Organ-On-A-Chip Technology: An In-depth Review of Recent Advancements and Future of Whole Body-on-chip

Rishab Driver,Shweta Mishra 한국바이오칩학회 2023 BioChip Journal Vol.17 No.1

One of the leading challenges facing the pharmaceutical industry today is the ‘high attrition rate problem’, with a large number of drug candidates being abandoned before reaching the clinical stage. The high failure rate is not only costly for the pharmaceutical industry but also hinders the access of patients to better treatment options. This ever-widening gap can be attributed to the current in-vitro and animal testing techniques for predicting human responses to drug candidates. Twodimensional (2D) in-vitro cell culture fails to recapitulate key physical and biochemical cues while phylogenetic differences between animal models and humans in key physiological systems make data generated by these platforms unreliable. There have been several solutions proposed but one that has been gaining a lot of prominence are microfluidic-based microsystems able to mimic organs, called ‘Organ-On-A-Chip’ devices and is built upon the principles of microfluidics, material science, and cell biology. Here we delve into the ongoing research involving this platform demonstrating its key strengths and the application of this technology in several key stages of drug discovery such as target identification and high throughput screening. We also discuss the potential, future, and key obstacles that lie in the universal adoption of this technology.

Michael Fordham’s Theories of Human Development : An Analytical Psychology Perspective

Christine Driver 사단법인 한국임상모래놀이치료학회 2022 상징과 모래놀이치료 Vol.13 No.2

This paper examines the work of Dr. Michael Fordham, Child Psychiatrist and Jungian Analyst, and his theories of human development. Starting with a brief overview of Jung’s concept of the self the paper considers how Fordham recognised that the processes of individuation occur from birth and describes how he introduced the idea of a primary self which fuels development through processes of deintegration and reintegration. This paper considers these processes in detail and how they can lead, in optimal circumstances, to ego development, the development of mind in relation to self and individuation. A brief example is given of the dynamics of deintegration and reintegration between an infant and their mother/caregiver. Links between Fordham’s ideas and the development of feeling toned complexes are explored and a brief overview is given of how neglect, abuse and trauma can impede the processes of deintegration and reintegration and lead to splitting and defences of the self. A clinical example is provided to illustrate the impact of neglect on infant development and how therapy can enable further processes of deintegration, reintegration and individuation. Overall this paper considers Fordham’s concept of the primary self and the processes of deintegration and reintegration and examines how these dynamics enable the gradual expression and integration of aspects of the self, the development of mind in relation to self and others, and individuation.

The formation of right-handed and left-handed chiral nanopores within a single domain during amino acid self-assembly on Au(111)

Yang, Sena,Jeon, Aram,Driver, Russell W.,Kim, Yeonwoo,Jeon, Eun Hee,Kim, Sehun,Lee, Hee-Seung,Lee, Hangil The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Physical chemistry chemical physics Vol.18 No.21

<P>We report the formation of both right- and left-handed chiral nanopores within a single domain during the self-assembly of an amino acid derivative on an inert Au(111) surface using STM. DFT calculations employed to rationalize this unusual result identified that intermolecular interactions between chiral, windmill-shaped tetramers are crucial for self-assembly.</P>

Parametric study on eccentrically-loaded partially encased composite columns under major axis bending

Mahbuba Begum,Robert G. Driver,Alaa E. Elwi 국제구조공학회 2015 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.19 No.5

This paper presents a detailed parametric study, conducted using finite element tools to cover a range of several geometric and material parameters, on the behaviour of thin-walled partially encased composite (PEC) columns. The PEC columns studied herein are composed of thin-walled built-up H-shaped steel sections with concrete infill cast between the flanges. Transverse links are provided between the opposing flanges to improve resistance to local buckling. The parametric study is confined to eccentrically-loaded columns subjected to major axis bending only. The parameters that were varied include the overall column slenderness ratio (L/d), load eccentricity ratio (e/d), link spacing-to-depth ratio (s/d), flange plate slenderness ratio (b/t) and concrete compressive strength (fcu). The overall column slenderness ratio was chosen to be the primary variable with values of 5, 10 and 15. Other parameters were varied within each case of L/d ratio. The effects of the selected parameters on the behaviour of PEC columns were studied with respect to the failure mode, peak axial load, axial load versus average axial strain response, axial load versus lateral displacement response, moment versus lateral displacement behaviour and the axial load.moment interaction diagram. The results of the parametric study are presented in the paper and the influences of each of the parameters investigated are discussed.

Scaling methods for wind tunnel modelling of building internal pressures induced through openings

Sharma, Rajnish N.,Mason, Simon,Driver, Philip Techno-Press 2010 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.13 No.4

Appropriate scaling methods for wind tunnel modelling of building internal pressures induced through a dominant opening were investigated. In particular, model cavity volume distortion and geometric scaling of the opening details were studied. It was found that while model volume distortion may be used to scale down buildings for wind tunnel studies on internal pressure, the implementation of the added volume must be done with care so as not to create two cavity resonance systems. Incorrect scaling of opening details was also found to generate incorrect internal pressure characteristics. Furthermore, the effective air slug or jet was found to be longer when the opening was near a floor or sidewall as evidenced by somewhat lower Helmholtz frequencies. It is also shown that tangential flow excitation of Helmholtz resonance for off-centre openings in normal flow is also possible.

