변방의 역사: 고아열차와 빈곤 아동의 이미지

전동호 ( Chun¸ Dongho ),전종설 ( Chun¸ Jongserl ),정익중 ( Chung¸ Ick-joong ) 미술사와 시각문화학회 2021 미술사와 시각문화 Vol.27 No.-

‘고아열차(Orphan Train)’ 운동은 뉴욕 등 동부지역 대도시의 가난하고 집 없는 아이들을 미국 전역의 농촌으로 이주시킨 일종의 빈민 구제 프로그램으로 1854년과 1929년 사이에 총 20만 명가량의 빈곤 아동이 동부에서 서부로 이동한 것으로 추산된다. 즉 고아나 버려진 어린이들이 뉴욕시 등 인구밀도가 높은 대도시에서 인구밀도가 낮은 미국의 다른 농촌 지역으로 대량 이주했는데 이동이 주로 열차를 통해 이루어졌으므로 후에 고아열차로 알려지게 된 것이다. 사회개혁가이자 개신교 목사인 브레이스(Charles Loring Brace, 1826-1890)는 1853년 뉴욕시에 아동구호협회를 설립했으며, 도시환경에서 버림받은 어린이들을 농촌의 기독교가정에 보내는 것이 이들에게 도움이 될 것으로 생각했다. 그는 농촌 생활에 대한 낭만적인 견해를 바탕으로 기술을 배우고 노동자로서의 가치를 인정받고 사회에 공헌할 수 있도록 아이들을 농촌 지역으로 보낼 대담한 계획을 시도하였다. 이는 1854년 최초의 고아열차 운행으로 이어졌으며 아동구호협회의 고아열차 프로그램은 널리 모방되었다. 보스턴과 시카고의 수녀회(Sisters of Charity)는 4만 명의 어린이를 미국 농촌 지역 가톨릭 공동체에 보냈으며, 또한 영국, 독일, 노르웨이, 스웨덴을 비롯한 여러 유럽 국가에서도 비슷한 프로그램을 시행했다. 본고는 미국의 저명한 삽화가 로크웰(Norman Rockwell, 1894-1978)이 1951년 고아열차를 소재로 삼아 제작한 유화를 지렛대 삼아 국내에는 거의 알려지지 않았던 고아열차의 출현과 전개를 학술적으로 조명한 글이다. 이 고아들은 누구이며 왜 등장했고 고아열차는 어떤 기능과 역할을 한 것일까? 그리고 이러한 빈곤 아동이라는 사회적 문제에 대해 당대 미국의 미술가들은 어떻게 반응했을까? 본고는 이러한 질문에 대한 해답을 찾아가는 시론적 탐구의 여정을 담고 있다. 이를 통해 그간 학계에서는 시도되지 않았던 아동복지의 역사와 미술사학의 접점을 탐색하고 학제적 연구의 지평을 확장하는 것이 본고의 일차적 목적이다. 스스로의 목소리를 내지 못했던 혹은 이들의 목소리가 제대로 기록되지 않았던 아동의 역사는 늘 주류가 아닌 변방의 역사였다. 이제는 아동의 관점에서 이들의 삶과 목소리를 재구성하고 재현하려는 노력이 필요한 시점이며 이를 위해서는 아동사와 아동복지학 그리고 미술사학 간의 학제적 협력과 고민이 절실하다. The Orphan Train Movement was an early American child welfare program that relocated destitute children from crowded Eastern cities of the United States to foster homes located predominantly in rural areas of the Midwest. The orphan trains operated between 1854 and 1929, transporting roughly 200,000 children. Initiated by Charles Loring Brace (1826-1890) and the Children’s Aid Society that he founded in 1853, the program placed homeless, orphaned and abandoned urban children, exceeding 30,000 in New York City alone in the 1850s, in rural homes throughout the country. They were mainly transported to new homes by trains, hence the term ‘orphan train’ was coined. The movement terminated in the 1920s with the advent of organized foster care in America. Brace’s idea that children are better looked after by families at home than in institutions, however, is the most fundamental keystone of modern foster care. Employing the 1951 painting of the orphan train by Norman Rockwell (1894-1978) as an interlocutor, this article explores the history of the orphan train and its visual representations, a subject hardly known in Korean academia. In doing so, it seeks to establish an interdisciplinary partnership between art history and child welfare studies.

