선희(Sunhee Kim),장형준(Hyungjun Chang),박기홍(Kihong Park),허승진(Seung-Jin Heo) 한국자동차공학회 2009 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.4
The pre-crash safety systems are being actively studied in the automotive industries. The performance evaluation of the system on the test road is very limited due to danger, and so the hardware-in-the-loop simulation(HILS) method is widely adopted instead. In this research, a radar sensor emulator has been developed for use in real-time application. It takes obstacles' position data from the virtual environment, and generates CAN signals. A steering system emulator has been also developed with a detailed steering mechanism model. These emulators were made as stand-alone modules on their own microcontrollers. Their performance was evaluated on the pre-crash safety HILS system that was built in this study.
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A Sensitivity Analysis for Three-Parameter Ellipsometry
Gyusung Chung,Duckhwan Lee,Woon-Kie Paik Korean Chemical Society 1991 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.12 No.5
In the three-parameter ellipsometry (TPE), also known as reflectance-ellipsometry, the ellipsometric measurements, ${\Psi} and {\Delta}$, are combined with the reflectometric measurement, R, to determine the optical parameters and the thickness of a light-absorbing thin film. The constant ${\Psi}, {\Delta}$ and R surfaces are analyzed graphically to understand the nature of the TPE solutions. A sensitivityanalysis is shown to be useful not only for identifying the film properties which affect most the TPE measurements, but also for estimating errors in film properties arising from the uncertainties in measurements.
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A Theoretical Study of Some Bicyclic Azoalkanes
Gyusung Chung*,Duckhwan Lee 대한화학회 2006 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.27 No.12
The molecular structures of the ground and lowest triplet states of 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (DBH), 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene (DBO) and their fused ring derivatives are investigated with an ab initio method and the density functional theory. Unlike the singlet DBH and DBO, the azo skeletal structures of the triplet counterparts are turned out to be quite sensitive to the change of the electronic structure of the fused ring. The B3LYP C-N=N-C dihedral angles of the triplet DBH and DBO are estimated to be about 28.0 and 40.4o, respectively. The B3LYP singlet-triplet energy gaps for DBH and DBO are predicted to be 58.4 and 48.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The triplet state energy can be lowered drastically by the presence of the remote p-p interaction as in the case of 1bb'.
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여파기와 안테나로 동시 적용이 가능한 마이크로스트립 공진기
성영제(Youngje Sung),김덕환(Duckhwan Kim),김영식(Young-Sik Kim) 한국전자파학회 2010 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.21 No.5
본 논문에서는 여파기와 안테나 기능을 동시에 수행할 수 있는 새로운 개념의 마이크로스트립 공진기를 제안하고자 한다. 제안한 구조는 바깥쪽 링, 안쪽 링, 원형 패치, 그리고 3개의 포트로 이루어져 있다. 제안하는 구조가 여파기와 안테나로 동작하는 주파수는 각각 주로 안쪽 링과 원형 패치의 반지름에 의해 결정된다. 측정 결과를 통해 마이크로스트립 공진기가 여파기로 동작할 경우 공진 주파수는 0.69 ㎓에서 3 ㏈ 대역폭 15.1 %에 삽입 손실이 -1.4 ㏈의 특성을 보였다. 이 때, 통과 대역 아래 부분에 전달 영점은 0.52 ㎓에, 윗부분의 전달영점은 1.14 ㎓와 2.22 ㎓에 위치하였다. 위쪽 저지 대역에서 바깥쪽 링의 스터브에 의한 교차 결합(cross coupling)과 안쪽 링에 의해 각각 1개의 전달 영점이 형성된다. 원형 패치는 이중 모드(dual-mode) 특성을 형성하며, 또 다른 전달 영점을 유도한다. 제안한 구조가 안테나로 동작하는 주파수는 2.7 ㎓이고, 이득은 3.8 ㏈i였다. 여파기와 안테나의 공진 주파수에서 격리도 특성(isolation)이 각각 -25 ㏈ 이하의 좋은 특성을 나타내었다. This paper proposes a novel concept for a microstrip resonator that can function as a filter and as an antenna at the same time. The proposed structure consists of an outer ring, an open loop-type inner ring, a circular patch, and three ports. The frequencies where the proposed structure works as a filter and as an antenna, respectively, are determined primarily by the radius of the inner ring and the circular patch. The measured results show that, when the microstrip resonator operates as a filtering device, this filter has about 15.1 % bandwidth at the center frequency of 0.63 ㎓ and a minimum insertion loss of 1.5 ㏈ within passband. There are three transmission zeros at 0.52 ㎓, 1.14 ㎓, and 2.22 ㎓. In the upper stopband, cross coupling - taking place at the stub of the outer ring - and the open loop-type inner ring produce one transmission zero each. The circular patch generates the dual-mode property of the filter and another transmission zero, whose location can be easily adjusted by altering the size of the circular patch. The proposed structure works as an antenna at 2.7 ㎓, showing a gain of 3.8 ㏈i. Compared to a conventional patch antenna, the proposed structure has a similar antenna gain. At the resonant frequencies of the filter and the antenna, high isolation(less than -25 ㏈) between the filter port and the antenna port can be obtained.
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The Effect of the Configuration Interaction on 10Dq in a Point Charge Model
김호징,이덕환,Hojing Kim,Duckhwan Lee Korean Chemical Society 1977 대한화학회지 Vol.21 No.1
Octahedral symmetry 를 지닌 리간드에 의한 영향 아래있는 하나의 d전자를 갖는 금속 착물을 대상으로, 결정장 분리계수 10Dq를 결정장이론에 의하여 이론적으로 계산하였다. 점전하 모형을 쓰되, Shull-Lowdin 함수를 사용하여 배치간 작용을 고려하고, Integral Hellmann-Feynman Theorem을 써서 고차섭동의 영향을 추출하였다. 고차섭동의 영향이 일차섭동의 약 $50{\%}$가 됨을 알았다. Octahedral potential에 의해 3d 함수의 각 성분의 변화가 없고, $E_g\;와\;T_{2g}$상태에서, 동경성분의 변화가 일정하므로 10Dq는 유일한 파라미터로 남을 것이라는 결론을 얻었다. For the metal complex of $d^1$ configuration with the octahedrally coordinated ligands, the crystal field parameter, 10Dq, is calculated from first principles within the framework of the crystal field theory. With the point charge model, the configuration interaction is introduced by use of the Shull-L$\"{o}$wdin functions. Through the Integral Hellmann-Feynman Theorem, the higher order effect is visualized. It is found that the higher order effect on 10Dq is about $50{\%}$ of the first order effect. Since 3d function is angularly undistorted and radially equally distorted in $E_g\;and\;T_{2g}$ states, due to the octahedral potential, the calculated 10Dq is still the unique parameter for the splitting.
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