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행태 데이터의 수집 방식과 규제 방안 ― 쿠키를 중심으로 ―
문병순(Moon, ByoungSoon) 한국증권법학회 2022 증권법연구 Vol.23 No.1
최근 IT대기업들은 빅데이터를 바탕으로 경쟁력을 강화하고 다양한 영역으로 사업을 확장하고 있다. 빅데이터 가운데 소비자들의 사이트 방문 이력, 구매 이력과 같은 온라인 행태 데이터(online behavior data)는 서비스를 개선하고 광고 수입을 늘리는 데 기여하는 등 IT대기업의 경쟁력을 크게 강화하고 있다. IT기업들은 PC에서는 쿠키를 이용하여 소비자의 행태 데이터를 수집하고 있는데, 현재 우리나라에서 쿠키가 개인정보보호법의 개인정보에 해당되는지 불확실해서 행태 데이터 수집시 사전동의 의무가 적용되는지가 불확실하다. IT기업과 대조적으로 전통적인 기존 기업들은 사업영역의 제한, 소비자 접점의 부재 등으로 쿠키를 수집하기 어려운 경우가 많다. 금융 영역에서도 금융기관들은 금산분리 원칙에 따라 금융 이외의 사업이 제한되어서 쿠키를 수집하기 어렵고, 신용정보법에 따라 소비자의 신용정보를 수동적으로 받고 있을 뿐이다. 쿠키 때문에 IT대기업과 금융기관 간에 공정한 경쟁이 이루어지지 않는 것이다. 또한 무차별적인 쿠키 수집은 프라이버시를 침해하고, 행태 데이터를 이용하여 소비자에게 큰 이익이 되지 않는 서비스를 제공하여 수익을 늘릴 수도 있다. 따라서 IT대기업의 쿠키를 개인정보로 해석하여 사전동의를 받는 등 행태 데이터에 대한 규제 필요성이 인정될 수 있다. 그러나 쿠키 수집시 사전동의를 받아야 한다면, 쿠키 수집이 어려워지게 되고 소비자에 대한 분석이 어려워져서 서비스를 개발하는 것이 어려워질 수 있다. 또한 쿠키는 로그인 지속, 사이버 보안 등 사이트 운영에 필수적인 기능도 한다. 적법한 이해관계가 있을 경우 사전동의를 받지 않도록 하는 EU와 달리 우리나라는 사전동의가 면제되는 범위가 매우 좁다. 이러한 상황에서 사전동의 의무를 부과하게 되면 필수적인 서비스를 위한 경우에도 사전동의 의무를 부과하는 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 사전동의 의무를 부과하는 입법보다는, 현재대로 제반 사정을 고려하여 개인식별성이 있는 경우 쿠키를 개인정보로 해석하여 사전동의 의무를 부과하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 보인다. Recently, big IT companies are entering various industries, such as healthcare, education, and finance, in addition to the IT industry. Even in the financial industry, which has traditionally been difficult to enter into due to legal restrictions, many innovations such as the abolition of national certificates are taking place as large big IT companies are actively entering. However, big IT companies can easily enter the financial business because they have vast amounts of big data and can transfer their dominance power, which they have secured in the IT market, to other industries In particular, online behavior data such as consumers" site visit history and purchase history play an important role in strengthening the dominance of large IT companies. Currently, it is unclear whether behavior data falls under the Personal Information Protection Act in Korea, so IT companies can freely collect behavior data without prior consent. On the other hand, financial institutions only passively receive consumer credit information according to the Credit Information Act, and it is difficult to collect behavioral data because businesses other than finance are restricted according to the legal principle of separation of finance and industry. The ability to collect behavioral data may hinder fair competition between large IT companies and financial institutions. In addition, behavioral data collection infringes on privacy and IT companies can increase profits by providing services that are not of great benefit to consumers using behavioral data. Therefore, the need for regulation on behavioral data such as interpreting consumer behavior data of large IT companies as personal information and obtaining prior consent may be recognized. However, if prior consent is obtained when collecting cookies, which is an important means of collecting behavioral data, analysis of consumers becomes difficult, resulting in great difficulties in developing and improving services and products. Behavioral data also plays an important role in cyber security, such as recording cyber security attackers. Unlike the EU, which prohibits obtaining prior consent if there is a legitimate interest, if we impose the duty of informed consent, the scope of exemption of prior consent is very narrow. Therefore, rather than to impose the duty of consent at all times, it seems desirable to impose the duty of consent only when behavioral data can identify user.