2021년 EBS 연계교재와 대학수학능력시험의 듣기 및 읽기 지문의 어휘 범위

강동호 ( Kang¸ Dongho ) 한국중등영어교육학회 2021 중등영어교육 Vol.14 No.2

The present study aims to investigate lexical coverage of General Service List (GSL)/Academic Word List (AWL), 2015 Basic Vocabulary of Ministry of Education, and 10 BNC/COCA word frequency lists in 2021 EBS-linked textbooks and CSAT. For the purpose of the study, AntWordProfiler was used to analyze the data. First of all, the word tokens in CSAT included higher percentage of GSL than those in EBS books in both reading and listening corpora, but the word tokens in both EBS and CSAT had high percentage of AWL(7-9%) in the reading corpora. Secondly, the word tokens in the reading corpora of both EBS and CSAT cover between 94% and 96% of 2015 Basic Vocabulary of Ministry of Education, and those in the listening counterparts also cover between 97% and 98%. Finally, Korean high school students need to know 4,000 and 6,000 word families of BNC/COCA to understand the reading corpora of EBS textbooks, compared with 2,000 and 3,000 families in the CSAT counterparts respectively, based on 95% and 98% figures. On the other hand, based on 95% and 98% lexical coverage figures, they need to know 3,000 and 4,000 word families for listening comprehension, while they need 2,000 and 3,000 word families respectively. Findings and implications are discussed at the end.

해안지역의 해상풍력발전에 대한 주민 수용성 연구

이동호 ( Lee¸ Dong-ho ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2020 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.32 No.4

발전설비와 관련된 원하지 않는 토지나 환경의 사용에 있어서 상당한 문제들이 발생하고 있지만, 국내의 다양한 신재생에너지 개발에 있어서 해상풍력발전은 상당한 잠재력과 유용한 발전설비시설로 논의된다. 하지만 국가적 차원에서의 견해와 지역주민의 수용성에 있어서는 상당한 차이가 존재하고 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 관련 연구와 문헌들에서 언급되는 주요 영향요인을 중심으로 해상풍력발전단지의 건설과 개발에 있어서 개념적인 수용성 모형을 제안하고 분석하고자 하였다. 문헌 연구와 본 연구의 자체적인 제안을 중심으로 ① 개인의 투자성향이나 선호도를 포함하는 인구 통계적 요인 ② 해상풍력발전에 대한 개인적 인지와 지식 요인 ③ 환경적 영향, 님비즘, 기회주의와 같은 인식적/인지적 저항 요인 ④ 신뢰 기반의 지역 공동체적 수용 요인 ⑤ 이익공유체계(Benefit Sharing Mechanisms; BSM)와 맞춤형 자본참여 요인과 같은 실무적/실증적 방법론 기반의 5개의 핵심적인 영향요인을 도출하고 제안하였다. 보다 확장되고 추가적인 검증과정과 절차가 지속적으로 이루어져야 하겠지만, 본연구에서는 특히 기본적인 피해보상의 개념을 포괄적으로 확대하여 자본참여나 이익공유체계에 효과적으로 사용될 수 있는 확정금리의 채권방식, 신주인수권부사채(BW: Bond with Warrant), 전환사채(CB: Convertible Bond) 등의 금융상품방식, 직접적인 자본투자와 같은 기존의 단순한 보상체계를 보완할 수 있는 개인별 맞춤형 방법들에 대한 개념적인 제안도 포함하고 있다. 현재 대부분의 해상풍력발전에 관한 연구들에서 논의되고 있는 이익공유체계가 단순한 피해보상에 국한되고 있다는 점을 고려한다면, 본 연구에서 제안하고 있는 이러한 다양한 주요요인들과 방법을 통한 개념적 모델이 상당히 이론적인 관점에서 유용할 것이다. 물론 향후 제안된 모델을 보다 향상하여 실무적인 적용 가능성을 높이는 과정이 여전히 필요한 점은 부인할 수 없다. 그러나 본 연구의 결과는 해상풍력발전과 관련된 지역주민과 지역수산업의 지속가능한 발전을 달성하는 데 있어서 보편적이고 효과적인 수단으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. Although environmental problems occur more frequently in siting locally unwanted land uses(LULU) in the case of power plants in Korea, offshore wind farms are the most popular energy facility with the greatest potential among various renewable energy sources. However, there is a big gap between national opinion and the local acceptance of wind farms. This study aims to analyze the conceptual acceptance model of offshore wind farm construction and deployment in Korea especially focusing on factors of major concern based on literature reviews. Five essential factors(① demographic variables including investment tendency or preference ② personal recognition and knowledge of offshore wind farms ③ cognitive or recognitional resistance such as environmental concerns, NIMBY, opportunism ④ community acceptance with enforced trust concept ⑤ Benefit Sharing Mechanisms (BSM) and capital participation in various ways) were proposed for enhancing acceptance of offshore wind farm construction and deployment in empirical and practical methods. Though more verifiable and revised procedures should be accomplished, this paper also suggests an integrated acceptance model and improved BSM in terms of financial techniques such as bond with warrant(BW), and convertible bond(CB) for overcoming the negative acceptance of offshore wind farms. Considering the degree of compensation and incentive for offshore wind farm development in Korea, adopting these alternative methods could support the sustainable development of local communities and the fisheries’ industry more effectively. However, expanding this proposed model for further research is still needed.