Foldectures from the Self-Assembly of Racemic Foldamers

엄재훈,정록암,공진택,Russell W. Driver,이희승 대한화학회 2015 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.36 No.11

Structural analysis of the foldecture derived from racemic peptide foldamers

Gong, Jintaek,Eom, Jae-Hoon,Jeong, Rokam,Driver, Russell W.,Lee, Hee-Seung Elsevier 2017 SOLID STATE SCIENCES Vol.70 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The molecular packing structure of an elongated parallelogram plate shaped foldecture composed of a 1:1 racemic mixture of 11-helical peptide foldamers was resolved by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. A comprehensive Rietveld refinement procedure compensated for powder texture and identified the principal face of the foldecture. Each foldamer makes head-to-tail intermolecular hydrogen bonds, creating extended chains of single enantiomers that form a network of hydrophobic close contacts with foldamers of both the opposite and the same chiralities. An isosurface for anisotropic microstrain was calculated and found to be smallest along the x-axis, which is parallel to the network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Comparison with the single crystal structure found molecular packing motifs to be almost identical—a result infrequently observed in enantiopure foldectures. This is the first powder X-ray diffraction structural analysis of a foldecture composed of multiple components.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The first example of the molecular packing structure of foldecture composed of multiple components was reported. </LI> <LI> The anisotropic microstrain analysis showed intermolecular interactions with the direction of racemic foldamers. </LI> <LI> The formation of enantiomeric pairs was proposed in the initial nucleation stage of the self-assembly process. </LI> </UL> </P>

Achieving Improved Construction Efficiency for Multi-Story Steel Concentrically Braced Frames

Akram Zain,Ali Imanpour,Robert G. Driver 한국강구조학회 2022 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.22 No.2

Volumetric steel modules were proposed in this study to improve construction effi ciency of multi-story steel concentrically braced frames. Two types of modules, (1) gravity modules and (2) braced modules, which features the steel concentrically braced frame (CBF) system, are fi rst introduced. The proposed braced module consists of steel CBFs to carry lateral seismic or wind loads. The module assembly and construction sequence are then presented. The structural design of the modules is performed in accordance with the Canadian steel design standard. An analysis of the structural costs is then carried out on a prototype building consisting of the volumetric modules to evaluate the cost effi ciency of the system as compared to a conventional braced frame system. The gravity and lateral load-carrying capacities of a two-story CBF subassembly are fi nally examined under lateral seismic loads using continuum-based fi nite element analysis with emphasis on the inelastic response of braces. The results of the cost analysis confi rm the potential benefi ts off ered by volumetric gravity and braced modules to improving construction effi ciency of steel CBFs through off -site construction of the modules and on-site assembly. Furthermore, the results obtained from the structural response evolution of the CBF subassembly suggest an acceptable lateral load-carrying capacity and appreciable ductility capacity provided by braced modules.

Scaling methods for wind tunnel modelling of building internal pressures induced through openings

Rajnish N Sharma,Simon Mason,Philip Driver 한국풍공학회 2010 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.13 No.4

Appropriate scaling methods for wind tunnel modelling of building internal pressures induced through a dominant opening were investigated. In particular, model cavity volume distortion and geometric scaling of the opening details were studied. It was found that while model volume distortion may be used to scale down buildings for wind tunnel studies on internal pressure, the implementation of the added volume must be done with care so as not to create two cavity resonance systems. Incorrect scaling of opening details was also found to generate incorrect internal pressure characteristics. Furthermore, the effective air slug or jet was found to be longer when the opening was near a floor or sidewall as evidenced by somewhat lower Helmholtz frequencies. It is also shown that tangential flow excitation of Helmholtz resonance for off-centre openings in normal flow is also possible.

Parallelogram plate shaped foldecture from the controlled self-assembly of α/β-peptide foldamer

Eom, J.H.,Gong, J.,Jeong, R.,Driver, R.W.,Lee, H.S. Elsevier 2015 Solid state sciences Vol.48 No.-

Foldecture is a versatile material for the design of functional and well-defined 3D peptide architectures. In order to develop design principles for this emerging class of material, a systematic study of the relationship between foldecture morphology and molecular-level structure is necessary. Herein we report the formation of parallelogram plate shaped foldecture by the controlled self-assembly of heterogeneous α/β-peptide foldamer. Physical properties of foldecture were examined by IR, TGA, DSC, PXRD analysis. The foldecture packing motif was determined by high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction techniques and provides a link between the molecular-level structure and microscale morphologies.