Female Mate Choice in the Oriental Reed Warblers Acrocephalus orientalis
Yunkyoung Lee,Byoungsoon Jang,Jeong-Chil Yoo 한국조류학회II 2013 한국조류학회지 Vol.20 No.2
This study was conducted to investigate whether females based their mate choice on obtaining indirect benefits (i.e., high male genetic quality) or direct benefits (i.e., high male territory quality) in polygynous Oriental Reed Warblers. We examined the characteristics of males chosen by more than two females, and their territories. Males settling earlier tended to establish their territories in areas of dense reed; however, there was no significant difference in reed density between polygynous and monogamous males. The wing and tail lengths of early arriving males were longer than those of late-arriving males, and early arriving males were heavier. However, there were no significant differences in male morphological characteristics between polygynous and monogamous males and bachelors. Interestingly, polygynous males had the most diverse song repertoire (59.20±6.98), followed by monogamous males (53.09±5.09) and bachelors (46.254±1.11). These results suggest that song repertoire, which indicates male quality, is the most important factor affecting mate choice in females of the polygynous Oriental Reed Warbler.
Yunkyoung Lee,Byoungsoon Jang 한국조류학회II 2014 한국조류학회지 Vol.21 No.1
Vinous-throated Parrotbills and Daurian Redstarts are the major host species of Common Cuckoos in Korea. Here, we report egg color polymorphism observed in Common Cuckoos and these specific hosts. Two morphs of Common Cuckoo eggs (immaculate blue and pale blue) were found in the nests of Vinous-throated Parrotbills, and a single morph (pale blue with firebrick squiggles) was identified in the nests of Daurian Redstarts. Moreover, three egg morphs (immaculate blue, pale blue, and white) were found in the nests of Vinous-throated Parrotbills, and two morphs (pale blue with firebrick spots and pinkish-white with firebrick spots) were observed in the nests of Daurian Redstarts.
Notes on bird species newly recorded in Korea
Kim, Hwa-Jung,Kim, Dong-Won,Hur, Wee-Haeng,Jang, Byoungsoon,Lee, Yun-Kyung,Kwon, In-Ki,Park, Jong-Hyun,Park, Jong-Gil,Kang, Chang-Wan,Kim, Eun-Mi,Choi, Soon-Kyoo,Kim, Han-Kyu The National Institute of Biological Resources 2020 Journal of species research Vol.9 No.4
A total of 527 species of birds have been recorded in Korea. We summarize the records of three genera and six species that have been newly reported in Korea, discovered through the avian monitoring programs carried out by The National Institute of Biological Resources from 2013 to 2016. These six newly recorded species are; Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris), Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis), Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola), Black-winged Kite (Elanus caeruleus), Mongolian Lark (Melanocorypha mongolica) and Crested Myna (Acridotheres cristatellus). One Ring-necked Duck was observed on March 23, 2014 in Jungrangcheon Stream. One male Lesser Scaup was recorded on February 24, 2014 in Gyeongpoho Lagoon. A male bufflehead was first seen in Yeongrangho Lagoon on January 26, 2013. The Black-winged Kite was first observed on January 23, 2013 at the Gangseo Wetland Ecological Park. One Mongolian Lark was also recorded on May 11, 2016 and May 12, 2017 in Marado Island. The Crested Myna was first observed on April 20, 2016 in Seomando, Island.