해상풍력발전과 주민 수용성 관련 국내연구에 대한 사회네트워크 분석(SNA) - KCI 등재지를 중심으로

이동호 ( Lee¸ Dong-ho ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2021 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.33 No.3

환경 및 기후변화에 대한 대처에 하나로 친환경적인 에너지 개발에 대한 관심과 연구가 전세계적으로 진행되면서 신□재생에너지에 대한 투자와 연구도 최근에 상당한 증가를 나타내고 있으며 특히 태양광발전 및 풍력발전단지에 관련된 분야의 성장은 상당한 수준에 이르는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 이 중에서 풍력발전의 경우에는 육상과 해상으로 구분하여 개발과 운영이 되고 있으며, 우리나라의 경우 지속적인 해상풍력발전에 대한 투자와 개발이 이루어질 것으로 예상된다. 하지만 해상풍력발전의 경우 다양한 이해관계자들이 존재하고 이러한 이해관계자들 간에 존재하는 복잡한 문제들로 인해서 최근 많은 논란이 발생하고 있으며 특히 수용성에 대한 부분은 상당히 주목받는 분야이다. 본 연구에서는 국내 학술지를 중심으로 지금까지 연구된 해상풍력발전 및 주민 수용성에 대한 문헌들을 표본으로 선정하여 연구의 전반적인 통향, 추세 그리고 핵심적인 논제들이 무엇인지를 사회네트워크분석을 통해서 도출하고자 하였다. 전체 표본집단은 기간적으로는 1995년부터 2021년 5월까지 내용적으로는 해상풍력과 주민 수용성의 키워드를 포함하는 연구 문헌 중에서 중복과 구분에 오류가 있는 문헌을 제외한 488개의 연구 문헌이 선정되었으며, 이를 중심으로 제목, 초록, 키워드의 세 가지 서지정보를 각각 한글과 영문에 대해서 분석하였다. 분석 결과에서 이학이나 공학계열의 연구들은 구조공학/지질학/토목공학 분야가 가장 많은 것으로 나타났으며 모노파일, 터빈과 같은 특정 기술에 대한 연구가 많은 것도 특징으로 나타났다. 인문학과 사회과학 분야에서는 주민 수용성 관련 원자력발전 연구, 방사성폐기물처리장 관련 연구 그리고 이산화탄소 포집 및 저장 관련 연구가 높은 빈도를 나타내고 있었으며 해상 풍력과 관련해서는 법률과 주민 수용성 그리고 경제성이나 타당성이 주요 핵심 주제어로 분석되었다. 또한 네트워크의 중심성 지표를 중심으로 살펴보면 신뢰, 위험, 지역, 인식, 편익, 지원, 참여, 정책, 지식과 같은 어휘가 중요한 핵심적 요소로 최근의 연구에 논의되고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 특히 해상풍력에서는 경제성/참여/주민 수용성 등이 중심이 된다는 점에서 태양광/풍력/조력(파력)/바이오에너지 등 신□재생에너지 분야별로 진행되는 연구나 접근법을 획일적으로 적용하는 것은 추가적인 검증이 필요하겠지만 다소 합리적이지 않은 것으로 보인다. 본 연구의 결과는 학자나 연구자에게 다음과 학문적을 제공할 것으로 기대된다. 먼저, 신□재생에너지와 관련된 다양한 연구들이 국가나 지역의 특수성에 따라서 상당히 다양하게 추진되고 운영된다는 점을 고려하여 기존의 신□재생에너지 관련 프로젝트나 사업에 대한 사례연구 형식의 연구가 보다 많이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 다음으로 해상풍력발전의 경우 주거지 공간 설치와 경제활동 공간 설치라는 차이점이 존재한다는 점에서 신□재생에너지 발전과 관련된 수용성의 결정에 중요한 영향을 미치는 이해관계자에 대한 포괄적 정의나 연구가 필요하다. 마지막으로 기존의 보상중심의 방식으로 재무적인 차원에서 지역 공동체와 나누는 수준이 아닌 비금전적 혹은 비재무적인 차원에서의 접근과 이익공유의 기간이나 방법에 대한 다면적인 접근까지도 고려한 확장된 이익공유모델(Extended Benefit Sharing Mechanisms; EBSM)에 대한 연구도 향후 이루어져야 할 것이다. 비록 본 연구가 문헌 중심의 탐색적 연구 특성을 가지고 있지만, 신□재생에너지관련 연구는 물론 해상풍력과 관련된 현재까지의 연구에 있어서 주요 관심사와 주제들을 개괄적으로 파악할 수 있고 향후 연구되어야 할 분야 혹은 현재까지 연구가 미흡한 분야를 부분적으로 도출하고 제안하고 있다는 점에서 의의가 있으며, 신□재생에너지의 다양한 분야별로 공통적인 특성이나 개별 특수성을 도출하는 연구로 향후 본 연구가 발전될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. One of the alternatives for protecting environmental and climate change has put the development and research of eco-friendly energy in the spotlight, especially the growth of photovoltaics and wind farms in renewable energy. Offshore wind farms are the most popular energy facility with the greatest potential among various renewable energy sources. However, there is a big gap between national opinion and the local acceptance of wind farms. Even though investment in offshore wind farms would increase in the future, complicated and hard-to-solve problems(e.g. acceptability/acceptance, trust, participation and so on) that exist among the various stakeholder in Korea should be considered. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of research on offshore wind farms and the acceptance based on the KCI Journals with Social Network Analysis(SNA). All targeted KCI papers were refined with integrity and consistency, the 488 papers that including both science and social science division were selected for sample group. For Social Network analysis, titles, abstracts and keywords of each paper were revised and used. Based on the results, structural engineering, geology, civil engineering related concepts like monopiles, turbines, wind resources, and flotation were most frequently used in science division. In social science division, policy, law, economic, feasibility, participation, trust were most prevalent. However, most acceptance related research was conducted in the study of nuclear power plants and radioactive waste from the year of 1995 to 2021 in the KCI journals. Although a few studies on offshore wind farms adopted the concept of acceptance or acceptability. This paper would suggest some guidelines or inspiration on researching offshore wind farms and community acceptance for: 1) More cases based or quantitative studies should have to be done for a clearer understanding of the difference on those topics 2) A multifaceted approach to define the various range, period, and members of stakeholders in offshore wind farm development 3) An enhanced or extended Benefit Sharing Model(BSM) that would cover comprehensive understanding beyond the limited compensation. Although this study has exploratory research characteristics in offshore wind farm and acceptance topics, it could help to identify key topics that have been studied and be used for discovering topics that have not been studied so far. Furthermore, it would be developed for analyzing the distinctiveness of each renewable energy category.

텍스트마이닝을 이용한 보수와 진보 언론의 ‘국가안보’ 프레임 분석

신동호 ( Shin¸ Dong-ho ) 한국군사학회 2020 군사논단 Vol.104 No.-

In principle, the media should be balanced and objective in reporting non-biased. This is because reports that have lost fairness and objectivity cause conflicts and divisions in society. Today, Korean journalism tends to see a noticeable increase in news reports that have lost their realism, objectivity and neutrality. The reality is that conservative and progressive media are pouring out biased reports of their own subjective and overemphasizing one side. Regardless of conservatives and progressives, national security must be prepared and responded with one mind. This is because it is an important matter for the entire nation. Nevertheless, the reality is that the frame of conservatism and progressivism shows different positions and opinions. This study was intended to collect articles that reported major national security issues using BigKines, extract keywords from press releases with text mining, one of the big data analysis techniques, and analyze them with network techniques to compare and analyze the media’s conservative and progressive frames on national security. When the results of the study were analyzed by comparison, even if the reports of conservative and progressive media were the same issue, they could see that the frame of the report frame. Citing the shooting of government officials in the West Sea as an example, conservative media viewed it as a frame in which the government failed to respond properly, while progressive media focused on fact-finding reports on what North Korea reported. Second, in the analysis of key words, conservatism is analyzed as the most important keyword in Korean security, with its representative keyword “North Korea,” while progress expresses that “president” is the most important keyword in national security and has expectations and hopes for the president. According to an analysis by WordCloud, the North Korean keyword of conservatism was the “America” with high frequency but high centrality, and “America” also proved that both conservatives and progressives play a central role in South Korea’s security. Finally, as a result of CONCOR analysis, which determines the sidewalk frame, it can be seen that remuneration and progress deal with national security with very different frames. Through this study, we can see that in reporting the important issue of national security, there is a window of reporting of conservatism and progress, and that the frame of national security is viewed from different angles. Freedom of speech is guaranteed, but at least until the day when the windows to look at the task of national security with national survival come straight to each other, we need to practice thinking and conscious together.

관측을 통한 축열식과 비축열식 바닥복사난방의 실내 난방 특성 분석

최동호 ( Choi¸ Dong-ho ) 대구가톨릭대학교 자연과학연구소 2021 자연과학연구논문집 Vol.19 No.1

This study is to analyze the thermal characteristics of thermal storage and non-thermal storage floor radiant heating systems through experiments. The experiment was conducted at the same time in the room to which each heating system was applied, and the thermal environment was compared. ① Both floor radiant heating systems showed a uniform temperature regardless of the location and height of the indoor space. ② It was confirmed that the non-thermal storage floor radiant heating system has an advantage for intermittent heating as it has a relatively fast thermal response. ③ The initial long-wave radiation of non-thermal storage floor radiant heating was high, but after that, thermal storage floor radiant heating showed consistently higher long-wave radiation than non-thermal storage floor radiant heating. ④ It was confirmed that non-thermal storage floor radiant heating can be heated with about 29% and 41% of energy than thermal storage type.

Natural Approach와 우리나라에서의 적용방안(適用方案)

李東浩 ( Lee¸ Dong-ho ) 현대영미어문학회 1986 현대영미어문학 Vol.4 No.1

The present language teaching methods (Grammar-Translation, Audio-Lingual and Cognitive Approach) represent some of the misunderstandings that need to demythologize for the second language teachers. The process of demythologizing requires a broad understanding of first language theory and issues, as well as a keen awareness of the variables that come into play in drawing analogies to second language acquisition theory. By the process of demythologizing, many second language acquisition researchers have found the second language acquisition theory based on the following assumptions. 1. Knowing a language rule does not mean one will be able to use it in communicative interaction. 2. There is the natural order of which the existence is indeed a manifestation of the creative construction process or language acquisition. 3. Consciously learned knowledge has only an editing function. 4. Language acquisition results from the attempt to understand meaningful communication so long as this ‘input’ is provided in an appropriately modified code and there is no affective resistence to intake. 5. The affective filter acts to prevent input from being used for language acquisition. 6. Adults and adolescents can ‘acquire’ a second language as well as children can acquire a first language. 7. Older adults can also be successful in the language classroom if they are provided with the sort of acquisition-rich environment. The Natural Approach is a new second language teaching method that is based on the above second language acquisition theory. It was developed by Tracy Terrell at the University of California at Irvine for foreign language instruction at the university levels. The method can be described by the following guidelines. 1. The goal of the NA is communication skills. 2. Comprehension precedes production. 3. Production emerges. 4. Acquisition activities are central. 5. Lower the affective filter. The purpose of this study is to set up a model for foreign language instruction that accompany the Natural Approach. A model is suggested that all teaching procedures follow the building block concept- (1) preparation of learners, (2) presentation of topics and situations, (3) affective acquisition activities, (4) learning activities, (5) summarization and evaluation. A central axiom of this study is that unless the students live in a area in which L2 is spoken, it is only in the classroom that the student will have a chance to exercise any natural ability to acquire the language and that the best methods are these that supply “comprehensible input” in low anxiety situations, containing messages that students really want to hear.

Titrating Optimal Dose of Osmotic-Controlled Release Oral Delivery (OROS)-Methylphenidate and Its Efficacy and Safety in Korean Children with ADHD: A Multisite Open Labeled Study

DongHo Song,Soul Choi,YooSook Joung,EunHye Ha,BoongNyun Kim,YeeJin Shin,Dongwon Shin,HeeJeong Yoo,KeunAh Cheon 대한신경정신의학회 2012 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.9 No.3

Objective-This study was aimed to determine effectiveness and tolerability of Osmotic-controlled Release Oral delivery (OROS) methylphenidate (MPH) and its optimal dose administered openly over a period of up to 12 weeks in drug naïve Korean children with ADHD. Methods-Subjects (n=143), ages 6 to 18-years, with a clinical diagnosis of any subtype of ADHD were recruited from 7 medical centers in Korea. An individualized dose of OROS-MPH was determined for each subject depending on the response criteria. The subjects were assessed with several symptom rating scales in week 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12. Results-77 of 116 subjects (66.4%) achieved the criteria for response and the average of optimal daily dose for response was to 30.05±12.52 mg per day (0.90±0.31 mg/kg/d) at the end of the study. Optimal dose was not significantly different between ADHD subtypes, whereas, significant higher dose was needed in older aged groups than younger groups. The average of optimal daily dose for response for the subjects aged above 12 years old was 46.38±15.52 per day (0.81±0.28 mg/kg/d) compared to younger groups (p<0.01). No serious adverse effects were reported and the dose did not have a significant effect on adverse effects. Conclusion-Optimal mean dose of OROS-MPH was significantly different by age groups. Higher dose was needed in older aged groups than younger groups. Effectiveness and tolerability of OROS-MPH in symptoms of ADHD is sustained for up to 12 weeks.

The Rise of Popularism and Its Possible Impacts on Business and Economics

Dongho KIM,Myoung-Kil YOUN 한국유통과학회 2018 KODISA ICBE (International Conference on Business Vol.2018 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to examine the recent resurgence of popularism and the possible impacts it may have on contemporary business and economics. This is an exploratory case study that examines the rise of popularism and identifies and analyzes the likely implications for contemporary business and economics. The analysis indicates that the rise of recent popularism is not a new phenomenon. Popularism existed for a long time, and the unexpected rise of income inequality due to the acceleration of globalization and economic growth is what triggered the political and economic popularist backlash. Although populists tend to reject elitism, capitalism, economic globalization, and political establishment, their ethnocentric behavior is no different from those of the corrupted political and economic elites. Popularism does enable nationalism and protectionism, and negatively impacts business and economic growth. There are not that many viable answers to defuse the rise of popularism because some of the solutions that could have prevented this movement, such as financial reform, balancing trade, and fair taxation, were missing in the early stages of globalization. The recent rise of popularism is not a fad or the short-lived anti-establishment and anti-elitism movements, but rather a force to be reckoned with in the near future.

Unconventional Strategic Alliance of Amazon, Berkshire, and JP Morgan

Dongho Kim,Myoung Kil Youn 한국유통과학회 2017 KODISA ICBE (International Conference on Business Vol.2017 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to explore and examine the newly formed strategic alliance by Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway (Berkshire) and JPMorgan through the lens of strategic alliance, corporate philanthropy, and corporate social responsibility. This is an analytical case study that examines the existing scholarly articles in strategic alliances, corporate philanthropy, and corporate social responsibility to describe and analyze the strategic alliance o Amazon, Berkshire, and JPMorgan. There is a clear limitation in explaining this type of unconventional strategic alliance with exiting definitions and concepts of conventional strategic alliances. However, the objective and nature of this strategic alliance based on the brief analysis indicate that this particular strategic alliance is the result of an effort to resolve a social problem, the ineffective healthcare system in the U.S., rather than focusing on business benefits and profits. The formation of a strategic alliance by Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway (Berkshire) and JPMorgan to create a non-profit independent healthcare company for improving healthcare for their domestic employees is a textbook example of social innovation, wherein three companies form an alliance to tackle the most challenging social problem in the United States. The three companies have the necessary resources, technology, finances, and logistics to form and execute the strategic alliance and its operations.